Results for 1854 HELSINKI D 1854 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 29 14 6 4 -3 -7 -10 -12 -17 -23 -32 -38 -35 -29 -22 -6 -5 26 31 26 26 33 28 18 -7 56.7 FEBRUARY 13 11 -3 -2 -3 -8 -12 -7 -9 -18 -32 -46 -49 -46 -37 -9 -11 6 31 44 47 60 49 33 -7 55.9 MARCH 30 26 21 14 13 11 7 8 5 -12 -34 -53 -66 -64 -44 -31 -16 14 20 28 43 31 22 25 -7 55.7 APRIL 20 25 30 28 25 26 20 31 18 -7 -31 -58 -81 -76 -63 -41 -23 -9 19 29 31 35 28 26 -7 55.3 MAY 29 27 31 30 40 46 53 45 21 -10 -44 -70 -78 -73 -56 -41 -20 -14 -6 5 8 25 23 25 -7 54.8 JUNE 18 24 29 37 45 51 52 45 27 -1 -34 -57 -64 -63 -51 -39 -24 -13 -7 -3 2 7 7 10 -7 54.4 JULY 15 24 27 35 46 48 51 42 27 4 -26 -56 -66 -66 -53 -39 -26 -19 -12 -5 7 10 15 12 -7 53.4 AUGUST 20 28 27 37 42 45 44 30 14 -15 -44 -65 -71 -61 -45 -24 -5 -1 1 5 5 11 13 16 -7 53.1 SEPTEMBER 11 19 17 25 29 28 21 19 5 -17 -39 -56 -58 -50 -31 -18 -11 -6 10 8 21 30 26 12 -7 52.0 OCTOBER 24 18 15 13 5 3 3 6 1 -7 -22 -34 -42 -41 -33 -20 -14 3 8 19 25 26 26 26 -7 51.0 NOVEMBER 13 7 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 -8 -16 -24 -28 -26 -15 -12 -7 -3 8 17 29 29 22 17 -7 50.8 DECEMBER 11 2 -4 -4 -6 -6 -6 -6 -9 -12 -15 -19 -23 -18 -16 -10 -3 3 13 23 21 26 27 23 -7 50.1 WINTER 18 9 0 -1 -4 -7 -9 -8 -12 -18 -26 -34 -36 -31 -25 -8 -6 12 25 31 31 40 35 25 -7 54.2 EQUINOX 21 20 20 19 19 19 17 18 8 -10 -31 -49 -59 -55 -40 -27 -15 -3 10 18 26 29 25 22 -7 53.3 SUMMER 18 25 28 36 44 48 49 39 23 -4 -35 -59 -67 -63 -50 -34 -18 -11 -6 -1 5 9 12 13 -7 53.6 YEAR 19 19 17 18 20 20 19 17 7 -11 -31 -48 -55 -51 -39 -24 -14 -1 10 16 22 27 24 20 -7 53.6 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 6 5 8 10 5 5 6 4 -3 -8 -16 -18 -14 -2 0 -3 -3 -4 -2 4 5 8 6 6 -7 57.6 FEBRUARY 15 8 4 9 6 3 1 3 -2 -8 -20 -27 -29 -31 -19 -11 1 6 -2 9 20 22 16 23 -7 56.9 MARCH 14 7 4 -8 4 12 16 22 23 8 -12 -35 -45 -43 -28 -12 -1 3 18 7 5 7 14 9 -7 56.7 APRIL 1 17 0 22 29 24 31 29 13 6 -20 -41 -53 -48 -32 -17 -8 -1 3 4 8 15 13 10 -7 56.0 MAY 9 15 17 24 34 41 48 42 20 -5 -32 -51 -58 -48 -38 -30 -8 -1 -2 -6 0 12 10 11 -7 54.6 JUNE 6 14 30 33 49 41 41 33 17 -11 -35 -43 -49 -49 -39 -27 -13 -9 -6 2 -1 10 5 10 -7 54.5 JULY 4 4 21 30 39 36 38 38 30 14 -12 -35 -50 -47 -34 -25 -19 -13 -12 -8 -5 -1 5 7 -7 53.8 AUGUST 20 22 27 30 36 37 37 28 11 -10 -36 -53 -56 -49 -37 -21 -9 -5 -6 -3 4 5 12 10 -7 52.8 SEPTEMBER 13 7 17 20 23 22 18 20 7 -16 -32 -43 -42 -38 -25 -15 0 11 1 4 10 15 11 9 -7 52.0 OCTOBER 12 17 13 8 5 7 9 11 9 2 -12 -22 -24 -21 -17 -11 -10 -10 -7 0 11 11 9 12 -7 51.1 NOVEMBER 9 7 4 0 2 5 5 5 2 -1 -8 -17 -17 -14 -8 -6 -5 -5 -2 5 8 10 7 6 -7 50.9 DECEMBER 7 2 2 -1 0 2 4 4 -2 -6 -9 -12 -13 -10 -5 -4 -1 -2 4 5 12 10 9 8 -7 50.5 WINTER 9 5 5 6 4 3 4 4 -2 -7 -15 -19 -19 -14 -8 -6 -1 0 0 6 12 13 10 12 -7 55.0 EQUINOX 10 12 9 11 16 19 21 22 12 -1 -19 -35 -40 -35 -25 -15 -5 -1 2 2 7 12 11 10 -7 53.6 SUMMER 10 13 26 31 41 38 39 33 19 -2 -28 -44 -52 -48 -37 -24 -14 -9 -8 -3 -1 5 7 9 -7 53.7 YEAR 9 10 12 14 19 19 21 19 10 -3 -21 -34 -38 -34 -24 -16 -7 -3 -1 1 6 10 9 10 -7 53.9 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 106 50 1 -9 -24 -36 -33 -31 -48 -50 -61 -73 -57 -62 -62 -2 -6 106 122 59 43 49 19 -1 -7 54.6 FEBRUARY 3 1 -5 -14 -4 -23 -43 -27 -29 -36 -52 -80 -73 -51 -62 -44 -22 20 87 69 99 117 114 46 -7 54.8 MARCH 64 81 45 24 8 2 -15 -30 -24 -48 -61 -82-121 -98 -75 -80 -30 38 63 77 106 50 53 45 -7 53.5 APRIL 23 48 79 58 17 18 -30 32 12 -28 -37 -73-126-131-119 -90 -71 -48 12 47 117 126 84 76 -7 54.5 MAY 43 32 42 41 47 59 58 48 15 -24 -64 -94-107-115-101 -95 -49 -25 -7 44 29 95 77 56 -7 54.7 JUNE 35 42 26 29 42 62 62 47 28 2 -44 -75 -72 -78 -62 -52 -31 -23 -10 -1 21 19 22 13 -7 54.7 JULY 20 29 33 47 63 59 58 42 24 -10 -45 -91-104 -89 -73 -59 -26 -29 4 -1 40 32 41 35 -7 53.3 AUGUST 16 56 31 35 51 46 44 27 9 -21 -51 -85 -99 -84 -67 -47 -15 4 21 36 23 21 22 22 -7 53.3 SEPTEMBER 18 28 4 31 33 25 2 5 -8 -28 -54 -80 -80 -81 -49 -24 -23 -8 49 25 67 84 55 4 -7 51.4 OCTOBER 80 37 27 -2 -6 -41 -52 -39 -48 -41 -47 -56 -77 -78 -72 -53 -35 56 43 67 80 78 96 88 -7 49.1 NOVEMBER 8 11 10 1 -13 -8 -15 -10 -6 -16 -24 -30 -45 -45 -20 -28 -13 0 34 50 57 57 30 22 -7 50.2 DECEMBER 7 -17 -9 -9 -28 -34 -34 -23 -21 -22 -27 -33 -40 -31 -28 -16 0 33 62 44 42 47 66 81 -7 49.2 WINTER 39 11 -4 -11 -19 -31 -37 -27 -33 -36 -47 -62 -57 -48 -51 -21 -9 53 90 57 61 71 66 42 -7 52.9 EQUINOX 39 40 35 26 14 9 -9 1 -10 -31 -48 -69 -93 -91 -73 -62 -37 2 32 52 76 82 66 49 -7 52.2 SUMMER 24 42 30 37 52 56 55 39 20 -10 -47 -84 -92 -84 -67 -53 -24 -16 5 11 28 24 28 23 -7 53.8 YEAR 35 33 24 20 16 11 0 4 -8 -26 -47 -71 -83 -78 -66 -49 -27 11 40 43 61 65 57 41 -7 52.8 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 4 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.48 144 1.9 12.5 -0.9 18 1 1.50 143 2.6 17.1 -0.5 17 2 d1 1.56 144 11.6 69.4 5.0 19 2 q1 1.50 144 1.9 12.3 -0.1 27 3 d2 1.55 144 9.6 66.0 -0.6 34 3 q4 1.50 143 2.4 14.8 0.2 37 4 q4 1.49 144 1.2 5.8 -3.5 25 4 1.51 144 5.5 27.1 0.7 43 5 1.49 144 1.9 9.8 0.2 17 5 d4 1.50 142 8.4 50.2 -0.7 40 6 q5 1.49 143 1.3 6.1 -0.2 21 6 1.51 144 3.7 23.5 0.6 37 7 1.48 144 2.5 15.4 -0.3 25 7 1.50 144 3.0 19.0 -0.9 30 8 d3 1.50 144 9.5 63.7 1.1 25 8 q5 1.50 143 2.4 15.0 0.0 31 9 1.50 144 2.5 13.9 -0.1 31 9 1.52 144 4.3 27.3 1.4 34 10 q1 1.49 144 1.0 5.1 -0.8 17 10 d2 1.53 144 9.6 50.6 0.9 32 11 1.49 144 1.3 9.4 0.3 19 11 1.48 144 7.3 51.9 -3.3 29 12 1.49 144 6.5 50.6 0.0 19 12 1.54 143 5.5 25.2 3.4 35 13 1.48 144 2.9 16.7 -0.5 21 13 1.53 144 4.6 20.7 -0.1 28 14 1.52 144 5.1 36.7 2.0 13 14 d1 1.56 144 9.8 53.3 1.3 17 15 1.51 144 3.4 17.0 -0.6 14 15 d5 1.56 144 8.0 45.3 0.5 18 16 1.49 144 3.0 17.3 -1.3 15 16 1.55 143 7.2 48.2 -1.0 22 17 1.49 143 5.5 26.9 0.1 17 17 1.54 144 6.6 46.1 -0.3 25 18 1.52 144 3.5 17.9 1.9 17 18 1.53 144 4.1 20.6 -1.0 22 19 1.49 144 4.8 39.6 -1.9 16 19 1.50 144 2.8 11.2 -1.3 21 20 d4 1.54 144 8.4 48.7 3.2 14 20 q3 1.51 144 2.2 12.8 0.1 16 21 1.50 144 4.1 29.1 -2.3 11 21 q2 1.50 144 2.1 11.9 -0.2 0 22 1.50 143 1.5 8.8 -0.3 0 22 1.50 144 2.8 11.1 -0.3 0 23 1.49 144 4.6 23.3 -0.6 0 23 1.51 144 3.3 19.5 0.7 0 24 1.52 144 3.7 14.5 2.0 0 24 d3 1.52 144 9.0 61.5 0.9 0 25 q2 1.49 144 1.1 5.7 -1.7 0 25 1.54 144 7.5 48.9 0.7 0 26 1.50 144 1.9 10.2 0.4 0 26 1.51 143 5.4 23.4 -1.7 0 27 q3 1.49 144 1.1 6.1 -0.7 0 27 1.53 144 4.8 22.3 1.5 0 28 1.51 136 5.2 23.8 1.5 11 28 1.52 143 4.4 23.1 -0.5 0 29 d5 1.55 144 7.3 37.2 1.9 14 30 1.55 144 6.8 37.8 0.0 16 31 1.51 144 3.3 20.9 -2.3 28 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.51 1.3 4.1 24.7 0.0 15.4 All 1.52 1.2 5.0 29.1 0.0 20.0 Quiet 1.49 0.2 1.2 5.8 -1.4 12.6 Quiet 1.50 0.2 2.2 13.4 0.0 22.2 Dist. 1.54 1.2 9.3 57.0 2.1 21.2 Dist. 1.54 1.3 9.0 52.2 0.6 21.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.94 (west) is -7.93 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.97 (Jan 3) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.33 (Feb 11) Minimum -8.30 (Jan 8) Minimum -8.39 (Feb 24) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.52 144 3.6 17.9 0.2 12 1 1.52 144 3.2 15.6 0.8 15 2 1.51 144 2.7 11.9 -0.8 12 2 1.52 144 3.8 19.3 0.1 12 3 1.49 144 4.9 30.1 -1.4 0 3 1.52 144 3.3 13.7 -0.2 36 4 1.51 144 4.1 22.9 1.4 0 4 1.51 144 3.1 15.9 -0.6 37 5 q5 1.50 144 2.7 17.9 -0.5 0 5 1.52 143 4.0 28.9 0.3 38 6 d5 1.53 144 7.5 53.2 1.8 0 6 q5 1.51 144 3.0 11.7 -0.2 49 7 1.52 144 5.4 34.9 -0.5 0 7 q1 1.51 144 2.7 9.9 -0.1 49 8 q3 1.50 144 2.3 10.6 -1.6 0 8 q3 1.50 143 2.7 10.9 -0.6 56 9 1.51 143 5.1 43.0 0.9 11 9 1.51 144 3.6 15.3 0.4 54 10 q2 1.51 144 2.0 8.4 -0.4 34 10 1.53 144 3.7 16.7 1.3 54 11 q1 1.49 144 1.9 7.2 -0.9 45 11 d1 1.53 143 12.8 69.2 -0.1 55 12 1.50 144 2.8 15.7 0.7 44 12 q4 1.54 144 2.9 12.3 0.5 55 13 1.52 144 4.8 25.0 1.1 39 13 1.52 144 3.5 13.4 -1.1 36 14 1.50 143 3.5 14.5 -1.4 33 14 d3 1.55 144 9.5 53.2 1.9 35 15 d3 1.54 144 8.1 51.8 2.5 33 15 1.52 144 6.8 29.4 -1.6 14 16 d1 1.59 144 12.0 75.2 3.4 34 16 1.52 144 3.3 16.1 0.1 12 17 1.54 142 5.9 50.0 -3.2 32 17 1.52 144 3.0 10.5 -0.2 12 18 1.52 144 2.9 15.4 -1.3 40 18 q2 1.53 144 2.7 11.1 0.5 13 19 q4 1.52 143 2.6 12.4 0.2 33 19 d5 1.55 144 7.6 38.7 1.2 24 20 1.52 144 3.7 15.9 -0.1 33 20 1.56 144 5.8 27.7 0.8 33 21 1.51 143 3.6 18.9 -0.9 27 21 1.54 144 4.5 24.3 -1.1 25 22 1.52 144 3.4 20.5 0.5 25 22 d4 1.56 144 8.2 44.2 1.3 18 23 1.51 144 2.9 13.6 -0.2 11 23 1.53 144 5.9 22.1 -2.1 22 24 1.52 144 3.0 15.6 0.3 13 24 d2 1.52 143 10.6 54.4 -0.4 14 25 1.52 144 6.2 32.2 0.1 11 25 1.53 144 3.3 17.7 0.5 14 26 d4 1.52 144 7.6 54.7 0.0 29 26 1.54 144 3.3 16.0 0.3 0 27 1.50 144 5.2 31.2 -1.1 33 27 1.52 144 5.0 22.0 -1.0 0 28 d2 1.60 144 11.7 66.1 6.0 35 28 1.55 144 4.8 22.6 2.1 0 29 1.56 144 5.7 23.2 -2.6 11 29 1.54 144 4.1 17.7 -0.7 0 30 1.53 144 4.5 23.8 -1.7 0 30 1.54 144 5.4 24.7 -0.3 12 31 1.51 144 4.6 21.7 -1.1 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.52 1.5 4.7 27.6 0.0 20.7 All 1.53 0.9 4.9 23.5 0.1 26.5 Quiet 1.50 0.7 2.3 11.3 -0.6 22.4 Quiet 1.52 0.7 2.8 11.2 0.0 44.4 Dist. 1.56 2.0 9.4 60.2 2.7 26.2 Dist. 1.54 0.9 9.7 52.0 0.8 29.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.93 (west) is -7.92 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.16 (Mar 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.21 (Apr 11) Minimum -8.41 (Mar 16) Minimum -8.36 (Apr 11) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 4 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.53 144 3.6 14.8 -0.7 24 1 1.52 144 3.7 16.3 -1.7 21 2 1.53 144 3.7 14.0 0.4 38 2 1.54 144 3.8 15.1 1.2 32 3 q1 1.53 144 2.9 12.1 0.0 40 3 1.54 144 4.0 14.5 0.1 36 4 1.51 144 4.3 18.2 -1.4 34 4 q5 1.53 144 3.5 12.5 -0.9 41 5 d5 1.52 143 6.5 25.5 0.4 39 5 1.55 144 4.0 13.8 1.2 27 6 q2 1.53 144 3.2 12.8 0.9 31 6 1.55 144 4.0 13.2 0.2 29 7 1.52 143 3.7 12.2 -0.7 33 7 d5 1.54 144 4.3 16.0 -0.9 0 8 1.56 144 6.0 30.3 2.2 47 8 1.53 144 4.2 16.3 -0.3 17 9 d2 1.56 144 7.9 32.6 -0.1 46 9 1.53 144 3.6 13.8 -0.1 16 10 1.52 144 5.9 27.6 -2.2 54 10 1.54 144 4.0 14.5 0.5 17 11 1.51 144 5.2 24.1 -0.5 50 11 1.54 144 4.2 13.2 0.0 18 12 1.54 143 4.9 17.8 1.7 47 12 d1 1.53 144 5.6 24.8 -0.5 47 13 1.53 144 4.4 16.5 -0.9 46 13 d2 1.55 144 5.5 21.4 1.1 29 14 1.53 144 3.9 14.1 0.0 49 14 1.55 144 4.1 14.1 -0.1 11 15 d1 1.54 144 9.9 50.9 0.8 38 15 d3 1.54 144 5.0 18.3 -0.5 12 16 d3 1.57 144 7.2 44.2 1.7 28 16 d4 1.54 144 4.8 17.6 0.1 13 17 1.56 144 5.3 19.6 -0.6 22 17 q4 1.54 144 3.4 17.1 0.0 14 18 1.54 144 3.5 14.4 -1.0 17 18 1.57 143 4.0 14.8 2.0 12 19 1.54 144 3.5 14.6 -0.3 13 19 1.55 144 3.5 13.2 -1.4 23 20 1.55 144 5.7 19.8 0.9 11 20 1.55 144 3.8 14.3 0.1 11 21 1.54 144 4.6 18.1 -0.8 11 21 q1 1.54 144 3.1 11.8 -0.5 11 22 1.53 143 4.0 16.5 -0.7 13 22 1.55 144 3.8 12.8 0.5 23 23 q4 1.55 144 3.3 13.5 1.3 13 23 1.54 144 4.0 15.0 -0.7 23 24 1.54 142 4.2 14.5 -0.2 0 24 1.54 144 3.7 14.7 0.3 23 25 d4 1.51 144 6.7 42.4 -2.0 0 25 q3 1.56 144 3.2 13.1 0.7 22 26 1.53 143 3.9 16.1 1.3 0 26 q2 1.54 144 3.2 12.9 -0.7 22 27 q5 1.54 144 3.4 15.0 0.7 0 27 1.55 144 3.5 13.0 0.1 22 28 1.54 144 3.5 14.4 -0.5 0 28 1.55 144 3.7 12.7 0.0 22 29 q3 1.54 144 3.2 13.8 0.3 0 29 1.55 144 3.5 12.8 0.3 16 30 1.54 144 3.4 11.7 0.0 0 30 1.55 144 3.6 13.9 -0.1 22 31 1.55 144 3.9 14.9 0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.54 0.8 4.7 20.2 0.0 24.0 All 1.54 0.6 3.9 14.9 0.0 21.1 Quiet 1.54 0.3 3.2 13.4 0.6 16.8 Quiet 1.54 0.5 3.3 13.5 -0.3 22.0 Dist. 1.54 1.3 7.6 39.1 0.2 30.2 Dist. 1.54 0.4 5.0 19.6 -0.1 20.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.91 (west) is -7.91 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.42 (May 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.68 (Jun 12) Minimum -8.27 (May 16) Minimum -8.10 (Jun 12) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.55 144 3.9 16.2 0.0 16 1 q5 1.56 144 3.2 10.6 0.1 13 2 1.55 144 4.8 16.7 -0.1 16 2 1.55 144 3.3 11.5 -0.5 16 3 d3 1.53 144 5.3 19.9 -0.8 11 3 d1 1.56 144 6.4 27.6 0.4 20 4 1.55 140 3.9 16.0 1.1 29 4 d2 1.59 143 6.0 32.9 1.6 20 5 1.55 144 3.8 14.4 0.0 18 5 1.57 142 4.4 24.4 -0.7 18 6 q5 1.55 144 3.2 12.3 -0.1 36 6 1.57 144 3.9 19.0 -0.4 20 7 1.55 144 4.4 17.4 0.1 38 7 1.57 144 3.2 16.9 0.4 19 8 d2 1.53 144 7.9 54.5 -1.2 41 8 1.57 144 4.1 15.5 -0.2 27 9 d4 1.58 144 4.9 26.1 2.6 40 9 1.58 144 4.0 17.3 0.6 23 10 d1 1.60 143 8.3 34.1 1.3 29 10 1.56 144 4.4 15.2 -1.2 14 11 1.56 143 4.8 29.7 -2.5 26 11 d4 1.56 144 5.1 18.4 0.2 16 12 1.58 144 4.4 15.7 1.1 15 12 1.56 144 3.8 15.0 -0.3 12 13 1.56 144 3.4 13.6 -0.8 0 13 q3 1.57 143 3.0 10.8 1.0 11 14 1.56 143 4.1 18.4 -0.2 0 14 1.57 144 3.6 14.3 -0.4 12 15 1.55 144 3.4 13.6 -0.4 0 15 1.57 143 3.2 11.9 0.0 16 16 1.58 144 3.6 12.3 1.7 0 16 1.56 144 3.3 12.2 -0.6 11 17 q4 1.55 144 2.8 11.2 -2.1 0 17 1.56 144 3.7 14.1 0.4 11 18 q2 1.55 144 2.8 9.6 0.6 16 18 q1 1.57 143 2.8 10.4 0.4 11 19 1.57 144 3.3 12.6 0.7 17 19 1.55 144 3.9 14.1 -1.1 11 20 q3 1.55 143 2.8 9.9 -1.2 17 20 d3 1.55 144 5.9 37.4 -0.3 11 21 1.57 144 4.2 14.1 1.3 30 21 1.56 144 3.9 33.1 0.9 0 22 1.57 144 3.2 12.4 0.0 32 22 q2 1.57 143 2.8 12.2 0.7 0 23 1.57 143 4.0 17.8 0.2 33 23 d5 1.55 144 4.7 18.7 -1.4 0 24 1.53 144 4.0 17.5 -2.3 22 24 1.56 144 4.6 17.9 0.4 0 25 1.56 144 3.6 15.9 1.7 15 25 1.55 140 3.7 16.5 -0.2 23 26 q1 1.57 144 2.7 11.3 0.5 15 26 1.56 144 4.6 19.6 0.4 24 27 1.56 143 4.7 19.1 -0.8 16 27 1.58 144 3.5 12.1 1.1 25 28 1.57 144 4.6 16.9 0.7 14 28 1.58 142 4.1 16.2 -0.3 25 29 d5 1.56 144 4.8 19.2 -0.3 12 29 q4 1.57 144 3.0 12.1 -0.4 24 30 1.58 144 4.4 15.2 0.8 13 30 1.56 144 3.8 13.9 -0.3 22 31 1.56 144 3.4 12.6 -1.1 13 31 1.58 144 4.5 19.8 0.8 34 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.56 0.9 4.2 17.6 0.0 18.7 All 1.57 0.6 4.0 17.5 0.0 15.8 Quiet 1.55 0.5 2.9 10.8 -0.5 16.8 Quiet 1.57 0.3 3.0 11.2 0.3 11.8 Dist. 1.56 1.5 6.2 30.8 0.3 26.6 Dist. 1.56 0.8 5.6 27.0 0.1 13.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.89 (west) is -7.88 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.27 (Jul 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.50 (Aug 4) Minimum -8.17 (Jul 8) Minimum -8.27 (Aug 21) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 4 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 1.58 143 4.5 22.2 0.2 22 1 1.58 143 2.6 9.1 -0.4 23 2 1.58 144 3.5 14.9 -0.4 22 2 1.60 144 2.5 12.2 0.8 35 3 q5 1.58 144 2.5 10.0 0.0 23 3 1.59 144 2.6 9.6 -0.4 33 4 1.57 144 2.7 10.5 0.0 11 4 1.58 143 2.2 8.3 -0.4 51 5 1.58 144 2.8 11.3 0.3 17 5 1.59 144 2.2 8.2 0.1 42 6 1.58 143 3.0 11.8 0.1 17 6 1.60 144 2.4 9.2 0.6 53 7 1.58 143 2.8 11.0 -0.1 17 7 1.60 143 3.5 19.7 0.2 39 8 1.57 144 2.9 12.5 -0.5 34 8 d1 1.64 144 16.5 68.9 2.3 35 9 1.57 144 4.0 14.6 0.1 41 9 d2 1.66 144 10.1 59.2 1.4 0 10 1.57 143 3.4 12.2 0.1 46 10 1.61 144 2.3 13.3 -3.2 0 11 d1 1.62 144 10.2 44.5 2.6 57 11 1.60 144 1.7 6.9 -0.4 0 12 1.60 143 3.3 16.2 -1.2 51 12 d3 1.62 144 6.8 41.4 1.5 0 13 1.59 144 3.0 10.6 -0.4 53 13 1.60 144 3.6 18.2 -1.7 0 14 1.57 144 2.8 14.3 -0.9 48 14 q3 1.60 143 1.6 6.0 0.3 0 15 1.58 144 3.9 18.7 0.2 37 15 1.60 144 2.0 8.6 0.0 0 16 1.59 144 2.7 12.4 0.6 24 16 1.59 144 1.9 8.5 -0.4 0 17 1.57 144 3.1 16.5 -1.3 12 17 1.58 144 2.2 8.1 -0.7 11 18 1.60 144 3.5 14.9 1.9 0 18 1.58 144 2.2 10.4 0.0 11 19 q4 1.59 144 2.5 10.7 -0.5 0 19 1.60 144 3.2 18.2 1.4 0 20 q2 1.59 143 2.2 7.8 -0.1 0 20 1.60 144 1.7 6.8 -0.4 11 21 1.58 142 3.8 16.6 -0.2 0 21 1.60 144 2.2 13.2 0.2 0 22 1.58 120 4.1 22.0 -0.4 0 22 1.58 144 2.8 11.4 -1.1 0 23 q1 1.58 144 2.0 9.5 0.2 0 23 q2 1.60 144 1.5 6.9 0.7 0 24 q3 1.58 144 2.2 8.2 0.2 14 24 1.58 144 3.5 15.7 -1.1 0 25 d3 1.57 144 5.8 29.5 -0.8 16 25 d4 1.62 144 5.3 34.7 2.5 0 26 d5 1.59 144 4.3 24.6 0.9 28 26 d5 1.62 144 3.7 16.7 0.3 0 27 d2 1.61 144 7.0 59.6 1.4 23 27 1.61 144 2.8 18.1 -0.6 0 28 1.57 144 2.9 16.1 -2.1 12 28 q4 1.60 143 1.6 8.4 -0.6 13 29 1.58 142 2.6 10.8 0.5 24 29 q1 1.60 144 1.2 5.7 -0.1 11 30 1.59 144 3.3 19.8 0.6 23 30 q5 1.59 144 1.7 9.3 -0.6 11 31 1.59 144 1.9 8.1 0.1 13 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.58 0.7 3.6 17.1 0.0 22.4 All 1.60 1.0 3.3 16.1 0.0 12.6 Quiet 1.58 0.3 2.3 9.3 0.0 7.4 Quiet 1.60 0.3 1.5 7.3 -0.1 7.0 Dist. 1.59 1.0 6.4 36.1 0.9 29.2 Dist. 1.63 0.9 8.5 44.2 1.6 7.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.87 (west) is -7.85 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.26 (Sep 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.96 (Oct 9) Minimum -8.26 (Sep 27) Minimum -8.19 (Oct 8) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d1 1.62 144 5.2 30.0 1.6 13 1 d2 1.64 142 5.8 30.9 0.6 30 2 1.60 144 2.7 17.4 -0.8 13 2 d1 1.63 144 8.1 45.4 -0.8 14 3 1.60 144 2.1 11.5 -0.4 16 3 1.62 144 2.4 12.2 -0.3 0 4 1.61 142 2.5 17.7 0.5 16 4 1.61 144 1.5 9.6 -0.9 0 5 1.60 144 1.7 7.8 -0.1 16 5 d4 1.63 144 4.0 23.3 1.2 26 6 1.61 142 1.9 11.4 0.1 16 6 1.61 144 1.5 12.2 -0.9 32 7 1.61 143 2.0 7.8 0.1 12 7 q3 1.62 144 0.9 4.5 0.3 24 8 d3 1.60 144 4.0 19.7 -0.3 11 8 1.61 143 1.9 10.2 -0.1 15 9 1.59 144 2.7 14.6 -0.6 14 9 1.61 143 2.3 15.8 -0.3 20 10 q1 1.61 142 0.9 4.3 0.8 16 10 1.61 144 1.3 6.2 0.2 25 11 q2 1.60 144 0.9 5.1 -0.4 16 11 1.61 144 0.9 4.6 -0.2 28 12 q3 1.59 144 0.9 3.4 -0.3 24 12 q4 1.60 144 0.9 4.7 -0.5 31 13 1.60 144 1.4 8.2 0.4 24 13 1.61 144 3.4 23.0 0.6 27 14 1.60 144 2.3 12.1 0.2 21 14 1.60 144 2.9 16.1 -0.5 25 15 1.60 144 2.3 11.9 -0.2 20 15 q1 1.61 144 0.6 2.5 0.5 24 16 1.60 144 2.0 8.3 -0.2 21 16 1.61 144 1.3 7.4 -0.3 18 17 1.60 144 2.2 10.2 0.5 30 17 1.61 144 1.9 11.9 0.1 18 18 1.60 144 1.2 5.6 -0.3 37 18 1.62 143 3.5 21.2 0.6 12 19 q4 1.60 144 0.9 3.9 0.2 45 19 1.60 144 1.8 12.4 -0.8 47 20 1.60 144 2.0 13.6 -0.2 41 20 1.61 144 1.7 9.3 0.3 25 21 1.60 143 1.8 10.0 -0.1 65 21 1.61 144 1.5 9.1 0.3 25 22 1.60 144 2.5 12.2 0.3 62 22 1.61 144 1.5 8.5 0.0 27 23 1.62 144 2.7 17.0 0.8 59 23 1.62 143 1.7 7.4 0.3 29 24 1.61 143 2.5 22.1 -0.6 50 24 q5 1.61 144 0.9 5.0 -0.7 21 25 1.61 144 1.3 6.9 0.1 32 25 1.61 144 1.0 4.9 0.3 28 26 q5 1.61 144 0.9 4.5 0.0 30 26 q2 1.61 144 0.8 4.1 -0.1 52 27 1.60 144 1.8 8.9 -0.1 28 27 1.60 144 1.0 6.1 -0.3 32 28 d2 1.61 144 4.9 36.7 0.1 35 28 d5 1.62 144 3.9 21.4 0.7 0 29 d5 1.62 144 2.9 18.6 0.8 29 29 d3 1.64 144 4.8 25.6 1.4 0 30 d4 1.63 144 3.0 15.5 0.4 33 30 1.63 144 3.4 19.8 -0.5 0 31 1.62 144 2.2 14.0 -0.9 15 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.60 0.4 2.2 12.6 0.1 28.2 All 1.61 0.6 2.3 13.2 0.0 21.6 Quiet 1.60 0.3 0.9 4.2 0.1 26.2 quiet 1.61 0.3 0.8 4.2 -0.1 30.4 Dist. 1.61 0.5 4.0 24.1 0.5 24.2 Dist. 1.63 0.5 5.3 29.3 0.6 14.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.85 (west) is -7.84 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.41 (Nov 28) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.37 (Dec 2) Minimum -8.02 (Nov 28) Minimum -8.12 (Dec 2) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 4 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.51 4.1 24.7 0.0 1.3 15.4 4464 4453 Feb 1.52 5.0 29.1 0.0 1.2 20.0 4032 4023 Mar 1.52 4.7 27.6 0.0 1.5 20.7 4464 4458 Apr 1.53 4.9 23.5 0.1 0.9 26.5 4320 4316 May 1.54 4.7 20.2 0.0 0.8 24.0 4464 4457 Jun 1.54 3.9 14.9 0.0 0.6 21.1 4320 4319 Jul 1.56 4.2 17.6 0.0 0.9 18.7 4464 4454 Aug 1.57 4.0 17.5 0.0 0.6 15.8 4464 4451 Sep 1.58 3.6 17.1 0.0 0.7 22.4 4320 4286 Oct 1.60 3.3 16.1 0.0 1.0 12.6 4464 4459 Nov 1.60 2.2 12.6 0.1 0.4 28.2 4320 4311 Dec 1.61 2.3 13.2 0.0 0.6 21.6 4464 4458 Mean 1.56 3.9 19.5 0.0 0.9 20.6 52560 52445 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.49 1.2 5.8 -1.4 0.2 12.6 720 719 Feb 1.50 2.2 13.4 0.0 0.2 22.2 720 718 Mar 1.50 2.3 11.3 -0.6 0.7 22.4 720 719 Apr 1.52 2.8 11.2 0.0 0.7 44.4 720 719 May 1.54 3.2 13.4 0.6 0.3 16.8 720 720 Jun 1.54 3.3 13.5 -0.3 0.5 22.0 720 720 Jul 1.55 2.9 10.8 -0.5 0.5 16.8 720 719 Aug 1.57 3.0 11.2 0.3 0.3 11.8 720 717 Sep 1.58 2.3 9.3 0.0 0.3 7.4 720 719 Oct 1.60 1.5 7.3 -0.1 0.3 7.0 720 718 Nov 1.60 0.9 4.2 0.1 0.3 26.2 720 718 Dec 1.61 0.8 4.2 -0.1 0.3 30.4 720 720 Mean 1.55 2.2 9.6 -0.2 0.4 20.0 8640 8626 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.54 9.3 57.0 2.1 1.2 21.2 720 720 Feb 1.54 9.0 52.2 0.6 1.3 21.4 720 718 Mar 1.56 9.4 60.2 2.7 2.0 26.2 720 720 Apr 1.54 9.7 52.0 0.8 0.9 29.2 720 718 May 1.54 7.6 39.1 0.2 1.3 30.2 720 719 Jun 1.54 5.0 19.6 -0.1 0.4 20.2 720 720 Jul 1.56 6.2 30.8 0.3 1.5 26.6 720 719 Aug 1.56 5.6 27.0 0.1 0.8 13.4 720 719 Sep 1.59 6.4 36.1 0.9 1.0 29.2 720 719 Oct 1.63 8.5 44.2 1.6 0.9 7.0 720 720 Nov 1.61 4.0 24.1 0.5 0.5 24.2 720 720 Dec 1.63 5.3 29.3 0.6 0.5 14.0 720 718 Mean 1.57 7.2 39.3 0.9 1.0 21.9 8640 8630 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.94 -6.97 -8.30 Feb -7.93 -7.33 -8.39 Mar -7.93 -7.16 -8.41 Apr -7.92 -7.21 -8.36 May -7.91 -7.42 -8.27 Jun -7.91 -7.68 -8.10 Jul -7.89 -7.27 -8.17 Aug -7.88 -7.50 -8.27 Sep -7.87 -7.26 -8.26 Oct -7.85 -6.96 -8.19 Nov -7.85 -7.41 -8.02 Dec -7.84 -7.37 -8.12 Mean -7.89 -7.30 -8.24 Results for 1855 HELSINKI D 1855 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 5 2 -3 -3 -3 -1 2 1 -6 -16 -26 -32 -23 -15 -7 -3 1 11 28 32 25 20 13 -7 49.9 FEBRUARY 8 1 2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -2 0 -8 -21 -29 -38 -34 -21 -13 -3 11 20 28 30 42 23 17 -7 49.2 MARCH 18 15 15 12 9 10 17 22 13 -9 -34 -50 -58 -53 -39 -17 -10 5 9 18 30 34 20 25 -7 48.4 APRIL 19 12 18 23 22 27 34 34 23 -2 -29 -58 -72 -67 -47 -30 -16 12 18 15 19 16 20 21 -7 48.3 MAY 21 19 27 35 44 46 43 33 11 -10 -44 -64 -69 -61 -45 -26 -14 -6 -4 2 15 21 17 19 -7 47.4 JUNE 20 15 27 34 44 46 53 47 28 1 -28 -50 -62 -59 -48 -37 -29 -18 -11 -10 1 11 15 16 -7 46.5 JULY 16 21 33 43 47 46 44 37 20 -3 -29 -51 -66 -61 -45 -31 -22 -13 -9 -7 -1 9 13 11 -7 45.7 AUGUST 21 21 25 34 40 39 41 34 17 -9 -36 -57 -65 -60 -45 -29 -9 -5 -2 4 6 7 7 10 -7 45.2 SEPTEMBER 5 21 31 24 28 26 24 18 3 -19 -43 -58 -57 -45 -26 -7 5 10 5 3 16 17 19 9 -7 44.7 OCTOBER 23 18 16 3 -4 0 4 8 9 -1 -17 -35 -47 -48 -38 -21 -20 -9 9 22 28 28 28 36 -7 43.1 NOVEMBER 14 6 1 3 0 -1 -2 -4 -3 -10 -21 -31 -36 -32 -25 -12 -7 2 17 24 30 30 22 28 -7 42.5 DECEMBER 5 6 3 3 2 -1 -4 -5 -9 -12 -17 -23 -20 -16 -7 -4 2 1 7 13 27 30 21 8 -7 42.5 WINTER 7 4 2 0 -1 -2 -3 -2 -3 -9 -18 -26 -30 -24 -14 -8 -1 4 13 23 30 32 21 13 -7 47.2 EQUINOX 17 15 18 17 17 18 20 19 9 -9 -31 -49 -57 -51 -37 -19 -10 2 9 14 23 24 21 23 -7 45.7 SUMMER 19 19 28 37 44 44 46 39 22 -4 -31 -53 -64 -60 -46 -32 -20 -12 -7 -4 2 9 12 12 -7 45.8 YEAR 14 13 16 17 19 19 21 18 9 -8 -28 -45 -52 -47 -34 -20 -11 -1 6 12 19 22 19 18 -7 46.1 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 2 2 -2 -7 -1 1 0 5 5 -1 -12 -17 -13 -7 -4 -1 2 -3 4 10 12 11 9 9 -7 50.2 FEBRUARY 10 4 1 0 -1 -1 -2 1 1 -2 -5 -12 -23 -20 -11 -4 0 5 9 3 8 10 11 8 -7 49.4 MARCH 6 8 11 12 12 10 5 16 12 -8 -22 -41 -39 -36 -24 -14 -7 2 6 7 15 20 23 20 -7 48.8 APRIL 5 13 21 12 16 23 29 39 32 5 -19 -50 -60 -54 -37 -17 -6 5 6 4 6 6 13 18 -7 48.6 MAY 5 12 19 32 39 33 26 19 16 -1 -30 -43 -55 -44 -31 -13 -12 -6 -3 3 4 7 9 6 -7 46.8 JUNE 15 14 18 26 33 36 41 39 25 3 -22 -44 -45 -35 -31 -21 -14 -10 -10 -11 -5 -4 -1 -1 -7 46.3 JULY 10 15 20 31 31 21 28 33 21 -2 -24 -38 -47 -48 -34 -21 -6 0 1 -3 0 4 5 8 -7 45.6 AUGUST 10 7 19 29 33 30 30 27 13 -8 -25 -36 -40 -36 -19 -12 -6 -7 -10 -9 0 -1 1 2 -7 44.9 SEPTEMBER 11 22 29 16 19 13 12 7 7 -9 -25 -36 -36 -30 -17 -3 -6 -9 -3 0 16 4 3 15 -7 44.6 OCTOBER -1 9 3 4 9 5 6 14 16 6 -9 -26 -34 -33 -22 -7 -2 6 1 3 8 13 14 9 -7 43.3 NOVEMBER 8 6 4 6 5 5 3 3 2 -6 -17 -20 -24 -20 -10 -4 -3 2 3 7 8 11 10 10 -7 42.9 DECEMBER 5 5 6 4 3 1 0 -1 -6 -8 -12 -16 -13 -7 -4 -2 -1 1 2 5 9 8 6 6 -7 42.8 WINTER 6 4 2 -1 0 0 -1 2 0 -4 -10 -15 -16 -11 -6 -2 0 1 5 6 10 10 9 8 -7 47.5 EQUINOX 6 12 15 14 17 15 14 16 14 -2 -20 -36 -41 -36 -24 -10 -6 0 2 4 10 10 12 13 -7 45.8 SUMMER 12 12 19 29 32 29 33 33 20 -2 -24 -39 -44 -40 -28 -18 -9 -6 -6 -8 -2 0 2 3 -7 45.6 YEAR 7 10 13 14 17 15 15 17 12 -2 -18 -31 -36 -31 -20 -10 -5 -1 1 2 7 8 9 9 -7 46.2 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 20 7 -4 -13 -20 -11 -10 -11 -15 -23 -23 -30 -51 -33 -25 3 0 9 55 61 54 37 22 12 -7 49.2 FEBRUARY 2 1 0 -5 3 0 -10 -22 -13 -14 -38 -40 -55 -48 -42 -34 -20 16 33 58 40 74 57 49 -7 48.6 MARCH 78 46 41 9 -10 -17 -1 10 2 -23 -56 -73 -89 -80 -85 -53 -66 1 18 41 72 86 54 84 -7 47.3 APRIL 67 16 21 46 27 18 29 31 11 -21 -46 -78-102 -93 -61 -53 -45 39 50 39 31 3 28 39 -7 47.7 MAY 55 32 43 61 62 57 41 19 -28 -38 -80-101-103 -83 -56 -49 -28 -19 10 23 53 55 28 37 -7 47.7 JUNE 42 9 45 52 51 54 50 45 28 -2 -34 -56 -71 -79 -73 -65 -67 -42 -19 -10 12 50 45 43 -7 46.7 JULY 39 21 52 69 55 52 42 29 18 -10 -38 -72-102 -73 -67 -48 -43 -30 -14 5 15 44 41 25 -7 45.6 AUGUST 44 42 41 34 47 45 45 29 12 -20 -56 -82 -90 -95 -73 -52 -8 0 11 27 25 16 23 37 -7 46.0 SEPTEMBER 26 29 36 29 34 25 24 15 -6 -31 -56 -72 -76 -71 -41 -26 0 56 35 11 27 20 11 -12 -7 44.7 OCTOBER 46 60 35 -3 -39 -14 3 -2 -3 -25 -37 -50 -68 -84 -74 -63 -56 -16 11 44 67 83 49 132 -7 42.3 NOVEMBER 13 18 -8 -12 -25 -20 -15 -19 -19 -25 -35 -51 -60 -59 -50 -14 -14 10 34 53 99 86 53 64 -7 41.8 DECEMBER 5 3 -2 -1 4 -1 -9 -16 -21 -22 -32 -43 -38 -43 -15 -17 0 15 20 36 75 56 35 5 -7 42.2 WINTER 9 4 -2 -6 -4 -4 -10 -16 -16 -20 -31 -38 -48 -41 -27 -16 -7 13 36 52 56 56 38 22 -7 46.7 EQUINOX 48 34 28 22 8 8 14 9 -7 -27 -52 -71 -83 -78 -61 -43 -35 12 26 35 58 56 37 57 -7 45.3 SUMMER 42 24 46 52 51 50 46 34 19 -11 -43 -70 -88 -82 -71 -55 -39 -24 -7 7 17 37 36 35 -7 46.1 YEAR 36 24 25 22 16 15 16 9 -3 -21 -44 -63 -76 -70 -55 -39 -29 3 20 32 47 51 37 43 -7 45.8 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 5 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 1.62 144 1.0 4.7 -0.3 0 1 1.63 143 2.3 12.3 1.2 0 2 1.60 144 2.0 9.7 -0.6 0 2 q4 1.61 144 1.3 5.8 -1.0 14 3 1.61 144 2.6 19.3 0.6 0 3 1.62 144 2.6 17.2 0.5 0 4 q3 1.62 144 1.0 5.6 0.1 0 4 1.62 144 2.8 17.2 0.0 0 5 1.62 144 3.3 20.3 0.1 0 5 q3 1.63 144 1.1 6.5 0.7 0 6 1.63 143 3.5 21.0 0.6 0 6 q1 1.62 143 0.8 4.6 -0.5 0 7 q5 1.61 144 1.3 6.6 -1.3 0 7 q2 1.63 144 1.0 6.0 0.3 11 8 q1 1.61 144 0.9 5.6 0.4 0 8 d2 1.63 144 5.8 34.1 0.1 11 9 1.61 144 1.5 7.8 -0.1 22 9 1.64 144 4.3 19.1 0.7 14 10 1.62 144 3.0 19.2 0.6 44 10 1.63 144 2.6 14.2 -0.8 16 11 d4 1.64 144 3.7 19.4 1.1 24 11 1.62 144 3.5 16.9 -0.4 16 12 d3 1.63 144 4.2 20.5 -0.3 44 12 d1 1.65 144 5.9 29.0 1.7 16 13 1.61 144 2.1 9.5 -1.4 24 13 1.63 143 3.1 18.4 -1.3 24 14 1.63 144 2.1 15.2 1.2 36 14 d4 1.65 144 4.6 21.0 0.9 24 15 1.61 144 1.8 7.7 -1.1 23 15 1.64 144 2.2 11.1 -0.1 12 16 1.63 142 1.7 7.5 0.8 20 16 q5 1.63 142 1.6 7.7 -0.5 16 17 1.62 144 1.8 10.0 -0.3 20 17 1.64 144 4.3 20.9 0.4 16 18 1.62 144 1.6 7.4 0.1 20 18 1.62 144 3.5 20.7 -1.0 14 19 1.62 144 1.5 6.8 0.1 35 19 1.63 144 3.9 23.5 0.3 14 20 q4 1.62 144 1.1 4.4 -0.3 21 20 d5 1.64 143 4.4 26.4 0.5 14 21 1.62 144 1.6 7.1 -0.1 32 21 1.62 144 2.0 12.3 -1.2 0 22 1.60 144 2.6 12.2 -1.1 16 22 1.62 144 2.2 13.1 0.0 0 23 1.62 144 1.3 7.8 1.3 0 23 1.63 144 3.6 22.4 0.7 0 24 1.62 143 2.0 10.6 0.0 0 24 1.65 143 3.4 22.9 1.1 0 25 1.61 144 2.9 18.5 -0.7 0 25 1.63 144 2.0 10.3 -1.2 14 26 d5 1.64 144 3.6 22.6 1.8 0 26 1.64 144 2.5 11.3 0.8 15 27 1.62 144 3.1 19.8 -1.2 0 27 1.62 144 3.0 13.4 -1.2 16 28 1.63 144 3.5 18.8 1.1 0 28 d3 1.63 144 5.6 44.3 0.8 41 29 d1 1.63 144 4.5 27.6 -0.1 0 30 1.62 144 2.6 19.5 -0.7 0 31 d2 1.61 144 4.2 21.8 -0.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.62 0.6 2.4 13.4 0.0 12.3 All 1.63 0.6 3.1 17.2 0.0 11.4 Quiet 1.61 0.2 1.1 5.4 -0.3 4.2 Quiet 1.63 0.5 1.2 6.1 -0.2 8.2 Dist. 1.63 0.6 4.0 22.4 0.4 13.6 Dist. 1.64 0.5 5.3 31.0 0.8 21.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.83 (west) is -7.82 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.51 (Jan 29) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.23 (Feb 28) Minimum -8.05 (Jan 25) Minimum -8.02 (Feb 8) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.64 144 2.5 15.5 0.6 17 1 q2 1.65 143 2.9 12.3 0.3 21 2 1.64 144 2.8 13.9 -0.1 21 2 q1 1.64 141 2.8 11.3 -0.6 15 3 q1 1.64 143 1.8 9.9 -0.2 30 3 1.63 144 4.7 24.0 -0.4 0 4 1.64 144 2.9 15.6 0.5 44 4 d1 1.66 144 10.1 61.3 1.8 14 5 q2 1.63 144 2.3 9.7 -0.6 33 5 1.67 143 5.1 22.3 0.5 11 6 1.64 144 2.6 10.7 0.6 29 6 1.65 144 3.9 19.7 -0.9 12 7 q3 1.63 144 2.4 10.3 -0.8 18 7 d5 1.67 144 5.3 27.5 0.9 13 8 1.64 144 2.8 12.2 0.5 38 8 1.67 143 3.8 16.3 0.1 0 9 d3 1.64 144 6.8 38.7 0.1 23 9 1.63 144 4.7 21.0 -2.5 0 10 1.65 144 3.3 15.5 0.5 16 10 1.64 143 3.5 15.9 0.6 0 11 q4 1.64 144 2.4 11.3 -0.3 16 11 q5 1.65 144 3.0 12.6 0.6 0 12 d2 1.65 144 11.7 73.0 0.5 15 12 d3 1.63 144 5.7 31.5 -1.0 0 13 d1 1.73 144 12.2 75.9 4.5 14 13 d4 1.65 144 5.3 31.6 0.9 0 14 1.67 144 3.2 20.3 -3.6 14 14 1.66 143 4.7 26.4 1.1 0 15 1.64 144 3.1 13.9 -1.5 14 15 1.62 144 3.7 20.7 -2.3 0 16 1.64 144 3.5 21.4 -0.2 11 16 1.65 144 3.8 22.5 1.7 0 17 d4 1.65 144 6.3 38.1 0.5 11 17 q4 1.63 144 3.0 12.7 -1.4 0 18 1.63 143 4.3 18.9 -0.9 0 18 1.63 144 4.2 24.8 -0.3 0 19 d5 1.64 144 6.2 45.2 0.6 0 19 q3 1.64 144 2.9 11.4 1.0 0 20 1.64 144 3.7 21.1 -0.1 0 20 1.64 144 3.2 12.2 -0.2 0 21 1.65 144 3.2 13.7 0.5 0 21 1.65 144 3.6 13.3 0.6 0 22 1.64 144 3.4 21.9 -0.5 0 22 1.64 144 3.2 11.3 -0.5 0 23 q5 1.64 144 2.5 11.2 -0.1 0 23 1.66 144 3.6 17.6 0.8 0 24 1.63 144 3.2 12.7 -0.8 22 24 1.65 143 3.2 12.7 -0.5 0 25 1.64 144 3.2 13.7 1.0 38 25 1.63 144 3.4 14.0 -0.8 19 26 1.64 143 3.5 21.0 0.1 16 26 1.64 144 3.7 14.7 0.4 11 27 1.64 143 2.5 11.4 -0.3 23 27 1.64 144 3.4 14.4 0.2 16 28 1.63 144 3.7 19.5 -0.2 24 28 1.65 144 3.4 13.2 0.2 0 29 1.64 144 3.0 11.1 0.2 15 29 1.64 143 4.2 18.8 -0.2 0 30 1.64 143 3.5 17.7 0.3 16 30 d2 1.67 144 6.2 31.2 1.5 0 31 1.64 143 3.3 14.5 -0.1 21 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.64 1.0 3.9 21.3 0.0 17.4 All 1.65 0.8 4.1 20.0 0.1 4.4 Quiet 1.64 0.3 2.3 10.5 -0.4 19.4 Quiet 1.64 0.4 2.9 12.1 0.0 7.2 Dist. 1.66 2.0 8.6 54.2 1.2 12.6 Dist. 1.65 0.9 6.5 36.7 0.8 5.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.81 (west) is -7.80 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.85 (Mar 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.15 (Apr 4) Minimum -8.27 (Mar 12) Minimum -8.17 (Apr 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 5 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 1.65 143 5.7 31.6 -1.2 0 1 1.68 144 3.4 10.8 0.8 0 2 1.68 144 4.8 20.3 2.1 28 2 1.67 144 3.3 12.4 -0.8 0 3 1.66 144 4.2 16.7 -1.4 44 3 1.66 144 4.7 17.1 -0.4 0 4 1.66 144 3.6 12.0 -0.2 55 4 1.68 143 4.2 14.4 0.7 0 5 1.63 144 4.6 15.9 -1.4 28 5 1.68 144 3.8 13.3 0.3 0 6 1.66 144 4.6 19.2 1.6 29 6 d2 1.66 144 6.3 29.1 -1.3 0 7 1.66 144 4.3 19.6 0.0 23 7 d5 1.65 144 4.8 21.1 -0.5 0 8 d2 1.63 144 6.9 27.4 -1.6 12 8 1.68 144 4.5 20.9 1.9 12 9 1.67 144 4.5 20.1 2.1 0 9 q2 1.67 144 2.7 13.5 -0.7 17 10 d5 1.66 144 5.3 21.1 -0.2 0 10 q1 1.67 143 2.5 10.0 0.2 18 11 d3 1.67 144 6.3 31.1 0.4 0 11 1.65 144 3.8 19.2 -1.4 25 12 1.65 142 3.9 16.1 -1.1 0 12 q4 1.68 144 2.9 11.6 2.1 20 13 1.65 144 5.2 38.0 0.0 0 13 1.67 143 3.6 14.2 -0.6 16 14 q2 1.67 144 2.9 13.3 0.9 0 14 q3 1.69 143 2.7 9.9 0.6 21 15 1.66 144 3.3 19.0 -0.6 0 15 1.67 144 3.5 13.4 -0.8 15 16 1.64 144 3.4 20.4 -1.2 11 16 q5 1.68 144 3.0 11.7 0.4 0 17 1.66 144 3.3 14.2 1.5 11 17 1.67 144 3.4 12.7 -0.5 0 18 q3 1.67 143 3.0 13.5 0.5 13 18 1.67 144 3.9 13.8 -0.1 0 19 q5 1.66 144 3.3 11.2 -0.8 15 19 1.67 144 3.8 14.0 0.5 0 20 1.65 144 3.7 13.4 -0.7 13 20 1.68 143 3.5 13.1 0.3 0 21 1.67 144 4.0 14.7 1.6 0 21 1.67 144 4.0 13.3 -0.5 0 22 1.67 144 3.9 14.8 -0.1 0 22 d1 1.67 144 6.3 29.2 -0.1 0 23 1.66 144 3.9 14.6 -0.7 0 23 1.71 143 4.7 20.5 2.3 14 24 1.67 143 3.5 13.3 0.3 0 24 1.70 143 4.8 16.9 -0.7 0 25 1.66 144 4.5 18.7 -0.3 0 25 1.68 144 3.3 12.6 -0.7 0 26 1.66 144 3.9 12.3 0.1 0 26 1.68 139 3.5 13.2 -0.4 0 27 d1 1.65 144 8.2 39.9 -0.6 0 27 1.67 125 3.4 13.2 -0.6 0 28 1.64 144 4.5 18.6 -0.6 0 28 1.67 142 3.2 13.9 0.0 0 29 q1 1.68 144 2.4 11.6 2.1 0 29 d4 1.68 143 5.3 22.4 1.1 0 30 1.68 144 3.5 12.3 0.3 0 30 d3 1.70 143 6.1 28.7 0.7 0 31 q4 1.67 143 3.1 11.8 -0.9 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.66 0.8 4.3 18.6 0.0 9.1 All 1.67 0.7 4.0 16.0 0.1 5.3 Quiet 1.67 0.4 2.9 12.3 0.4 5.6 Quiet 1.68 0.3 2.8 11.3 0.5 15.2 Dist. 1.65 0.8 6.5 30.2 -0.7 2.4 Dist. 1.67 1.0 5.8 26.1 0.0 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.79 (west) is -7.78 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.45 (May 1) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.45 (Jun 30) Minimum -8.14 (May 27) Minimum -8.06 (Jun 22) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.69 141 4.1 14.5 99.0 0 1 1.70 144 3.4 12.3 99.0 0 2 1.68 143 3.4 12.2 -0.7 0 2 1.69 144 3.6 13.4 -1.0 0 3 q2 1.68 144 2.7 12.0 -0.1 0 3 1.70 144 3.6 12.8 1.1 0 4 1.69 144 3.8 17.9 0.9 0 4 1.70 144 4.1 14.8 -0.4 18 5 1.69 144 4.1 16.1 -0.4 0 5 d3 1.69 143 5.2 22.4 -0.5 21 6 1.68 143 3.9 16.2 -0.5 0 6 1.69 143 2.9 11.1 0.2 18 7 1.69 144 3.1 10.3 0.5 0 7 q1 1.70 142 1.9 7.9 0.6 15 8 1.68 144 4.3 16.9 -0.3 0 8 q2 1.71 143 2.0 7.9 0.3 14 9 1.69 143 3.6 13.7 0.5 0 9 1.69 144 2.8 10.4 -1.1 0 10 d4 1.67 144 5.3 20.0 -0.9 0 10 1.69 143 3.9 13.5 0.3 0 11 q3 1.68 144 2.7 12.2 0.2 0 11 1.67 144 4.7 18.4 -1.2 0 12 1.69 144 3.2 12.4 0.5 0 12 1.71 144 4.1 16.2 2.4 0 13 q4 1.69 144 3.0 10.8 0.1 11 13 q4 1.70 142 2.6 12.0 -1.0 11 14 1.69 144 3.2 12.6 0.2 0 14 d4 1.68 144 4.7 28.5 -0.7 0 15 1.68 144 4.3 15.5 -0.8 0 15 d2 1.70 144 6.6 34.8 1.1 0 16 1.68 144 4.0 15.3 0.0 0 16 d5 1.68 143 4.7 25.1 -1.4 0 17 1.68 144 3.7 13.1 0.2 0 17 1.71 144 3.8 26.4 1.7 0 18 1.69 144 3.2 11.8 0.5 0 18 1.71 144 3.1 10.1 -0.1 0 19 d1 1.70 144 8.0 37.9 0.4 0 19 1.70 144 3.6 14.4 -0.5 0 20 d3 1.70 144 5.8 28.9 0.5 0 20 1.71 144 4.2 23.6 0.6 0 21 d5 1.71 144 4.8 19.1 0.2 0 21 1.70 144 3.0 13.1 -0.5 0 22 1.69 144 4.0 18.4 -1.0 0 22 q3 1.69 144 2.3 10.4 -0.4 0 23 q5 1.70 144 3.1 14.4 0.8 0 23 q5 1.71 144 2.8 10.8 0.9 0 24 1.70 144 3.3 14.2 -0.5 0 24 1.70 144 3.1 16.6 -0.3 0 25 1.70 144 4.0 14.0 0.3 0 25 1.71 144 3.0 12.3 0.1 0 26 1.69 144 3.5 14.0 -0.9 0 26 1.69 144 3.3 12.5 -1.2 0 27 q1 1.71 144 2.5 10.4 1.2 0 27 1.69 144 3.3 12.1 0.6 0 28 1.70 144 3.8 18.8 -0.2 0 28 1.70 144 4.6 17.1 0.4 0 29 d2 1.67 144 6.1 28.0 -1.7 0 29 1.69 144 3.5 13.2 -0.5 0 30 1.70 143 3.7 13.1 1.4 0 30 1.70 143 3.4 13.5 0.5 0 31 1.68 144 3.6 14.7 -0.8 0 31 d1 1.66 144 7.2 30.1 -2.3 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.69 0.6 3.9 16.1 0.0 0.4 All 1.70 0.7 3.7 16.0 -0.1 3.1 Quiet 1.69 0.7 2.8 11.9 0.4 2.2 Quiet 1.70 0.3 2.3 9.8 0.1 8.0 Dist. 1.69 0.9 6.0 26.8 -0.3 0.0 Dist. 1.68 0.8 5.7 28.2 -0.8 4.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.76 (west) is -7.75 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.30 (Jul 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.41 (Aug 15) Minimum -8.07 (Jul 29) Minimum -8.01 (Aug 31) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 5 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.70 144 3.7 15.9 2.4 0 1 1.71 144 2.5 9.4 -0.5 0 2 d4 1.71 144 4.2 15.9 0.6 0 2 1.71 143 2.2 8.6 -0.1 13 3 1.70 144 3.4 17.7 -0.6 0 3 d3 1.71 144 7.9 43.3 0.1 17 4 1.70 144 2.7 10.2 0.0 0 4 d4 1.75 144 6.0 41.5 2.2 28 5 1.71 144 2.6 9.2 0.3 0 5 d1 1.74 143 10.1 67.9 -0.4 14 6 1.70 144 3.1 12.9 -0.6 0 6 q1 1.73 144 1.5 7.2 -0.6 0 7 1.70 144 3.5 17.2 0.1 0 7 1.72 143 2.1 9.7 -0.6 0 8 d5 1.70 144 4.2 21.0 -0.1 0 8 1.72 143 2.1 8.6 -0.1 0 9 1.71 144 2.6 10.0 0.8 0 9 1.71 144 3.0 13.9 -0.9 0 10 1.69 144 3.5 15.3 -0.8 0 10 1.73 144 3.4 16.5 1.6 0 11 d1 1.71 144 6.2 35.6 0.8 0 11 1.73 143 3.9 22.9 -0.2 11 12 d2 1.72 144 5.1 26.3 0.6 0 12 1.71 144 2.4 14.8 -1.1 15 13 1.71 143 3.3 16.0 -0.6 0 13 1.72 144 2.6 10.7 0.8 11 14 1.72 144 4.1 17.6 0.5 0 14 1.72 144 2.6 12.3 -0.2 0 15 1.69 143 3.1 14.1 -1.4 0 15 q2 1.72 142 1.6 8.2 0.2 0 16 1.71 144 3.6 17.7 0.9 0 16 d5 1.75 144 5.6 23.1 1.6 0 17 1.69 144 3.9 17.5 -1.0 0 17 1.73 144 2.0 10.3 -1.4 11 18 q3 1.71 144 2.4 13.0 0.8 0 18 d2 1.77 144 9.4 48.9 2.7 11 19 1.71 144 2.7 11.0 0.3 0 19 1.76 144 4.3 21.3 -0.7 15 20 1.70 141 2.8 12.7 -0.4 0 20 1.74 144 4.6 28.2 -1.1 17 21 1.71 144 3.9 19.4 0.5 0 21 1.73 144 3.5 20.7 -0.9 16 22 1.71 144 3.8 23.3 -0.2 0 22 q3 1.73 144 1.7 7.9 0.1 15 23 q1 1.71 144 1.7 7.6 0.3 0 23 1.75 144 4.2 21.5 1.1 13 24 1.71 144 2.7 11.3 0.1 0 24 1.75 143 3.8 20.2 0.0 14 25 1.71 144 3.1 15.8 -0.2 0 25 1.73 144 1.9 9.1 -1.3 12 26 q5 1.70 144 2.5 12.7 -0.7 0 26 q5 1.72 142 1.8 9.1 -0.1 11 27 1.73 144 3.7 21.3 1.9 0 27 1.75 143 4.4 24.8 1.8 11 28 d3 1.69 144 4.9 28.7 -2.6 0 28 1.75 143 2.8 17.1 -0.6 11 29 q4 1.69 144 2.5 13.5 0.4 0 29 1.72 143 2.5 13.5 -1.4 11 30 q2 1.72 144 2.3 10.4 1.8 0 30 1.71 142 2.1 7.2 -0.7 11 31 q4 1.73 144 1.8 9.4 1.1 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.71 0.6 3.4 16.4 0.1 0.0 All 1.73 1.0 3.6 18.9 0.0 9.6 Quiet 1.71 0.6 2.3 11.4 0.5 0.0 Quiet 1.73 0.2 1.7 8.3 0.1 7.4 Dist. 1.70 0.7 4.9 25.5 -0.1 0.0 Dist. 1.74 1.2 7.8 44.9 1.2 14.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.74 (west) is -7.72 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.38 (Sep 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.05 (Oct 5) Minimum -7.97 (Sep 11) Minimum -8.19 (Oct 5) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.71 144 1.6 6.1 -1.0 11 1 1.74 144 1.5 8.2 -0.1 17 2 d4 1.74 144 5.2 31.4 1.6 13 2 1.74 142 1.2 6.6 -0.1 18 3 1.73 144 1.6 9.1 -0.8 0 3 1.74 143 2.6 13.3 0.2 18 4 1.73 143 1.9 12.0 0.0 0 4 1.74 143 2.2 14.1 0.2 31 5 d2 1.76 144 6.6 31.2 2.3 0 5 1.73 143 1.7 8.5 -0.4 0 6 1.75 144 4.3 20.0 -0.9 0 6 1.74 142 1.4 8.0 0.6 0 7 1.75 144 4.2 25.7 0.3 0 7 1.74 143 1.6 9.6 -0.1 0 8 1.75 144 2.7 11.8 -0.1 0 8 1.75 137 1.9 9.6 0.5 0 9 1.75 144 4.6 29.2 0.0 0 9 1.74 144 1.6 8.0 -0.5 0 10 1.73 144 1.6 10.5 -1.2 0 10 1.74 144 1.3 6.8 -0.2 0 11 q3 1.74 144 1.2 6.3 0.4 0 11 q5 1.73 143 1.1 5.1 -0.6 11 12 1.73 144 1.4 8.3 -0.3 17 12 d4 1.73 142 2.8 15.3 0.3 0 13 q4 1.73 144 1.3 5.4 -0.1 11 13 1.74 142 1.4 8.1 0.5 0 14 q5 1.73 144 1.3 5.6 -0.1 0 14 q4 1.74 144 0.8 3.3 -0.4 0 15 1.74 144 1.8 9.9 0.6 0 15 1.74 143 1.2 5.9 -0.1 0 16 1.74 144 3.4 15.7 0.0 0 16 q3 1.73 144 0.8 3.1 -0.1 0 17 1.73 143 2.7 16.2 -0.5 0 17 d2 1.74 143 4.5 26.8 0.2 0 18 d3 1.76 144 5.9 29.2 1.5 0 18 d3 1.75 144 3.6 21.7 0.7 0 19 1.73 139 1.8 12.0 -1.3 11 19 1.75 143 2.7 16.5 0.0 0 20 1.74 144 2.7 13.5 0.6 13 20 1.74 144 1.1 6.7 -0.3 0 21 d5 1.74 144 4.8 24.4 -0.4 11 21 q1 1.74 143 0.5 2.6 -0.2 0 22 1.73 144 1.9 7.6 -0.2 0 22 1.74 143 1.6 8.8 0.3 0 23 1.75 144 2.7 16.8 0.8 0 23 1.74 141 1.8 13.8 -0.3 0 24 1.75 143 2.8 20.8 0.5 0 24 1.74 143 1.4 9.2 0.2 0 25 1.75 144 3.0 20.4 -0.5 0 25 1.74 142 2.2 9.7 -0.1 0 26 1.74 144 2.0 12.8 -0.4 0 26 q2 1.74 142 0.7 4.2 0.1 0 27 q2 1.73 142 1.1 4.9 -0.4 0 27 1.75 144 1.8 9.6 0.3 0 28 q1 1.73 144 1.0 4.0 0.1 0 28 1.75 144 1.6 11.2 0.2 0 29 d1 1.77 144 7.8 37.2 2.1 19 29 1.75 144 2.0 10.1 0.2 0 30 1.74 144 2.3 14.7 -1.6 19 30 d1 1.75 143 5.1 26.2 -0.1 0 31 d5 1.76 143 2.7 14.9 0.7 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.74 0.7 2.9 15.8 0.0 4.2 All 1.74 0.4 1.9 10.5 0.0 3.1 Quiet 1.73 0.2 1.2 5.2 0.0 2.2 Quiet 1.74 0.3 0.8 3.7 -0.3 2.2 Dist. 1.75 0.8 6.1 30.7 1.4 8.6 Dist. 1.75 0.6 3.8 21.0 0.4 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.71 (west) is -7.71 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.23 (Nov 29) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.42 (Dec 17) Minimum -7.87 (Nov 21) Minimum -7.91 (Dec 30) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 5 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.62 2.4 13.4 0.0 0.6 12.3 4464 4460 Feb 1.63 3.1 17.2 0.0 0.6 11.4 4032 4025 Mar 1.64 3.9 21.3 0.0 1.0 17.4 4464 4458 Apr 1.65 4.1 20.0 0.1 0.8 4.4 4320 4310 May 1.66 4.3 18.6 0.0 0.8 9.1 4464 4458 Jun 1.67 4.0 16.0 0.1 0.7 5.3 4320 4285 Jul 1.69 3.9 16.1 0.0 0.6 0.4 4464 4457 Aug 1.70 3.7 16.0 -0.1 0.7 3.1 4464 4454 Sep 1.71 3.4 16.4 0.1 0.6 0.0 4320 4315 Oct 1.73 3.6 18.9 0.0 1.0 9.6 4464 4449 Nov 1.74 2.9 15.8 0.0 0.7 4.2 4320 4310 Dec 1.74 1.9 10.5 0.0 0.4 3.1 4464 4429 Mean 1.68 3.4 16.7 0.0 0.7 6.7 52560 52410 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.61 1.1 5.4 -0.3 0.2 4.2 720 720 Feb 1.63 1.2 6.1 -0.2 0.5 8.2 720 717 Mar 1.64 2.3 10.5 -0.4 0.3 19.4 720 719 Apr 1.64 2.9 12.1 0.0 0.4 7.2 720 716 May 1.67 2.9 12.3 0.4 0.4 5.6 720 718 Jun 1.68 2.8 11.3 0.5 0.3 15.2 720 718 Jul 1.69 2.8 11.9 0.4 0.7 2.2 720 720 Aug 1.70 2.3 9.8 0.1 0.3 8.0 720 715 Sep 1.71 2.3 11.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 720 720 Oct 1.73 1.7 8.3 0.1 0.2 7.4 720 716 Nov 1.73 1.2 5.2 0.0 0.2 2.2 720 718 Dec 1.74 0.8 3.7 -0.3 0.3 2.2 720 716 Mean 1.68 2.0 9.0 0.1 0.4 6.8 8640 8613 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.63 4.0 22.4 0.4 0.6 13.6 720 720 Feb 1.64 5.3 31.0 0.8 0.5 21.2 720 719 Mar 1.66 8.6 54.2 1.2 2.0 12.6 720 720 Apr 1.65 6.5 36.7 0.8 0.9 5.4 720 720 May 1.65 6.5 30.2 -0.7 0.8 2.4 720 719 Jun 1.67 5.8 26.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 720 718 Jul 1.69 6.0 26.8 -0.3 0.9 0.0 720 720 Aug 1.68 5.7 28.2 -0.8 0.8 4.2 720 718 Sep 1.70 4.9 25.5 -0.1 0.7 0.0 720 720 Oct 1.74 7.8 44.9 1.2 1.2 14.0 720 719 Nov 1.75 6.1 30.7 1.4 0.8 8.6 720 720 Dec 1.75 3.8 21.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 720 715 Mean 1.68 5.9 31.5 0.4 0.9 6.8 8640 8628 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.83 -7.51 -8.05 Feb -7.82 -7.23 -8.02 Mar -7.81 -6.85 -8.27 Apr -7.80 -7.15 -8.17 May -7.79 -7.45 -8.14 Jun -7.78 -7.45 -8.06 Jul -7.76 -7.30 -8.07 Aug -7.75 -7.41 -8.01 Sep -7.74 -7.38 -7.97 Oct -7.72 -7.05 -8.19 Nov -7.71 -7.23 -7.87 Dec -7.71 -7.42 -7.91 Mean -7.77 -7.29 -8.06 Results for 1856 HELSINKI D 1856 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 4 1 -1 -5 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -11 -17 -23 -24 -17 -10 -7 -3 4 9 22 26 23 17 15 -7 41.9 FEBRUARY 9 2 0 3 3 2 0 -1 -4 -12 -20 -28 -33 -29 -12 -6 2 8 12 22 18 24 28 9 -7 41.5 MARCH 10 13 13 11 13 14 19 20 10 -9 -28 -42 -47 -43 -32 -18 -5 1 8 18 21 18 14 8 -7 41.2 APRIL 15 20 18 20 24 29 35 36 27 2 -26 -51 -64 -57 -39 -23 -12 -3 1 6 9 15 15 9 -7 40.5 MAY 11 12 22 31 36 37 40 38 25 3 -25 -49 -59 -53 -38 -27 -16 -7 -5 -1 6 8 10 13 -7 40.0 JUNE 12 21 28 39 46 48 49 44 28 3 -28 -54 -65 -61 -49 -36 -21 -12 -9 -5 -2 2 7 9 -7 39.2 JULY 16 24 33 44 53 45 42 36 18 2 -23 -47 -58 -60 -55 -41 -22 -11 -11 -9 -7 6 9 14 -7 38.4 AUGUST 15 13 49 46 39 -58 -69 -64 1 2 5 21 -7 38.0 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 6 10 6 3 3 2 3 12 14 2 -15 -30 -37 -37 -27 -3 -2 -5 10 17 15 18 24 8 -7 35.7 NOVEMBER 13 9 2 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -3 -8 -16 -23 -27 -24 -16 -9 -8 -6 9 17 21 31 32 20 -7 35.2 DECEMBER 6 2 -2 -4 -3 -5 -4 -5 -5 -8 -13 -15 -19 -17 -13 -11 -3 6 10 19 28 31 21 14 -7 35.1 WINTER 6 2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -4 -10 -17 -22 -25 -21 -12 -8 -1 6 10 21 24 26 22 13 -7 39.5 EQUINOX 11 13 12 13 15 16 19 21 15 -2 -22 -39 -47 -43 -30 -16 -9 -4 5 11 14 18 19 12 -7 38.5 SUMMER 14 19 31 42 50 47 46 40 23 3 -26 -53 -64 -62 -52 -39 -22 -7 -6 -3 -5 4 8 15 -7 38.5 YEAR 11 12 11 14 16 20 21 20 10 -4 -22 -38 -45 -42 -30 -19 -10 -2 3 10 13 17 17 13 -7 38.8 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 5 1 2 -1 1 0 3 5 3 -1 -9 -16 -16 -10 -3 -2 2 5 2 5 5 5 6 4 -7 42.0 FEBRUARY 9 2 -1 -1 -2 -1 5 6 3 -5 -9 -15 -17 -12 -5 -3 -2 4 3 5 8 18 13 -1 -7 41.8 MARCH 10 11 12 10 9 12 15 16 11 0 -19 -27 -32 -25 -16 -6 0 -5 -3 0 4 6 10 5 -7 41.3 APRIL 11 7 8 13 21 26 30 30 26 9 -16 -38 -52 -43 -29 -17 -9 -4 -2 0 1 7 5 5 -7 40.1 MAY 8 10 16 20 24 27 35 34 18 -1 -27 -45 -48 -39 -25 -17 -9 -2 -2 -2 -2 4 8 6 -7 39.6 JUNE 4 17 22 32 41 41 36 28 22 0 -25 -43 -53 -50 -34 -20 -9 -8 -6 -4 2 3 3 3 -7 38.9 JULY 18 15 40 42 49 37 43 31 15 3 -13 -36 -48 -50 -21 -42 -22 -9 -13 -13 -8 -9 -6 5 -7 38.2 AUGUST 3 11 42 35 33 -41 -49 -42 9 0 -3 7 -7 37.7 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 3 3 8 1 0 7 12 19 21 8 -7 -22 -29 -26 -15 -9 -2 0 2 3 5 6 8 7 -7 35.8 NOVEMBER 5 9 2 -1 -4 -2 0 1 3 0 -7 -13 -18 -13 -7 -6 -2 3 2 8 12 13 12 9 -7 35.5 DECEMBER 3 6 2 0 -2 -1 1 3 0 -3 -5 -12 -10 -5 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 3 4 7 8 5 -7 35.3 WINTER 6 3 1 -1 -1 -1 3 5 2 -3 -8 -14 -14 -9 -4 -3 -1 3 2 4 6 10 9 3 -7 39.7 EQUINOX 7 8 9 9 10 14 18 20 16 3 -15 -29 -36 -29 -18 -11 -4 -2 -1 2 4 7 9 6 -7 38.5 SUMMER 8 14 31 37 45 40 38 31 19 2 -19 -40 -50 -47 -28 -31 -16 -3 -6 -7 -3 -3 -2 5 -7 38.3 YEAR 8 9 10 11 13 18 20 19 12 1 -14 -27 -33 -28 -16 -13 -6 0 -1 0 3 5 6 6 -7 38.8 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY -8 -1 -10 -6 -6 -4 -3 -5 -14 -26 -31 -33 -38 -37 -21 -20 -10 1 19 50 63 49 38 44 -7 41.5 FEBRUARY 20 -3 -5 4 -2 -6 -17 -24 -25 -30 -32 -43 -42 -48 -4 2 7 40 36 75 17 25 50 12 -7 40.8 MARCH 14 15 12 22 19 6 17 18 13 -11 -41 -63 -73 -82 -72 -46 -10 8 45 57 54 54 30 11 -7 41.3 APRIL 30 64 27 24 32 30 32 21 12 -19 -47 -65 -75 -73 -54 -38 -26 -11 -5 16 15 37 47 15 -7 40.0 MAY 8 8 27 41 42 40 43 44 31 6 -23 -60 -71 -59 -48 -32 -26 -16 -12 -5 3 16 16 33 -7 40.2 JUNE 18 43 56 45 40 46 47 47 22 -3 -37 -73 -75 -71 -59 -49 -20 -8 -8 4 -2 -1 10 16 -7 39.6 JULY 10 16 19 39 51 53 55 52 37 15 -17 -67 -80 -84 -81 -36 -19 -2 -4 -4 -7 20 21 20 -7 38.7 AUGUST 27 9 48 49 44 -80 -98 -90 -1 15 26 48 -7 38.2 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 9 36 19 26 23 17 11 11 9 -6 -28 -33 -42 -43 -33 27 19 -10 50 67 43 51 69-307 -7 36.0 NOVEMBER 7 9 10 6 5 -8 -8 -7 -14 -18 -29 -37 -40 -43 -41 -16 -4 -18 22 31 28 47 82 26 -7 35.1 DECEMBER 9 -3 -7 -2 -7 -17 -26 -24 -16 -22 -33 -31 -44 -40 -37 -45 -11 28 19 51 76 87 54 41 -7 34.6 WINTER 7 -2 -7 -1 -5 -9 -15 -18 -18 -26 -32 -36 -41 -42 -21 -21 -5 23 25 59 52 54 47 32 -7 39.0 EQUINOX 14 26 19 24 24 17 19 17 10 -10 -34 -52 -60 -60 -50 -21 -9 -9 20 33 29 41 49 -44 -7 38.5 SUMMER 18 23 38 42 46 49 50 48 30 6 -27 -73 -84 -82 -70 -43 -20 -4 1 9 -5 10 16 28 -7 38.8 YEAR 14 18 15 20 20 19 19 17 6 -11 -32 -52 -61 -60 -45 -25 -10 2 17 34 29 39 42 -3 -7 38.8 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 6 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.75 143 2.0 13.5 -0.4 0 1 d2 1.75 143 4.7 23.9 -0.6 0 2 1.75 143 1.9 10.2 0.0 0 2 1.76 143 1.7 9.1 0.4 0 3 1.75 144 1.5 10.0 -0.3 0 3 q1 1.75 144 0.6 3.2 -0.3 0 4 1.75 142 1.2 5.5 0.4 0 4 q4 1.75 144 1.4 7.4 0.0 0 5 1.75 144 1.6 9.9 -0.5 0 5 q2 1.75 144 1.1 6.1 -0.4 0 6 q3 1.76 144 0.9 4.1 0.5 0 6 1.76 144 2.9 14.8 0.8 0 7 1.75 144 1.4 7.3 -0.3 0 7 1.73 142 3.0 13.1 -2.1 14 8 1.75 143 1.3 6.0 0.1 0 8 1.75 144 1.6 9.7 1.7 14 9 1.74 144 1.7 11.3 -0.4 0 9 d3 1.76 144 4.7 27.3 0.3 16 10 q1 1.75 144 0.6 4.0 0.2 0 10 1.76 143 3.4 24.4 0.1 15 11 q2 1.74 142 0.8 4.0 -0.4 0 11 d4 1.76 142 3.8 21.8 0.0 12 12 1.74 142 1.7 9.0 0.1 0 12 d5 1.77 143 3.5 19.2 0.8 0 13 d1 1.76 143 3.9 19.1 0.8 0 13 1.76 143 2.7 21.2 -1.0 0 14 1.75 144 2.1 12.2 -0.2 0 14 q3 1.76 144 1.2 7.1 -0.1 0 15 d5 1.76 144 3.5 24.6 0.2 0 15 1.76 144 2.6 13.7 0.3 0 16 1.76 144 2.2 15.3 0.0 0 16 q5 1.76 144 1.4 11.1 -0.2 0 17 1.74 144 1.3 6.0 -0.8 0 17 1.75 143 1.9 14.4 -0.4 0 18 d3 1.76 144 3.7 18.6 1.1 0 18 1.76 144 2.3 14.4 0.5 0 19 1.74 144 1.7 9.5 -1.0 16 19 1.76 144 1.5 8.8 -0.1 0 20 1.76 143 1.9 10.0 0.9 0 20 d1 1.81 144 7.9 43.6 2.9 12 21 1.75 143 1.6 11.5 -0.4 0 21 1.76 143 2.4 18.5 -2.9 15 22 1.75 144 1.6 10.1 0.0 0 22 1.76 144 1.6 6.9 0.3 15 23 1.74 144 1.6 7.4 -0.8 0 23 1.76 137 2.8 18.3 -0.5 15 24 1.75 144 2.0 11.1 0.9 0 24 1.76 144 2.6 14.0 0.4 15 25 q4 1.75 144 1.0 5.7 0.1 0 25 1.76 143 2.6 12.8 -0.1 0 26 1.75 144 1.6 8.6 0.0 0 26 1.76 144 1.9 9.4 0.1 0 27 1.75 144 1.1 6.6 -0.1 0 27 1.74 143 3.5 15.0 -1.5 0 28 d4 1.76 144 3.6 16.0 0.3 0 28 1.76 144 1.8 8.9 1.6 0 29 1.76 140 1.9 8.2 0.1 0 29 1.75 144 1.7 6.1 -0.7 0 30 q5 1.75 143 1.0 8.2 -0.7 0 31 d2 1.76 144 3.8 19.0 0.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.75 0.3 1.9 10.4 0.0 0.5 All 1.76 0.8 2.6 14.6 0.0 4.9 Quiet 1.75 0.3 0.9 5.2 0.0 0.0 Quiet 1.75 0.2 1.2 7.0 -0.2 0.0 Dist. 1.76 0.1 3.7 19.5 0.6 0.0 Dist. 1.77 1.2 4.9 27.2 0.7 8.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.70 (west) is -7.69 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.36 (Jan 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.02 (Feb 20) Minimum -7.81 (Jan 13) Minimum -7.90 (Feb 27) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 1.76 144 1.7 7.2 0.5 0 1 1.77 143 3.3 21.0 -0.7 0 2 q1 1.75 144 1.3 5.7 -0.5 0 2 1.77 144 3.1 13.9 -0.1 0 3 1.75 124 2.7 10.5 -0.3 0 3 1.76 143 3.5 14.5 -0.6 0 4 1.76 143 2.2 11.4 0.8 0 4 1.77 144 3.5 13.9 0.7 0 5 q5 1.77 144 1.7 8.6 0.5 0 5 d5 1.77 144 3.8 17.7 -0.3 0 6 d2 1.74 144 4.2 14.5 -1.7 0 6 q2 1.78 144 2.4 9.8 0.6 0 7 1.76 143 3.1 14.8 1.3 0 7 1.77 142 2.5 10.8 -0.5 0 8 1.75 144 3.1 16.1 -0.4 0 8 1.77 144 3.3 15.1 0.0 0 9 1.76 144 2.3 11.6 0.6 0 9 1.76 144 3.5 13.0 -0.5 12 10 1.77 144 2.3 18.4 0.0 0 10 1.77 144 3.1 12.1 0.5 12 11 1.77 144 2.1 10.0 0.3 0 11 1.77 143 3.4 13.6 0.1 13 12 q3 1.76 144 1.6 6.6 -0.6 0 12 1.78 143 3.2 12.5 0.4 12 13 1.76 143 1.9 11.1 0.2 0 13 1.77 144 3.5 12.9 -0.2 18 14 1.75 144 1.9 7.4 -0.6 0 14 1.77 144 2.5 11.6 0.1 16 15 d3 1.76 144 4.1 23.9 0.3 0 15 d3 1.77 142 4.5 20.3 -0.2 16 16 q2 1.77 144 1.4 6.5 0.8 12 16 q3 1.78 144 2.4 10.4 0.5 16 17 1.77 143 3.0 18.0 0.3 0 17 1.77 144 2.6 11.0 -0.2 15 18 d4 1.77 144 3.9 19.9 -0.1 0 18 1.78 142 3.7 14.5 0.4 11 19 1.76 144 2.8 15.6 -0.7 0 19 1.78 144 3.3 12.3 0.0 16 20 1.76 143 2.0 7.8 0.1 0 20 1.78 143 3.3 13.2 -0.2 27 21 1.76 144 1.9 7.9 -0.2 0 21 1.77 144 3.2 13.2 -0.5 12 22 d5 1.77 144 3.9 16.0 0.7 0 22 d2 1.79 143 4.9 20.5 1.4 0 23 1.77 141 2.9 12.0 -0.2 0 23 d1 1.83 144 7.1 37.0 2.0 0 24 1.76 144 2.3 9.6 -0.3 0 24 q1 1.78 143 2.3 9.1 -2.7 0 25 1.76 144 2.0 9.1 0.1 0 25 1.79 144 2.4 9.4 0.2 0 26 1.76 144 2.1 9.9 0.0 0 26 q4 1.79 144 2.4 9.2 0.1 0 27 d1 1.77 141 8.0 49.8 0.2 0 27 q5 1.78 144 2.4 9.9 -0.3 0 28 1.77 144 2.6 10.3 0.1 0 28 1.79 144 2.7 10.2 0.3 0 29 1.77 144 2.9 12.5 0.1 0 29 1.78 144 3.0 11.1 -0.7 0 30 1.76 143 3.7 21.6 -0.8 0 30 d4 1.76 142 4.1 16.9 -0.8 0 31 1.78 143 2.6 12.7 1.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.76 0.5 2.7 13.4 0.1 0.4 All 1.78 0.8 3.3 14.0 0.0 6.5 Quiet 1.76 0.4 1.5 6.9 0.1 2.4 quiet 1.78 0.3 2.4 9.7 -0.4 3.2 Dist. 1.76 0.7 4.8 24.8 -0.1 0.0 Dist. 1.78 1.5 4.9 22.5 0.4 3.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.69 (west) is -7.67 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.12 (Mar 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.18 (Apr 23) Minimum -7.95 (Mar 27) Minimum -7.86 (Apr 1) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 6 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.79 70 3.0 11.7 1.5 0 1 q1 1.80 72 2.6 9.1 0.4 0 2 q3 1.79 69 2.5 10.1 0.1 0 2 1.78 72 4.0 13.9 -1.2 12 3 q2 1.78 71 2.4 11.0 -0.1 0 3 d5 1.78 72 4.1 15.6 0.5 13 4 1.79 72 3.3 15.4 0.3 0 4 1.79 71 4.0 16.2 0.4 29 5 1.79 70 3.6 13.5 0.1 0 5 1.79 72 3.8 13.5 -0.3 26 6 1.77 72 3.7 12.3 -1.3 0 6 1.79 72 4.0 14.5 0.1 23 7 1.78 72 2.8 9.7 0.8 0 7 1.79 72 4.0 13.1 0.1 0 8 1.77 72 3.4 11.6 -0.7 0 8 1.79 72 3.9 12.0 0.2 0 9 d4 1.77 71 3.7 12.8 0.0 0 9 1.79 72 3.6 12.4 -0.2 15 10 1.78 72 3.0 11.4 0.7 0 10 d4 1.80 72 4.1 14.3 0.6 22 11 q4 1.78 71 2.6 8.8 0.2 0 11 d3 1.77 72 4.7 18.6 -1.7 0 12 1.79 71 2.8 9.9 0.4 0 12 1.82 72 3.4 12.6 2.7 0 13 q1 1.79 71 2.3 8.3 -0.3 0 13 q2 1.80 72 2.7 10.2 -1.1 15 14 d1 1.79 71 4.7 28.8 0.6 0 14 1.80 72 3.6 13.4 0.3 0 15 d2 1.78 72 4.1 19.5 -1.0 0 15 1.80 72 3.4 12.6 -0.3 0 16 1.79 71 2.9 11.1 0.7 0 16 1.80 72 3.4 12.7 0.1 0 17 1.78 72 2.7 9.8 -0.5 0 17 1.80 72 4.0 14.8 0.2 0 18 1.79 72 2.9 10.2 0.5 0 18 d2 1.78 72 4.8 18.7 -1.1 0 19 d3 1.78 72 3.8 13.3 -0.5 0 19 q5 1.80 72 3.2 13.0 1.2 0 20 1.78 72 3.2 11.7 -0.1 0 20 1.79 71 3.8 13.4 -0.8 0 21 1.79 72 2.9 9.5 0.3 0 21 1.80 71 3.5 12.8 0.4 0 22 1.79 72 3.0 11.4 0.0 0 22 1.80 72 3.8 14.8 0.2 0 23 1.78 72 3.0 12.3 -0.2 0 23 1.80 72 3.8 13.9 -0.1 0 24 1.79 72 3.4 13.8 0.2 0 24 1.80 72 3.8 15.6 0.0 0 25 1.79 72 2.8 9.3 0.1 0 25 q4 1.81 72 3.0 11.0 0.4 0 26 1.78 72 3.2 11.7 -0.4 0 26 1.79 72 3.6 11.3 -0.9 0 27 d5 1.78 72 3.7 14.3 -0.3 0 27 d1 1.81 71 5.1 18.1 1.1 0 28 1.76 72 3.6 14.0 -0.9 0 28 q3 1.81 71 3.0 12.2 -0.2 0 29 1.79 71 3.2 12.1 1.7 0 29 1.81 72 4.0 14.6 0.2 0 30 q5 1.81 72 2.7 9.0 1.0 0 30 1.82 72 3.8 14.1 0.5 0 31 1.79 72 3.3 12.4 -1.0 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.78 0.5 3.2 12.3 0.1 0.0 All 1.80 0.6 3.7 13.8 0.1 5.2 Quiet 1.79 0.5 2.5 9.4 0.1 0.0 Quiet 1.80 0.3 2.9 11.1 0.1 3.0 Dist. 1.78 0.5 4.0 17.7 -0.3 0.0 Dist. 1.79 0.8 4.6 17.1 -0.1 7.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.67 (west) is -7.65 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.37 (May 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.49 (Jun 27) Minimum -7.85 (May 14) Minimum -7.85 (Jun 18) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.81 72 3.8 13.8 -0.8 0 1 q5 1.82 36 3.7 11.8 0.8 11 2 1.82 71 4.0 14.8 0.5 0 2 1.81 36 3.9 12.2 -0.6 0 3 1.79 70 4.0 14.6 -1.3 12 3 d2 1.81 35 6.3 23.4 -0.4 0 4 d5 1.81 72 4.3 15.5 1.0 11 4 d1 1.81 36 7.0 22.7 0.4 0 5 1.80 71 3.6 13.7 -0.5 0 5 d3 1.82 36 6.3 22.2 0.3 0 6 q4 1.81 72 3.2 11.1 0.3 0 6 1.82 36 4.3 15.2 0.2 0 7 d2 1.80 72 4.8 18.6 -0.7 0 7 1.81 36 4.5 14.1 -0.7 0 8 1.80 72 3.8 14.8 0.0 0 8 1.82 36 4.0 13.6 0.5 0 9 1.82 72 3.6 13.6 1.2 0 9 q4 1.82 36 3.3 11.5 0.0 0 10 1.81 72 3.4 12.4 -0.5 0 10 q3 1.83 36 3.2 9.7 1.0 0 11 1.79 71 3.6 13.8 -0.9 0 11 d5 1.81 36 4.9 14.8 -1.2 0 12 q2 1.84 51 3.1 10.6 2.5 0 12 1.81 36 3.8 11.5 -0.1 0 13 1.81 36 4.0 12.1 -1.7 0 13 q2 1.83 34 2.8 8.6 0.9 0 14 q1 1.81 36 2.9 11.0 0.2 0 14 q1 1.81 36 2.7 9.6 -0.8 0 15 q3 1.80 36 3.2 11.9 -0.8 0 15 1.82 36 4.2 13.4 0.7 0 16 d3 1.80 35 4.7 15.6 0.0 0 16 d4 1.79 24 5.0 13.4 -2.3 11 17 1.82 36 4.1 13.6 1.6 0 17 12 18 1.82 37 3.6 11.1 -0.2 0 18 11 19 1.82 36 3.5 11.4 0.2 0 19 11 20 1.82 35 4.0 12.4 -0.4 0 20 11 21 1.82 35 3.5 10.5 0.1 0 21 11 22 1.80 36 3.9 12.2 -1.4 0 22 13 23 1.82 33 3.5 11.9 1.7 11 23 26 24 1.82 35 3.8 12.2 -0.6 13 24 23 25 1.82 36 3.8 12.1 0.3 15 25 11 26 q5 1.81 36 3.4 11.0 -0.5 14 26 11 27 1.79 36 3.8 12.0 -1.1 13 27 11 28 1.83 35 3.9 14.3 2.1 12 28 11 29 d1 1.80 36 5.0 16.0 -1.6 14 29 0 30 1.81 35 4.1 13.2 0.4 15 30 0 31 d4 1.81 36 4.7 14.3 0.0 13 31 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.81 0.7 3.8 13.1 0.0 4.6 All 1.82 0.6 4.4 14.2 -0.1 5.9 Quiet 1.81 0.8 3.2 11.1 0.3 2.8 Quiet 1.82 0.4 3.1 10.2 0.4 2.2 Dist. 1.80 0.4 4.7 16.0 -0.2 7.6 Dist. 1.81 0.7 5.9 19.3 -0.7 2.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.64 (west) is -7.63 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.50 (Jul 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.43 (Aug 3) Minimum -7.85 (Jul 7) Minimum -7.87 (Aug 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 6 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 0 1 0 2 19 2 0 3 19 3 0 4 17 4 0 5 14 5 0 6 15 6 0 7 11 7 0 8 0 8 0 9 0 9 0 10 0 10 1.82 36 1.7 5.7 0 11 0 11 q4 1.84 71 1.5 5.8 1.0 13 12 0 12 1.82 34 1.9 8.5 -1.2 14 13 14 13 d4 1.84 37 3.2 14.6 1.1 27 14 13 14 1.85 72 1.7 7.9 0.7 16 15 11 15 1.85 71 3.0 15.8 -0.1 0 16 0 16 1.85 71 2.0 7.8 0.1 0 17 0 17 1.84 72 2.1 7.8 -0.5 12 18 0 18 1.84 71 1.8 7.8 0.0 0 19 0 19 q5 1.84 72 1.5 7.1 0.0 0 20 0 20 d3 1.85 72 4.5 20.9 0.5 0 21 0 21 1.84 72 2.4 18.1 -0.4 0 22 0 22 d1 1.87 71 7.6 42.0 1.8 0 23 0 23 d2 1.90 71 6.7 38.4 1.7 0 24 0 24 1.85 72 2.9 16.3 -3.0 0 25 0 25 1.86 72 2.4 11.5 0.3 0 26 0 26 d5 1.87 72 3.1 19.5 0.8 0 27 0 27 1.86 72 2.0 12.7 -0.9 0 28 0 28 q3 1.87 69 1.4 6.0 0.7 11 29 0 29 1.86 71 1.9 9.7 -0.4 15 30 0 30 q2 1.86 69 1.3 6.4 0.0 16 31 q1 1.86 72 1.2 5.7 -0.2 16 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.4 All 1.85 1.0 2.6 13.5 0.1 4.5 Quiet Quiet 1.85 0.6 1.4 6.2 0.3 11.2 Dist. Dist. 1.87 1.3 5.0 27.1 1.2 5.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is (west) is -7.60 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is (Sep ) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.01 (Oct 22) Minimum (Sep ) Minimum -7.76 (Oct 29) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.86 71 2.1 8.6 -0.1 18 1 1.86 70 1.2 5.2 -0.5 11 2 1.87 72 2.5 13.9 0.5 22 2 1.86 72 1.0 5.7 0.0 0 3 1.86 72 3.2 19.0 -0.7 11 3 1.85 72 1.7 8.6 -0.7 0 4 1.86 72 2.0 7.8 0.2 0 4 d1 1.86 72 7.3 35.4 0.4 0 5 1.84 72 2.1 10.8 -0.9 0 5 1.86 72 1.8 10.4 0.2 0 6 q3 1.85 71 1.0 3.8 0.4 0 6 q5 1.84 72 0.9 5.4 -1.1 0 7 d2 1.87 72 3.8 15.4 1.0 0 7 1.83 72 1.0 3.6 -0.7 0 8 d1 1.85 70 4.4 17.6 -0.8 0 8 1.83 72 2.2 14.2 0.0 0 9 q5 1.86 71 1.2 5.9 0.1 0 9 q4 1.84 71 0.8 3.9 0.6 0 10 1.86 72 2.3 9.5 0.2 0 10 1.85 72 1.4 5.5 0.5 0 11 d4 1.86 72 3.6 15.7 0.1 0 11 1.87 72 2.3 13.5 1.5 0 12 1.87 72 3.1 16.5 0.7 0 12 1.87 72 2.3 13.2 0.0 0 13 1.86 72 1.5 6.4 -0.6 0 13 1.88 72 2.3 15.6 0.3 0 14 q4 1.86 72 1.0 6.2 -0.1 0 14 1.87 71 1.7 7.8 -0.3 0 15 1.85 70 1.3 5.0 -0.5 12 15 1.87 71 1.0 6.1 -0.2 0 16 1.87 72 3.5 16.0 1.4 18 16 1.87 72 2.1 14.6 0.2 0 17 1.86 72 2.0 10.3 -0.6 15 17 d3 1.89 71 5.1 31.2 1.0 13 18 1.86 72 1.5 9.2 0.0 14 18 d5 1.88 71 2.6 14.1 -0.4 13 19 d3 1.86 72 3.7 21.9 -0.1 11 19 1.88 69 1.3 5.5 -0.1 13 20 1.88 72 3.1 16.7 0.9 0 20 1.87 71 1.4 6.4 -0.7 13 21 d5 1.88 72 3.5 21.3 0.0 0 21 1.87 70 1.5 6.2 -0.1 13 22 1.87 72 1.4 8.6 -0.6 0 22 q2 1.87 72 0.5 2.0 0.3 17 23 1.87 72 2.1 9.8 0.4 0 23 1.87 71 1.2 6.4 -0.3 24 24 1.88 71 2.2 9.0 0.4 11 24 1.87 71 2.3 11.3 0.3 32 25 q1 1.86 71 0.9 4.6 -1.2 11 25 1.88 71 1.5 8.0 0.2 20 26 1.86 71 1.3 6.6 0.1 18 26 1.87 72 1.2 5.8 -0.2 16 27 1.86 72 2.1 12.7 -0.1 23 27 q1 1.87 72 0.3 1.5 0.0 14 28 1.86 72 1.2 6.6 0.2 23 28 d4 1.90 71 3.4 14.4 1.8 13 29 1.87 72 2.8 11.7 0.6 14 29 d2 1.83 72 6.6 26.1 -4.1 0 30 q2 1.87 72 1.0 5.9 -0.5 11 30 1.88 71 2.1 14.8 2.5 0 31 q3 1.88 71 0.7 3.6 0.2 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.86 0.5 2.2 11.1 0.0 7.7 All 1.87 1.0 2.0 10.5 0.0 7.2 Quiet 1.86 0.3 1.0 5.3 -0.3 4.4 Quiet 1.86 1.0 0.6 3.3 0.0 8.4 Dist. 1.86 0.4 3.8 18.4 0.0 2.2 Dist. 1.87 1.5 5.0 24.2 -0.3 7.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.59 (west) is -7.58 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.32 (Nov 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.16 (Dec 17) Minimum -7.72 (Nov 8) Minimum -7.82 (Dec 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 6 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.75 1.9 10.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 4464 4447 Feb 1.76 2.6 14.6 0.0 0.8 4.9 4176 4156 Mar 1.76 2.7 13.4 0.1 0.5 0.4 4464 4431 Apr 1.78 3.3 14.0 0.0 0.8 6.5 4320 4305 May 1.78 3.2 12.3 0.1 0.5 0.0 2232 2217 Jun 1.80 3.7 13.8 0.1 0.6 5.2 2160 2155 Jul 1.81 3.8 13.1 0.0 0.7 4.6 2232 1514 Aug 1.82 4.4 14.2 -0.1 0.6 5.9 1152 561 Sep Oct 1.85 2.6 13.5 0.1 1.0 4.5 1584 1462 Nov 1.86 2.2 11.1 0.0 0.5 7.7 2160 2150 Dec 1.87 2.0 10.5 0.0 1.0 7.2 2232 2213 Mean 1.80 2.9 12.8 0.0 0.7 4.3 31176 29611 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.75 0.9 5.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 720 717 Feb 1.75 1.2 7.0 -0.2 0.2 0.0 720 720 Mar 1.76 1.5 6.9 0.1 0.4 2.4 720 720 Apr 1.78 2.4 9.7 -0.4 0.3 3.2 720 719 May 1.79 2.5 9.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 360 354 Jun 1.80 2.9 11.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 360 359 Jul 1.81 3.2 11.1 0.3 0.8 2.8 360 231 Aug 1.82 3.1 10.2 0.4 0.4 2.2 360 178 Sep Oct 1.85 1.4 6.2 0.3 0.6 11.2 360 353 Nov 1.86 1.0 5.3 -0.3 0.3 4.4 360 357 Dec 1.86 0.6 3.3 0.0 1.0 8.4 360 358 Mean 1.80 1.9 7.8 0.0 0.5 3.4 5400 5066 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.76 3.7 19.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 720 719 Feb 1.77 4.9 27.2 0.7 1.2 8.0 720 716 Mar 1.76 4.8 24.8 -0.1 0.7 0.0 720 717 Apr 1.78 4.9 22.5 0.4 1.5 3.2 720 715 May 1.78 4.0 17.7 -0.3 0.5 0.0 360 358 Jun 1.79 4.6 17.1 -0.1 0.8 7.0 360 359 Jul 1.80 4.7 16.0 -0.2 0.4 7.6 360 251 Aug 1.81 5.9 19.3 -0.7 0.7 2.2 360 167 Sep Oct 1.87 5.0 27.1 1.2 1.3 5.4 360 323 Nov 1.86 3.8 18.4 0.0 0.4 2.2 360 358 Dec 1.87 5.0 24.2 -0.3 1.5 7.8 360 357 Mean 1.80 4.7 21.3 0.1 0.8 3.9 5400 5040 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.70 -7.36 -7.81 Feb -7.69 -7.02 -7.90 Mar -7.69 -7.12 -7.95 Apr -7.67 -7.18 -7.86 May -7.67 -7.37 -7.85 Jun -7.65 -7.49 -7.85 Jul -7.64 -7.50 -7.85 Aug -7.63 -7.43 -7.87 Sep Oct -7.60 -7.01 -7.76 Nov -7.59 -7.32 -7.72 Dec -7.58 -7.16 -7.82 Mean -7.65 -7.27 -7.84 Results for 1857 HELSINKI D 1857 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 1 0 -2 -2 -1 0 0 -1 -5 -12 -22 -27 -20 -14 -3 -6 -4 1 15 27 20 24 17 -7 33.9 FEBRUARY 8 4 0 3 3 6 9 26 24 2 -14 -44 -49 -38 -26 -13 -3 0 7 16 23 32 23 14 -7 29.3 MARCH 6 6 2 8 11 22 27 23 16 -5 -28 -45 -50 -46 -30 -12 -4 14 11 19 26 10 12 6 -7 25.4 APRIL 13 15 13 15 22 26 33 32 24 4 -22 -54 -68 -60 -44 -14 0 -6 2 17 16 14 14 16 -7 32.6 MAY 20 20 25 27 31 23 39 44 33 3 -30 -54 -66 -63 -51 -36 -23 -11 2 5 7 23 19 17 -7 31.7 JUNE 15 15 24 37 47 53 54 52 40 14 -16 -51 -67 -68 -59 -44 -29 -13 -6 -5 -6 -3 2 7 -7 31.5 JULY 19 27 28 40 45 52 49 44 31 8 -18 -45 -65 -72 -65 -47 -30 -12 -7 -1 -5 4 6 10 -7 30.5 AUGUST 15 17 29 30 42 47 50 43 26 -1 -30 -56 -72 -66 -50 -22 -9 0 -3 -4 4 8 4 8 -7 29.9 SEPTEMBER 20 26 28 23 20 27 31 20 11 -19 -32 -57 -62 -59 -36 -19 -7 -3 3 14 23 21 19 11 -7 28.5 OCTOBER 9 8 9 12 10 3 10 13 16 7 -9 -28 -41 -47 -41 -20 -12 -9 -2 11 20 30 34 21 -7 27.8 NOVEMBER 19 8 1 -10 -5 -6 -10 -9 -2 -1 -15 -28 -40 -32 -29 -19 -2 1 6 27 39 49 44 23 -7 26.4 DECEMBER 15 5 5 -14 -7 -1 13 -1 7 3 -13 -10 -25 -36 -15 -17 -12 -1 -7 14 28 28 28 24 -7 26.4 WINTER 10 3 2 -4 -2 1 7 8 10 0 -13 -25 -34 -31 -18 -11 -7 -2 0 15 26 27 25 18 -7 29.9 EQUINOX 15 14 13 13 15 16 22 21 16 -2 -23 -44 -55 -51 -39 -20 -8 -2 4 16 22 25 24 16 -7 28.7 SUMMER 16 20 27 36 45 51 51 46 32 7 -21 -51 -68 -69 -58 -38 -23 -8 -5 -3 -2 3 4 8 -7 30.6 YEAR 14 13 14 14 18 21 25 24 19 1 -20 -41 -53 -51 -38 -22 -11 -4 1 11 17 20 19 15 -7 29.5 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 3 3 -1 0 2 4 6 5 0 -8 -14 -15 -10 -6 -3 -1 2 4 6 5 6 4 3 -7 34.0 FEBRUARY 1 0 -1 3 4 6 10 16 14 7 -6 -19 -23 -25 -11 -8 -1 3 3 7 8 7 6 3 -7 30.8 MARCH 4 4 4 4 10 16 19 20 16 2 -16 -30 -35 -31 -18 -5 -1 -2 4 4 2 5 8 6 -7 25.1 APRIL -3 -1 -8 -1 13 21 30 26 20 3 -19 -49 -58 -48 -35 66 76 -11 -10 -9 -1 -1 1 2 -7 31.8 MAY 10 12 15 22 31 39 44 41 25 0 -27 -47 -51 -41 -30 -19 -11 -6 -5 -5 -4 -2 2 7 -7 32.3 JUNE 9 5 9 27 45 41 39 40 31 6 -16 -46 -51 -49 -42 -26 -14 -4 -3 -6 -2 6 1 8 -7 31.5 JULY 11 13 21 38 48 50 35 32 23 12 -9 -37 -55 -59 -51 -36 -22 -13 0 -10 -6 -2 1 4 -7 30.3 AUGUST -5 17 21 26 32 34 38 34 20 -2 -24 -43 -54 -48 -34 -20 -2 9 3 -4 -5 1 3 9 -7 29.6 SEPTEMBER 11 13 28 23 29 29 26 18 16 0 -12 -30 -42 -39 -32 -19 -12 -11 -8 -7 -3 6 10 17 -7 28.7 OCTOBER 7 6 3 9 10 11 10 17 20 17 -2 -16 -31 -36 -29 -15 -9 -3 -8 0 7 9 9 12 -7 27.7 NOVEMBER 4 1 -2 5 6 6 8 7 11 9 -2 -15 -24 -21 -15 -11 -11 -8 0 1 10 3 17 9 -7 26.8 DECEMBER 7 5 -1 2 -2 -2 1 6 1 -1 -9 -11 -13 -13 -6 -5 -2 -5 -2 3 11 10 11 8 -7 26.7 WINTER 5 3 0 1 1 2 5 9 7 2 -8 -15 -17 -16 -8 -5 -1 0 2 5 8 8 7 5 -7 30.5 EQUINOX 6 6 7 10 17 20 23 22 18 5 -13 -31 -40 -36 -27 -1 5 -7 -5 -3 2 3 8 9 -7 28.7 SUMMER 5 12 17 30 42 42 37 35 25 5 -16 -42 -53 -52 -42 -27 -13 -3 0 -7 -4 2 2 7 -7 30.5 YEAR 5 6 8 13 19 21 22 22 17 4 -13 -30 -38 -35 -26 -8 -1 -4 -2 -2 2 4 6 7 -7 29.6 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 24 -6 -4 -8 -9 -11 -15 -11 -13 -18 -19 -33 -49 -35 -33 -7 -21 -20 -12 24 95 61 74 54 -7 32.8 FEBRUARY 37 33 4 3 10 5 5 5 0 -17 -34 -69 -70 -55 -48 -27 -3 -12 9 27 52 65 46 29 -7 27.7 MARCH 11 -9 4 17 0 -11 2 -1 2 -21 -50 -70 -73 -71 -33 -8 -9 39 25 70 102 44 30 13 -7 24.1 APRIL 29 28 17 18 28 18 19 15 15 -13 -35 -65 -87 -84 -73 -61 -33 -4 24 86 64 38 30 30 -7 33.1 MAY 37 19 34 8 3 -81 -3 41 35 -6 -42 -53 -63 -63 -54 -44 -29 -12 19 17 40 99 72 36 -7 32.3 JUNE 30 27 38 47 55 60 63 54 51 15 -26 -63 -86 -89 -79 -62 -46 -15 2 -1 -1 9 8 18 -7 32.1 JULY 71 83 49 62 51 46 47 49 32 -7 -40 -67 -79 -84 -84 -65 -57 -11 -19 10 -9 1 0 13 -7 30.3 AUGUST 31 15 38 45 55 61 55 39 21 -11 -47 -83 -97 -92 -70 -36 -6 2 -2 0 26 31 24 13 -7 30.6 SEPTEMBER 53 44 25 30 5 20 25 7 16 -45 -41 -79 -89 -87 -37 -34 -13 -2 19 32 69 53 32 1 -7 28.0 OCTOBER 34 18 15 9 -6 -22 -3 -1 11 -7 -25 -54 -62 -66 -72 -11 -23 -19 1 44 70 44 96 29 -7 27.2 NOVEMBER 56 -20 -14 -67 -56 -62 -73 -67 -30 -24 -35 -45 -71 -44 -42 -18 25 31 43 80 123 173 103 37 -7 25.3 DECEMBER 45 8 5 -91 -70 -20 49 -29 36 30 -29 7 -64-126 -32 -52 -39 -1 -20 49 78 91 101 78 -7 26.1 WINTER 35 12 2 -32 -23 -9 13 -12 8 -2 -27 -32 -61 -72 -38 -29 -21 -11 -8 33 75 72 74 54 -7 28.9 EQUINOX 37 13 14 3 -4 -23 -6 -1 8 -19 -38 -61 -74 -69 -52 -29 -14 6 22 55 78 75 61 24 -7 28.3 SUMMER 44 42 42 51 54 56 55 47 35 -1 -38 -71 -87 -88 -78 -54 -36 -8 -6 3 5 14 11 15 -7 31.0 YEAR 38 20 17 6 5 0 14 8 14 -11 -36 -56 -75 -75 -55 -36 -21 -2 7 36 59 59 51 29 -7 29.1 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 7 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.87 58 1.1 4.0 -0.3 17 1 1.89 72 1.4 5.7 0.1 0 2 1.87 71 1.2 4.7 -0.3 17 2 1.88 72 1.4 8.4 -0.4 0 3 1.88 72 1.1 5.0 0.3 14 3 q4 1.88 70 1.2 5.1 -0.2 0 4 1.87 71 1.2 5.3 -0.4 14 4 1.89 72 1.9 9.9 0.6 12 5 1.87 72 1.9 8.5 0.3 12 5 q1 1.88 72 1.1 4.3 -0.5 12 6 q5 1.88 72 0.9 4.4 0.3 12 6 q2 1.88 70 1.2 4.7 -0.2 14 7 1.87 72 1.4 6.0 -0.7 13 7 1.88 71 3.5 17.8 0.0 14 8 1.86 72 1.7 7.9 -0.3 13 8 d4 1.91 72 3.8 20.0 2.0 14 9 q1 1.88 72 0.6 3.3 1.0 22 9 1.90 72 1.9 9.1 -1.0 13 10 1.88 71 1.5 9.9 0.3 15 10 d5 1.90 72 3.7 21.1 0.4 13 11 1.87 72 1.5 7.8 -0.8 15 11 1.89 71 1.4 5.6 -0.6 13 12 d5 1.89 72 3.3 22.7 1.6 28 12 1.89 71 2.1 9.8 0.0 13 13 1.87 72 1.5 6.2 -1.2 31 13 1.89 72 2.2 13.3 0.1 13 14 1.87 72 1.4 6.1 0.0 35 14 q3 1.85 72 1.2 5.4 -2.4 11 15 d3 1.90 72 4.5 24.9 1.4 11 15 1.86 72 1.4 7.3 0.3 23 16 d1 1.91 71 7.5 38.3 0.7 11 16 1.85 70 3.0 15.9 -0.5 27 17 d2 1.91 72 5.3 33.6 -0.3 11 17 1.87 72 3.2 17.7 1.4 16 18 1.87 71 1.4 7.6 -2.0 13 18 1.86 72 1.9 8.4 -1.2 0 19 1.88 71 2.1 12.5 0.6 11 19 d3 1.88 72 4.0 20.5 1.6 0 20 q3 1.89 72 0.7 3.6 0.3 11 20 1.86 72 1.7 9.8 -1.3 0 21 1.88 72 1.5 6.1 -0.3 13 21 1.87 72 1.4 5.9 0.6 0 22 q2 1.88 72 0.7 3.0 0.1 18 22 q5 1.87 72 1.2 5.7 -0.2 0 23 1.90 72 2.5 17.7 0.7 23 23 1.87 72 1.6 8.9 0.0 0 24 q4 1.89 71 0.8 4.3 -0.4 0 24 1.86 72 1.6 7.0 -0.2 0 25 d4 1.91 72 4.0 21.1 1.1 0 25 1.87 70 1.6 7.0 0.3 0 26 1.90 72 2.1 8.9 -0.4 11 26 d2 1.88 71 5.3 24.6 0.5 0 27 1.90 72 1.4 8.9 0.0 11 27 d1 1.89 72 7.3 33.4 0.9 0 28 1.89 72 1.3 8.0 -0.7 11 28 1.86 72 1.8 7.0 -1.9 0 29 1.88 71 1.2 5.5 -0.2 11 30 1.89 71 1.6 7.3 0.7 0 31 1.89 71 1.6 7.9 -0.2 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.88 0.8 2.0 10.4 0.0 13.7 All 1.88 0.9 2.3 11.4 -0.1 7.4 Quiet 1.88 0.3 0.8 3.7 0.2 12.6 Quiet 1.87 0.6 1.2 5.1 -0.7 7.4 Dist. 1.90 0.3 4.9 28.1 0.9 12.2 Dist. 1.89 0.8 4.8 23.9 1.1 5.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.57 (west) is -7.57 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.02 (Jan 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.21 (Feb 27) Minimum -7.73 (Jan 17) Minimum -7.77 (Feb 27) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.86 71 2.6 16.1 0.2 0 1 1.90 72 3.5 15.0 -0.1 22 2 q4 1.87 71 1.7 10.5 0.6 0 2 1.89 72 3.0 14.1 -0.6 15 3 q3 1.86 72 1.7 9.1 -0.7 0 3 1.89 70 3.2 12.2 0.5 19 4 1.86 72 2.1 10.3 -0.4 0 4 1.90 70 3.0 12.4 0.5 19 5 q1 1.87 72 1.4 5.7 0.6 14 5 1.91 72 3.4 13.2 0.4 19 6 1.87 71 2.9 15.0 0.1 13 6 1.91 71 3.5 12.7 0.0 22 7 d5 1.87 71 4.3 23.1 0.1 0 7 d4 1.90 72 4.8 19.9 -0.5 25 8 1.87 72 3.4 16.7 -0.3 0 8 1.89 72 3.4 13.6 -0.8 19 9 1.88 70 2.5 10.3 0.9 0 9 1.89 72 2.7 10.8 0.4 16 10 1.88 72 4.2 22.4 0.0 11 10 q2 1.90 72 2.4 12.1 0.3 15 11 d4 1.87 72 4.5 23.3 -0.8 13 11 d5 1.90 72 4.1 21.8 0.0 18 12 q2 1.87 71 1.7 7.3 0.2 12 12 d1 1.85 72 7.0 37.8 -3.2 32 13 d2 1.88 72 6.1 41.0 0.6 0 13 d2 1.93 72 6.2 29.8 4.9 30 14 1.87 72 2.2 9.8 -0.5 11 14 1.90 72 4.0 15.3 -1.4 27 15 1.88 72 2.2 9.5 0.6 11 15 1.90 70 3.1 12.4 -0.3 0 16 1.87 72 2.5 11.2 -1.0 13 16 q4 1.91 71 2.6 9.7 0.7 0 17 d1 1.90 71 7.1 39.2 2.1 11 17 1.91 71 3.0 11.5 -0.1 0 18 d3 1.91 72 5.9 29.5 0.8 13 18 1.90 71 3.0 11.3 -0.3 0 19 1.86 70 2.4 13.3 -3.2 0 19 1.91 72 3.2 14.7 0.5 0 20 1.88 72 3.6 20.8 1.1 0 20 q3 1.91 72 2.5 9.9 -0.1 0 21 q5 1.87 72 2.0 8.6 -0.4 0 21 1.91 72 3.6 15.9 0.3 0 22 1.89 72 3.2 16.9 0.9 0 22 1.90 72 3.1 14.7 -0.7 0 23 1.86 72 2.5 8.6 -1.7 0 23 q1 1.91 72 2.3 8.8 0.3 0 24 1.87 72 2.6 10.1 0.8 0 24 1.92 71 4.1 17.7 0.4 0 25 1.87 72 2.9 11.5 0.0 0 25 1.92 71 3.7 15.1 0.1 0 26 1.87 61 3.0 11.2 0.3 0 26 1.90 72 3.3 12.4 -0.9 0 27 1.88 72 2.2 9.2 0.1 11 27 d3 1.92 72 5.0 24.8 1.0 0 28 1.89 70 3.6 13.9 0.6 0 28 1.91 72 3.7 15.0 -0.7 11 29 1.89 72 2.6 10.2 0.1 0 29 1.91 72 2.8 11.1 0.2 13 30 1.90 72 3.1 17.6 0.5 14 30 q5 1.91 72 2.6 10.6 -0.2 0 31 1.90 70 2.8 13.3 0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.88 0.8 3.1 15.3 0.1 4.7 All 1.90 0.8 3.5 15.2 0.0 10.7 Quiet 1.87 0.2 1.7 8.3 0.1 5.2 Quiet 1.91 0.3 2.5 10.2 0.2 3.0 Dist. 1.89 1.0 5.6 31.2 0.6 7.4 Dist. 1.90 1.7 5.4 26.8 0.4 21.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.57 (west) is -7.55 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.05 (Mar 17) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.22 (Apr 13) Minimum -7.75 (Mar 8) Minimum -7.87 (Apr 12) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 7 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 1.91 72 2.6 10.3 0.0 17 1 d5 1.91 24 4.7 14.6 -0.7 24 2 q1 1.91 72 2.6 9.1 0.0 16 2 1.93 24 3.9 14.0 1.2 34 3 1.91 71 3.4 12.7 0.0 16 3 1.93 23 3.7 13.0 0.0 40 4 q2 1.91 72 2.6 9.7 -0.1 19 4 q3 1.91 24 3.2 12.9 -1.2 29 5 q4 1.90 72 2.7 11.2 -0.2 22 5 1.91 22 3.9 14.0 0.3 28 6 1.90 71 4.4 14.7 -0.4 25 6 1.93 23 3.5 11.1 0.9 27 7 d2 1.89 70 8.6 48.2 -0.6 24 7 q1 1.93 24 2.5 9.1 0.1 27 8 d1 1.86 72 12.1 72.3 -1.6 20 8 1.94 21 3.7 12.5 0.4 15 9 1.94 72 3.7 12.9 4.5 25 9 1.92 22 4.6 16.6 -1.0 15 10 1.95 70 4.3 21.1 0.8 25 10 d1 1.91 24 5.2 18.6 -0.4 11 11 d3 1.93 72 6.3 37.3 -1.3 26 11 1.92 24 4.0 14.6 0.5 11 12 1.97 72 4.2 18.2 2.3 22 12 1.93 23 4.2 16.5 0.7 23 13 1.94 72 4.5 22.8 -1.9 30 13 1.90 24 4.4 14.7 -1.8 16 14 1.94 71 4.8 19.5 0.0 42 14 1.93 24 3.8 13.6 1.4 23 15 1.93 72 3.4 13.3 -0.1 53 15 1.92 24 3.9 12.9 -0.3 24 16 q5 1.93 71 3.0 10.8 -0.4 60 16 1.92 24 4.1 13.1 0.0 22 17 1.93 72 3.2 11.4 0.2 64 17 1.93 24 3.6 14.6 0.4 0 18 1.91 71 3.8 14.3 -1.3 75 18 q5 1.93 23 3.4 11.5 0.2 0 19 1.91 71 4.4 15.5 0.0 49 19 q2 1.93 24 2.9 9.6 0.1 0 20 1.94 72 3.2 12.6 1.6 49 20 1.94 23 3.4 11.8 0.2 0 21 1.93 72 3.4 12.1 -0.4 33 21 d3 1.91 23 5.0 15.4 -1.3 0 22 1.91 72 3.6 11.2 -0.9 29 22 d2 1.92 24 5.0 16.4 0.2 0 23 1.93 72 3.4 12.3 1.3 25 23 1.92 22 4.2 13.5 0.4 11 24 d4 1.95 71 5.1 26.1 1.0 16 24 q4 1.93 24 3.2 11.1 0.3 11 25 d5 1.93 70 5.1 19.2 -1.6 16 25 1.94 23 3.9 12.4 0.7 12 26 1.93 71 4.0 15.2 0.2 16 26 1.93 24 4.1 14.2 -0.6 11 27 1.93 71 3.6 13.2 0.3 12 27 1.93 24 3.8 13.3 0.2 11 28 1.90 69 4.1 14.0 -1.9 11 28 d4 1.92 24 4.8 14.1 -0.6 11 29 1.91 70 3.7 13.4 0.7 16 29 1.94 24 3.7 12.3 0.7 16 30 1.93 70 4.9 18.1 0.7 16 30 1.93 24 3.8 11.8 -0.5 0 31 1.92 56 4.2 14.1 -0.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.92 1.2 4.3 18.3 0.0 28.0 All 1.92 0.6 3.9 13.5 0.0 15.1 Quiet 1.91 0.5 2.7 10.2 -0.1 26.8 Quiet 1.93 0.6 3.0 10.8 -0.1 13.4 Dist. 1.91 1.9 7.5 40.6 -0.8 20.4 Dist. 1.92 0.3 4.9 15.8 -0.6 9.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.53 (west) is -7.53 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.08 (May 7) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.38 (Jun 12) Minimum -8.37 (May 8) Minimum -7.72 (Jun 10) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.93 24 4.5 14.8 -0.1 26 1 1.95 24 3.0 9.9 -0.7 0 2 1.93 24 4.0 15.1 0.0 26 2 1.96 24 3.2 9.4 0.5 0 3 q5 1.94 24 3.4 11.8 0.5 48 3 1.95 24 3.7 12.7 -0.2 0 4 1.92 23 3.9 13.5 -1.0 39 4 1.95 24 3.5 12.4 -0.3 0 5 1.93 24 3.6 13.2 0.7 32 5 q3 1.95 24 2.8 9.9 0.3 0 6 1.93 23 4.0 13.7 -0.3 29 6 1.96 24 3.9 14.2 0.2 0 7 1.93 24 3.4 11.5 0.3 26 7 1.93 24 4.5 15.5 -1.8 0 8 d1 1.88 21 6.7 21.2 -3.0 41 8 d1 1.96 24 5.7 22.8 2.0 0 9 d3 1.97 24 5.9 20.3 5.3 27 9 1.95 24 4.4 16.8 -0.3 0 10 1.93 24 4.0 14.0 -2.5 15 10 1.96 24 3.5 13.0 0.4 11 11 1.94 24 3.7 13.3 0.9 17 11 d4 1.94 24 4.7 16.6 -1.4 11 12 d2 1.97 23 6.0 23.8 1.4 21 12 1.96 24 4.3 16.0 1.5 22 13 1.94 22 3.4 11.9 -1.9 24 13 1.94 24 4.4 19.8 -1.1 22 14 1.95 24 4.2 14.6 1.0 22 14 q4 1.96 24 2.8 9.4 0.7 22 15 q1 1.95 24 2.9 11.0 -0.3 0 15 q2 1.97 24 2.7 10.5 0.6 22 16 1.94 24 3.8 13.4 -0.2 0 16 1.95 24 3.5 12.8 -0.8 22 17 1.95 24 4.0 13.5 0.2 16 17 1.96 24 3.0 10.9 0.3 22 18 1.94 22 4.0 14.0 -0.5 22 18 q5 1.95 24 2.9 9.7 -0.4 22 19 1.96 24 4.4 19.8 1.4 34 19 q1 1.96 24 2.6 8.4 0.5 35 20 q2 1.94 24 3.2 10.5 -1.2 38 20 d5 1.94 24 4.5 16.5 -1.3 35 21 1.95 24 4.4 15.0 0.4 32 21 1.95 24 3.4 13.7 0.5 16 22 1.94 24 4.2 15.3 -0.3 30 22 d2 1.93 24 5.3 18.7 -0.7 16 23 d4 1.93 24 5.2 18.9 -0.8 24 23 d3 1.93 24 4.9 16.4 0.0 16 24 1.94 24 4.1 14.9 0.3 22 24 1.97 24 3.7 12.3 2.0 16 25 1.96 24 3.7 13.9 1.2 30 25 1.96 24 3.4 12.3 -0.4 22 26 d5 1.94 23 4.7 17.5 -0.9 24 26 1.95 24 3.2 11.2 -0.5 34 27 1.94 24 4.1 14.1 0.1 23 27 1.96 24 4.3 14.2 0.7 38 28 q4 1.94 24 3.3 11.4 -0.1 0 28 1.95 24 3.7 13.6 -0.6 39 29 1.92 24 3.6 10.8 -1.3 0 29 1.95 24 3.4 11.3 -0.3 27 30 q3 1.95 24 3.2 11.9 2.0 0 30 1.96 23 4.5 14.8 0.7 26 31 1.96 24 3.5 12.0 0.6 0 31 1.97 24 3.4 11.7 0.5 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.94 1.0 4.1 14.5 0.1 22.2 All 1.95 0.6 3.8 13.5 0.0 16.0 Quiet 1.94 0.3 3.2 11.3 0.2 17.2 Quiet 1.96 0.3 2.7 9.6 0.3 20.2 Dist. 1.94 1.9 5.7 20.3 0.4 27.4 Dist. 1.94 0.6 5.0 18.2 -0.3 15.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.51 (west) is -7.50 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.20 (Jul 12) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.32 (Aug 8) Minimum -7.76 (Jul 8) Minimum -7.69 (Aug 20) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 7 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 1.97 24 2.9 10.5 -0.1 37 1 d4 1.97 23 4.6 16.1 -0.6 16 2 1.95 24 3.0 10.7 -1.0 38 2 1.99 24 4.2 14.9 1.1 16 3 1.97 24 4.5 21.2 1.4 35 3 1.98 24 1.9 6.6 -0.2 36 4 d1 1.97 23 7.6 35.7 -0.2 40 4 1.98 23 2.7 13.5 -0.2 34 5 1.98 24 4.5 16.2 0.7 48 5 1.97 24 3.8 14.3 -0.9 34 6 1.97 24 3.4 12.4 -1.0 50 6 1.98 24 1.9 7.2 0.8 33 7 d4 1.98 23 5.0 21.6 0.8 40 7 d1 1.97 24 5.9 24.4 -0.4 22 8 1.99 22 4.7 15.4 0.4 36 8 1.97 24 3.0 10.7 0.2 22 9 1.97 24 4.6 17.1 -0.9 58 9 1.98 24 2.4 9.5 0.3 33 10 d3 2.00 24 5.7 24.6 1.5 66 10 1.98 24 2.3 8.0 0.0 53 11 1.97 24 3.4 12.0 -1.6 71 11 1.99 24 1.9 7.2 0.5 95 12 1.97 23 3.5 12.3 -0.4 56 12 1.99 24 2.0 7.8 0.1 75 13 q2 1.97 24 2.4 8.8 0.3 64 13 q5 1.98 24 1.8 6.9 -0.5 45 14 1.97 24 4.1 16.2 0.2 60 14 1.98 23 1.9 6.7 0.2 46 15 1.98 24 3.7 14.6 0.2 54 15 1.98 23 2.3 7.6 0.0 59 16 1.98 24 2.7 12.1 0.0 60 16 q3 1.99 22 1.8 6.7 0.5 61 17 q3 1.97 23 2.4 8.8 -0.1 51 17 1.99 22 3.4 15.1 -0.2 36 18 2.01 24 4.3 17.6 2.3 49 18 d5 2.00 24 4.5 21.8 1.0 39 19 1.98 24 3.9 14.8 -1.8 34 19 1.98 23 4.0 18.9 -1.2 54 20 1.98 23 2.8 9.4 -0.5 39 20 2.00 24 2.3 10.7 0.8 45 21 d2 1.96 24 6.7 24.0 -1.2 29 21 1.99 24 2.8 11.2 -0.3 33 22 1.97 24 4.1 14.4 1.0 27 22 q4 1.99 24 1.8 6.4 -0.4 33 23 d5 2.01 24 4.9 17.8 2.2 24 23 1.97 24 2.8 12.7 -0.8 37 24 1.97 24 4.3 18.4 -2.5 27 24 d3 2.02 24 5.4 27.6 3.1 12 25 1.97 23 3.1 10.0 0.3 30 25 1.98 23 1.9 7.5 -2.7 12 26 1.95 24 3.1 11.4 -1.1 38 26 2.00 24 2.1 7.9 1.0 33 27 q5 1.97 23 2.5 10.6 0.9 41 27 q1 1.99 24 1.2 4.5 -0.2 42 28 q1 1.98 23 2.0 6.7 0.4 20 28 q2 1.99 24 1.5 4.6 0.0 48 29 q4 1.96 21 2.5 7.9 -0.7 21 29 d2 2.01 24 5.8 23.2 1.1 64 30 1.98 24 4.4 21.2 0.8 0 30 1.98 24 4.0 16.5 -1.9 45 31 2.01 24 2.7 11.4 1.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 1.97 0.8 3.9 15.1 0.0 41.4 All 1.99 0.7 2.9 11.9 0.1 39.1 Quiet 1.97 0.2 2.3 8.5 0.2 39.4 Quiet 1.99 0.3 1.6 5.8 -0.2 45.8 Dist. 1.98 1.1 6.0 24.7 0.6 39.8 Dist. 2.00 1.3 5.2 22.6 0.8 30.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.48 (west) is -7.46 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.14 (Sep 4) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.11 (Oct 24) Minimum -7.74 (Sep 4) Minimum -7.65 (Oct 7) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.00 24 2.4 9.7 -0.5 68 1 q5 2.00 24 1.0 4.7 0.0 22 2 1.98 24 2.4 8.4 -1.5 64 2 2.00 23 3.1 14.3 0.2 22 3 1.99 24 3.1 14.0 0.7 56 3 q2 2.01 24 0.7 2.9 0.4 22 4 2.00 24 4.2 21.9 0.8 42 4 2.01 24 2.1 11.1 -0.2 23 5 2.00 24 2.6 9.7 0.0 36 5 2.01 24 1.7 8.1 0.2 23 6 q5 2.00 22 1.5 6.3 0.1 32 6 q3 2.00 24 0.9 2.6 -0.6 22 7 q2 2.00 23 1.3 5.5 0.0 26 7 2.00 22 1.8 6.2 0.0 22 8 q4 2.00 24 1.4 5.5 -0.2 27 8 2.00 24 1.1 4.4 0.0 22 9 d1 2.05 24 10.7 49.6 3.0 15 9 1.99 24 3.2 18.4 -0.4 22 10 2.03 24 4.7 25.7 -1.0 24 10 2.00 23 3.3 15.3 0.6 16 11 2.01 24 3.2 13.1 -1.6 24 11 2.00 23 1.5 6.3 0.0 11 12 2.01 24 5.6 27.1 0.0 24 12 2.01 22 2.2 8.9 0.5 46 13 1.99 24 2.7 12.4 -0.9 24 13 2.01 24 1.0 4.1 -0.4 54 14 q3 2.00 24 1.3 5.5 0.5 24 14 2.01 24 1.1 4.4 0.0 62 15 2.02 24 2.0 6.8 1.1 36 15 2.01 24 1.2 4.3 -0.1 71 16 2.04 24 4.8 19.5 1.0 50 16 2.00 23 1.7 8.5 -0.5 79 17 d2 2.03 24 10.6 43.2 -0.2 47 17 d1 2.05 24 21.1 89.9 3.0 68 18 d3 1.95 22 9.4 40.1 -5.1 58 18 2.04 24 2.2 9.4 -0.2 67 19 2.02 24 1.9 6.9 4.1 50 19 2.04 24 1.7 6.3 -0.4 68 20 2.01 24 2.1 8.0 -0.7 34 20 2.02 24 1.1 3.3 -0.8 60 21 2.01 24 1.8 6.9 0.3 45 21 2.02 23 2.4 9.6 -0.2 50 22 2.01 23 1.9 8.1 -0.2 46 22 2.02 24 2.0 8.1 0.1 42 23 d4 2.06 24 6.8 22.0 2.9 16 23 d4 2.04 24 6.1 29.7 1.0 42 24 d5 2.05 24 6.0 26.2 -0.6 11 24 d5 1.98 24 4.7 17.0 -3.3 39 25 2.01 24 1.8 10.0 -2.2 11 25 2.00 24 1.8 8.2 1.3 36 26 1.99 24 2.6 11.1 -1.0 7 26 q4 2.00 24 1.0 3.8 0.0 39 27 2.03 24 2.7 8.8 2.0 11 27 d3 2.03 24 6.2 24.7 1.7 27 28 2.01 24 2.0 9.3 -0.9 11 28 d2 1.98 24 9.3 31.5 -3.3 28 29 2.01 24 1.8 7.5 -0.1 11 29 2.01 24 2.8 14.5 2.1 19 30 q1 2.00 24 1.0 4.3 -0.3 0 30 q1 2.01 24 0.7 2.7 -0.3 15 31 2.01 24 2.3 12.4 0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.01 1.3 3.5 15.1 0.0 31.0 All 2.01 0.9 3.0 12.8 0.0 36.7 Quiet 2.00 0.1 1.3 5.4 0.0 21.8 Quiet 2.00 0.2 0.9 3.3 -0.1 24.0 Dist. 2.03 2.4 8.7 36.2 0.0 29.4 Dist. 2.02 1.8 9.5 38.6 -0.2 40.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.44 (west) is -7.44 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.76 (Nov 9) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.77 (Dec 17) Minimum -7.76 (Nov 18) Minimum -8.27 (Dec 17) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 7 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.88 2.0 10.4 0.0 0.8 13.7 2232 2208 Feb 1.88 2.3 11.4 -0.1 0.9 7.4 2016 2004 Mar 1.88 3.1 15.3 0.1 0.8 4.7 2232 2207 Apr 1.90 3.5 15.2 0.0 0.8 10.7 2160 2148 May 1.92 4.3 18.3 0.0 1.2 28.0 2232 2194 Jun 1.92 3.9 13.5 0.0 0.6 15.1 720 704 Jul 1.94 4.1 14.5 0.1 1.0 22.2 744 733 Aug 1.95 3.8 13.5 0.0 0.6 16.0 744 743 Sep 1.97 3.9 15.1 0.0 0.8 41.4 720 707 Oct 1.99 2.9 11.9 0.1 0.7 39.1 744 734 Nov 2.01 3.5 15.1 0.0 1.3 31.0 720 714 Dec 2.01 3.0 12.8 0.0 0.9 36.7 744 735 Mean 1.94 3.4 13.9 0.0 0.9 22.2 16008 15831 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.88 0.8 3.7 0.2 0.3 12.6 360 359 Feb 1.87 1.2 5.1 -0.7 0.6 7.4 360 356 Mar 1.87 1.7 8.3 0.1 0.2 5.2 360 358 Apr 1.91 2.5 10.2 0.2 0.3 3.0 360 359 May 1.91 2.7 10.2 -0.1 0.5 26.8 360 359 Jun 1.93 3.0 10.8 -0.1 0.6 13.4 120 119 Jul 1.94 3.2 11.3 0.2 0.3 17.2 120 120 Aug 1.96 2.7 9.6 0.3 0.3 20.2 120 120 Sep 1.97 2.3 8.5 0.2 0.2 39.4 120 114 Oct 1.99 1.6 5.8 -0.2 0.3 45.8 120 118 Nov 2.00 1.3 5.4 0.0 0.1 21.8 120 117 Dec 2.00 0.9 3.3 -0.1 0.2 24.0 120 120 Mean 1.94 2.0 7.7 0.0 0.3 19.7 2640 2619 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 1.90 4.9 28.1 0.9 0.3 12.2 360 359 Feb 1.89 4.8 23.9 1.1 0.8 5.4 360 359 Mar 1.89 5.6 31.2 0.6 1.0 7.4 360 358 Apr 1.90 5.4 26.8 0.4 1.7 21.0 360 360 May 1.91 7.5 40.6 -0.8 1.9 20.4 360 355 Jun 1.92 4.9 15.8 -0.6 0.3 9.2 120 119 Jul 1.94 5.7 20.3 0.4 1.9 27.4 120 115 Aug 1.94 5.0 18.2 -0.3 0.6 15.6 120 120 Sep 1.98 6.0 24.7 0.6 1.1 39.8 120 118 Oct 2.00 5.2 22.6 0.8 1.3 30.6 120 119 Nov 2.03 8.7 36.2 0.0 2.4 29.4 120 118 Dec 2.02 9.5 38.6 -0.2 1.8 40.8 120 120 Mean 1.94 6.1 27.3 0.2 1.3 21.6 2640 2620 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.57 -7.02 -7.73 Feb -7.57 -7.21 -7.77 Mar -7.57 -7.05 -7.75 Apr -7.55 -7.22 -7.87 May -7.53 -7.08 -8.37 Jun -7.53 -7.38 -7.72 Jul -7.51 -7.20 -7.76 Aug -7.50 -7.32 -7.69 Sep -7.48 -7.14 -7.74 Oct -7.46 -7.11 -7.65 Nov -7.44 -6.76 -7.76 Dec -7.44 -6.77 -8.27 Mean -7.51 -7.11 -7.84 Results for 1858 HELSINKI D 1858 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 24 25 0 2 1 -1 0 5 6 -2 -8 -23 -34 -29 -20 -12 -11 -9 -9 1 17 28 21 25 -7 25.2 FEBRUARY 24 18 9 10 8 1 5 5 7 -2 -20 -34 -42 -39 -32 -15 -15 -5 -2 7 34 40 20 28 -7 24.8 MARCH 27 14 8 20 10 6 16 33 27 6 -26 -54 -65 -71 -52 -45 -6 -6 -7 43 41 38 17 21 -7 24.3 APRIL 28 39 25 23 24 31 39 55 50 27 -5 -47 -71 -80 -65 -61 -51 -17 -27 1 16 18 29 20 -7 24.3 MAY 17 17 18 32 42 46 51 56 39 17 -18 -53 -69 -71 -58 -35 -24 -12 -7 -9 -6 5 9 5 -7 23.4 JUNE 27 18 25 33 51 46 44 52 34 14 -14 -49 -67 -67 -62 -47 -33 -22 -14 -2 2 7 13 10 -7 22.7 JULY 28 28 34 44 47 57 58 62 44 13 -13 -49 -74 -80 -75 -62 -35 -26 -7 -5 -6 1 8 9 -7 21.6 AUGUST 23 20 20 34 48 50 55 50 29 2 -28 -58 -75 -75 -60 -42 -19 -4 -2 2 -2 1 9 15 -7 20.4 SEPTEMBER 33 29 29 9 20 30 38 38 28 9 -27 -57 -79 -75 -69 -42 -17 3 -4 24 13 20 23 28 -7 20.0 OCTOBER 26 10 17 0 -5 -3 -4 11 23 18 -7 -31 -55 -65 -59 -40 -16 -12 12 16 23 37 43 50 -7 18.8 NOVEMBER 19 24 15 5 1 -5 2 2 6 3 -9 -27 -38 -41 -35 -18 -17 -6 -3 8 15 27 36 27 -7 18.5 DECEMBER 15 15 9 14 0 -11 -15 -4 -3 -6 -9 -17 -33 -26 -21 -13 -20 -10 -3 23 21 32 35 28 -7 17.2 WINTER 21 19 6 9 3 -4 -3 2 3 -3 -12 -25 -36 -31 -24 -13 -15 -8 -5 10 24 33 25 27 -7 22.4 EQUINOX 25 22 19 15 15 18 24 33 29 13 -15 -45 -63 -67 -56 -40 -22 -8 -6 14 17 24 26 25 -7 21.6 SUMMER 26 22 26 37 49 51 52 55 36 10 -18 -52 -72 -74 -66 -50 -29 -17 -8 -2 -2 3 10 11 -7 21.6 YEAR 25 22 18 19 21 21 24 31 24 9 -15 -41 -58 -60 -50 -36 -22 -10 -6 10 14 22 22 23 -7 21.8 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 9 -3 2 -6 5 10 11 13 10 1 -4 -8 -21 -17 -10 -6 -3 -4 -2 -1 4 8 5 1 -7 25.5 FEBRUARY 8 9 3 1 7 12 13 22 20 10 -2 -26 -28 -30 -24 -14 -5 -3 -6 -1 3 8 9 15 -7 25.4 MARCH 9 -2 9 5 9 17 25 36 34 10 -15 -38 -45 -50 -32 -17 1 -3 0 5 20 13 5 5 -7 25.1 APRIL 10 11 11 12 12 31 37 49 36 18 -10 -40 -59 -59 -39 -22 -4 -2 1 0 2 -4 6 3 -7 23.6 MAY -2 6 13 19 27 39 46 46 51 28 0 -34 -56 -51 -47 -38 -26 -10 -12 -11 2 4 9 -2 -7 23.7 JUNE 29 22 24 23 44 13 31 41 25 -3 -19 -37 -41 -44 -35 -20 -15 -12 -13 3 -8 -5 -2 8 -7 22.2 JULY 27 18 35 34 32 41 35 49 35 10 -6 -32 -50 -63 -60 -42 -19 -12 -14 -14 -18 -4 1 10 -7 21.2 AUGUST 17 1 15 24 37 44 52 29 18 5 -16 -38 -53 -53 -48 -21 -15 -5 -12 -8 6 -2 8 13 -7 20.3 SEPTEMBER 8 17 6 26 32 43 44 48 41 19 -12 -34 -51 -54 -43 -27 -18 -8 -13 -14 -8 2 -9 7 -7 20.0 OCTOBER 8 22 17 19 12 13 21 27 41 32 3 -29 -43 -55 -46 -29 -21 -17 -8 1 0 3 8 12 -7 19.2 NOVEMBER 6 5 5 7 3 5 7 14 9 2 -4 -15 -24 -24 -18 -7 -1 -1 -4 2 10 8 9 9 -7 18.7 DECEMBER 2 6 5 4 1 0 2 9 11 8 2 -3 -16 -24 -12 -8 -5 -6 -4 -2 2 6 6 9 -7 17.7 WINTER 6 4 3 0 4 7 9 15 14 6 -1 -12 -22 -24 -15 -9 -4 -4 -4 -1 3 7 7 8 -7 22.9 EQUINOX 7 10 10 15 16 25 30 37 35 18 -6 -32 -46 -49 -38 -23 -12 -7 -6 -3 4 4 5 6 -7 21.7 SUMMER 24 14 25 27 38 33 39 40 26 4 -14 -36 -48 -53 -48 -28 -16 -10 -13 -6 -7 -4 2 10 -7 21.2 YEAR 11 10 12 14 19 22 27 32 28 12 -7 -28 -40 -44 -34 -21 -11 -7 -7 -3 1 3 5 8 -7 21.9 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 62 138 -3 -3 -13 -19 -25 -13 -11 -29 -27 -46 -38 -39 -29 -16 -30 -9 -25 -9 29 94 30 38 -7 24.3 FEBRUARY 60 46 42 13 2 -34 -11 -18 2 -24 -49 -38 -63 -67 -66 18 -36 -35 -19 15 113 90 39 27 -7 23.8 MARCH 101 69 0 43 -11 -13 -16 4 -16 -17 -54 -84 -66-101 -75-100 -9 -11 -45 116 31 104 88 63 -7 23.0 APRIL 140 157 73 50 37 63 69 69 63 22 0 -55 -66 -97 -86-155-218-120-212 -11 62 40 107 61 -7 25.5 MAY 20 28 39 65 60 71 51 67 13 6 -38 -78 -90 -88 -75 -51 -34 -31 -17 -26 -31 32 49 56 -7 22.9 JUNE 52 26 28 18 45 37 51 60 -1 0 -24 -63 -91 -82 -72 -69 -62 -42 -15 22 36 47 83 25 -7 22.5 JULY 18 65 49 57 72 84 85 74 53 -20 -11 -59-102 -86 -86 -95 -54 -41 21 -22 6 1 -3 2 -7 22.4 AUGUST 35 20 18 32 57 68 68 61 28 -9 -47 -70 -84 -98 -75 -57 -24 11 11 23 -8 4 27 6 -7 20.9 SEPTEMBER 100 29 55 -9 15 24 14 17 -5 -17 -51 -87-110 -90-101 -75 -26 54 0 79 36 4 79 79 -7 19.0 OCTOBER 25 -10 41 -9 -19 -22 -29 -6 14 0 -30 -37 -59 -72 -62 -42 -32 -25 20 -1 9 83 120 135 -7 17.7 NOVEMBER -40 49 16 1 -6 -24 -7 -8 7 -4 -11 -34 -42 -52 -52 -14 -37 -29 16 23 38 69 91 58 -7 18.8 DECEMBER 30 9 36 73 -3 -56 -49 -23 -25 -26 -28 -25 -47 -14 -49 19 -75 -30 -21 43 47 45 103 74 -7 16.6 WINTER 51 64 25 28 -5 -36 -28 -18 -11 -26 -35 -36 -49 -40 -48 7 -47 -25 -22 16 63 76 57 46 -7 21.6 EQUINOX 58 54 37 24 13 17 14 24 13 -2 -31 -63 -72 -83 -75 -73 -59 -27 -40 30 24 55 89 75 -7 21.2 SUMMER 35 37 32 36 58 63 68 65 27 -10 -27 -64 -92 -89 -78 -74 -47 -24 6 8 11 17 36 11 -7 21.9 YEAR 50 52 32 27 19 14 16 23 10 -10 -31 -57 -72 -74 -69 -54 -54 -26 -24 20 30 51 67 51 -7 21.4 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 8 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.02 24 3.3 16.3 0.7 25 1 q5 2.02 24 1.9 6.3 -0.1 57 2 2.04 24 2.3 8.3 0.9 35 2 d4 2.03 24 5.8 23.5 0.6 26 3 d5 2.03 24 3.7 18.0 -0.1 35 3 2.03 24 3.6 13.6 0.0 28 4 2.01 24 1.5 5.3 -1.4 66 4 2.03 24 2.9 13.5 0.2 31 5 2.02 24 2.3 10.0 0.4 82 5 2.04 24 2.3 8.5 0.4 35 6 2.02 24 2.9 12.2 0.0 48 6 2.02 24 2.5 10.4 -1.0 37 7 q3 2.02 24 1.1 4.4 0.2 85 7 q2 2.02 24 1.7 9.4 0.0 23 8 2.03 24 2.8 11.0 0.8 47 8 2.04 24 3.0 14.1 1.0 23 9 d1 2.09 24 14.9 78.3 3.2 84 9 2.04 24 2.9 12.1 0.0 23 10 2.07 24 2.3 10.3 -1.1 59 10 2.03 24 2.7 10.4 -0.6 35 11 2.04 24 1.5 5.2 -1.8 70 11 q1 2.02 24 1.5 5.8 -0.7 39 12 2.05 24 2.6 11.1 0.4 60 12 2.03 24 3.0 16.0 0.8 16 13 d3 2.05 24 4.5 18.6 0.1 56 13 d3 2.05 23 6.0 22.4 1.2 13 14 q5 2.04 24 1.3 6.7 -0.5 39 14 2.05 24 4.3 16.3 -0.4 14 15 q2 2.03 24 1.0 4.1 -0.7 42 15 d5 2.04 23 5.0 18.3 -0.3 13 16 q4 2.02 24 1.3 5.0 -0.2 44 16 d1 2.07 24 7.1 27.5 2.1 52 17 d2 2.03 24 4.6 21.6 0.3 0 17 d2 2.06 24 6.9 24.5 -0.7 13 18 2.03 23 2.4 10.1 0.0 14 18 2.04 24 3.1 13.1 -1.7 26 19 2.03 24 1.6 8.5 -0.1 19 19 2.06 24 3.2 12.0 1.3 66 20 2.02 24 2.4 11.8 -0.3 24 20 2.05 24 2.3 10.3 -0.6 39 21 2.03 23 1.7 7.0 0.4 12 21 2.05 24 2.6 10.3 -0.1 62 22 2.02 24 1.8 7.7 -0.3 27 22 2.03 24 3.5 10.0 -0.9 62 23 2.02 23 1.5 6.8 -0.4 14 23 2.03 24 2.1 7.8 0.0 54 24 q1 2.01 24 1.0 4.0 -0.3 14 24 q3 2.04 24 1.9 7.3 0.3 46 25 2.02 24 1.8 9.4 0.3 13 25 2.03 24 1.9 8.3 -0.2 23 26 d4 2.03 24 4.1 19.4 0.9 29 26 q4 2.04 24 1.9 6.8 0.4 35 27 2.02 24 1.9 7.5 -0.6 35 27 2.04 24 3.1 12.5 0.0 36 28 2.03 23 2.0 9.4 0.4 24 28 2.02 24 2.7 11.2 -0.9 50 29 2.02 24 1.5 5.8 -0.4 30 30 2.03 24 2.2 10.4 0.7 24 31 2.02 24 1.6 6.5 -0.9 54 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.03 0.9 2.6 12.0 0.0 39.0 All 2.04 0.8 3.3 12.9 0.0 34.9 Quiet 2.02 0.5 1.1 4.8 -0.3 44.8 Quiet 2.03 0.5 1.8 7.1 0.0 40.0 Dist. 2.05 1.3 6.4 31.2 0.9 40.8 Dist. 2.05 1.0 6.1 23.2 0.6 23.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.42 (west) is -7.41 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.29 (Jan 9) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.08 (Feb 16) Minimum -7.59 (Jan 9) Minimum -7.59 (Feb 2) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.02 24 5.8 22.2 0.3 55 1 2.03 23 3.5 14.1 -0.4 15 2 2.06 24 5.1 20.1 2.2 57 2 2.07 24 5.8 30.9 2.4 31 3 2.02 24 6.0 34.8 -2.4 101 3 2.05 24 3.9 13.0 -1.4 32 4 2.06 23 5.3 26.5 2.6 102 4 2.06 24 3.5 13.3 0.4 13 5 d1 2.09 24 10.8 53.4 1.4 113 5 2.05 24 4.1 17.2 -0.6 0 6 2.04 24 5.3 22.3 -2.6 124 6 q5 2.05 24 3.3 13.9 0.0 6 7 q3 2.04 23 2.5 9.2 -0.3 63 7 q4 2.05 24 3.2 13.0 -0.1 13 8 q2 2.02 24 2.5 11.4 -0.9 57 8 2.04 24 3.8 13.4 -0.5 44 9 q1 2.03 24 2.0 8.2 0.6 48 9 d1 1.82 24 33.2 149.2 -13.0 30 10 q4 2.04 24 2.6 9.9 0.4 40 10 d2 2.12 23 12.6 51.4 18.0 44 11 q5 2.03 24 2.6 10.7 -0.8 49 11 d4 2.08 24 6.3 27.9 -2.5 36 12 2.03 24 3.9 14.0 0.1 40 12 2.09 24 3.9 14.8 0.6 46 13 d4 2.01 23 8.0 33.1 -1.2 52 13 2.05 24 4.3 17.5 -2.3 49 14 d3 2.09 24 8.7 32.6 5.1 59 14 2.06 24 5.3 20.4 0.8 53 15 d2 2.11 24 10.1 38.5 1.2 29 15 q1 2.05 23 2.9 9.9 -0.6 41 16 2.07 24 3.9 13.6 -2.3 67 16 2.02 24 4.3 15.7 -1.8 41 17 2.06 24 6.4 25.0 -0.9 61 17 2.05 23 4.1 14.3 1.8 47 18 2.05 23 4.4 14.7 -0.3 92 18 2.06 24 3.8 15.1 0.0 28 19 2.05 24 3.4 13.3 0.0 87 19 2.05 24 4.0 14.1 -0.2 52 20 2.04 24 4.5 16.2 -0.8 92 20 2.04 24 5.3 20.2 -0.6 54 21 2.06 23 3.1 11.5 1.4 76 21 d5 2.02 24 6.2 23.5 -1.2 31 22 2.04 24 4.8 17.3 -1.3 70 22 d3 2.09 23 6.4 25.0 4.0 45 23 2.04 24 4.3 15.6 0.0 57 23 2.02 24 5.8 18.8 -4.0 39 24 2.03 24 3.0 11.6 -0.4 42 24 2.06 24 3.9 14.2 1.9 42 25 2.05 23 3.4 11.9 0.8 38 25 2.05 24 3.4 12.3 0.0 36 26 2.03 24 3.5 14.0 -1.2 44 26 2.04 24 3.9 14.8 -0.8 50 27 2.02 24 3.9 15.7 -0.2 17 27 2.01 24 5.2 18.6 -1.7 34 28 2.02 22 4.5 18.7 -0.2 14 28 2.03 24 4.3 14.1 0.8 49 29 d5 2.03 24 6.5 27.0 0.4 12 29 q3 2.07 24 3.0 12.3 2.4 74 30 2.05 24 4.8 18.6 1.5 11 30 q2 2.07 23 3.0 11.8 0.4 74 31 2.04 23 3.4 15.3 -0.7 12 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.04 1.4 4.8 19.6 0.0 57.5 All 2.05 2.8 5.5 22.2 0.1 38.3 Quiet 2.03 0.4 2.5 9.9 -0.2 51.4 Quiet 2.06 0.7 3.1 12.2 0.5 41.6 Dist. 2.06 2.5 8.8 36.9 1.4 53.0 Dist. 2.03 6.5 13.0 55.4 1.1 37.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.41 (west) is -7.40 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.61 (Mar 5) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.78 (Apr 10) Minimum -7.72 (Mar 3) Minimum -9.28 (Apr 9) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 8 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.07 24 3.6 13.4 -0.2 64 1 2.05 24 4.1 14.5 0.1 58 2 q4 2.07 24 3.3 12.1 -0.1 44 2 2.05 23 4.5 15.1 -0.2 74 3 q2 2.04 24 3.1 11.5 -1.6 47 3 2.05 23 5.3 16.5 0.0 73 4 2.05 24 3.7 14.1 0.7 57 4 2.06 24 5.1 20.5 0.6 50 5 q5 2.07 24 3.3 11.9 1.1 50 5 d5 2.10 24 5.5 16.7 2.7 51 6 2.03 23 3.9 13.1 -2.5 34 6 2.08 24 4.5 17.3 -1.6 43 7 d4 2.03 23 5.0 19.4 0.4 30 7 2.06 23 4.3 16.4 -1.2 41 8 d2 2.10 24 6.8 25.5 3.8 17 8 2.09 24 4.1 14.8 2.1 34 9 2.06 24 4.8 24.9 -2.4 8 9 2.08 24 4.0 12.7 -0.7 32 10 2.08 24 4.2 14.2 1.2 45 10 q2 2.08 24 3.0 10.6 -0.1 16 11 q3 2.05 23 3.2 9.8 -1.4 16 11 2.07 24 5.2 16.9 -0.6 11 12 2.05 24 3.8 14.9 0.0 16 12 d4 2.05 24 5.6 18.7 -0.7 14 13 2.06 23 3.9 13.8 0.6 15 13 2.08 24 4.2 14.2 1.4 14 14 2.06 24 4.8 16.8 0.0 17 14 2.08 24 4.4 14.7 0.0 38 15 2.06 24 3.5 13.0 -0.4 18 15 q3 2.08 24 3.2 10.5 0.1 28 16 2.06 24 3.8 12.8 0.3 23 16 2.07 24 4.1 13.0 -0.6 28 17 d3 2.06 24 5.9 20.2 -0.1 13 17 2.05 24 4.7 15.7 -1.1 41 18 2.07 23 4.0 13.2 0.3 47 18 2.08 23 3.8 13.3 1.5 23 19 2.05 24 4.3 15.0 -0.9 56 19 2.06 23 3.9 12.3 -1.1 38 20 2.06 24 4.3 15.1 0.5 43 20 2.06 24 4.8 19.9 -0.1 29 21 2.05 24 4.5 17.1 -0.4 36 21 q5 2.08 23 3.6 13.8 1.2 76 22 q1 2.05 24 3.1 11.4 -0.3 33 22 2.06 23 4.1 14.2 -0.9 57 23 d1 2.08 24 7.4 26.9 1.8 36 23 d1 2.08 24 8.4 35.0 1.3 46 24 2.02 24 3.8 19.6 -3.6 44 24 d2 2.10 24 7.5 30.8 0.7 36 25 2.07 24 4.6 17.0 3.1 70 25 q1 2.08 24 2.8 14.2 -0.9 39 26 2.06 24 4.1 14.3 -0.5 89 26 q4 2.09 24 3.6 12.1 0.4 62 27 2.07 24 4.5 15.7 0.6 44 27 2.08 24 4.3 14.8 -0.1 51 28 2.08 23 4.2 15.3 0.4 65 28 2.08 24 4.0 15.5 -0.4 64 29 d5 2.06 23 4.9 15.8 -0.9 87 29 2.09 23 3.7 13.2 0.9 68 30 2.05 24 4.6 16.4 -0.7 48 30 d3 2.04 24 5.9 20.6 -3.1 99 31 2.05 24 3.4 13.9 -0.2 72 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.06 0.9 4.3 15.8 0.0 41.4 All 2.07 0.9 4.5 16.3 0.0 44.5 Quiet 2.06 0.7 3.2 11.3 -0.5 38.0 Quiet 2.08 0.2 3.2 12.2 0.2 44.2 Dist. 2.07 1.2 6.0 21.6 1.0 36.6 Dist. 2.08 1.4 6.6 24.4 0.2 49.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.39 (west) is -7.38 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.10 (May 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.00 (Jun 24) Minimum -7.67 (May 9) Minimum -7.62 (Jun 30) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d2 2.05 24 7.4 29.8 0.9 82 1 2.12 24 4.4 15.2 1.7 31 2 2.09 24 5.3 20.3 1.9 79 2 2.12 24 4.4 15.3 -0.2 37 3 d3 2.10 24 6.8 23.3 0.5 85 3 2.10 23 4.4 17.8 -1.0 11 4 2.05 24 4.9 15.8 -2.4 90 4 2.11 23 4.8 17.0 0.7 11 5 2.11 23 5.9 24.1 3.1 78 5 q4 2.11 24 3.4 12.1 0.0 46 6 d5 2.10 23 6.2 25.1 -0.6 69 6 2.12 24 4.4 14.0 0.6 35 7 q1 2.11 23 3.1 10.3 0.6 81 7 2.11 24 3.8 14.2 -0.5 32 8 2.10 24 4.5 13.7 -0.3 87 8 2.11 24 3.7 11.6 -0.5 62 9 2.09 24 5.5 18.6 -0.7 72 9 2.09 24 3.7 13.8 -0.9 46 10 2.10 21 6.0 20.1 0.9 59 10 d2 2.09 24 5.5 19.7 0.1 59 11 2.10 24 4.9 17.1 -0.3 74 11 2.12 24 4.2 13.0 1.8 42 12 2.09 24 3.9 13.4 -0.6 65 12 2.10 24 4.7 16.8 -1.2 50 13 2.09 24 4.9 17.0 -0.3 42 13 d3 2.11 24 5.1 17.7 0.1 24 14 2.08 24 5.3 20.0 -0.2 37 14 2.12 23 4.2 15.4 0.8 39 15 d1 2.09 24 7.5 34.1 0.4 51 15 2.09 24 3.8 14.5 -1.5 50 16 2.09 24 4.2 15.2 0.2 52 16 2.10 24 4.9 17.4 0.6 58 17 2.11 24 4.1 13.9 0.8 49 17 2.12 24 4.9 18.2 0.8 91 18 2.11 24 4.3 15.9 0.2 44 18 d4 2.09 24 5.0 17.0 -1.8 85 19 q2 2.11 24 3.7 13.0 -0.2 35 19 2.12 24 4.6 16.8 1.9 77 20 2.07 24 4.5 16.5 -2.3 41 20 2.11 24 3.5 12.6 -0.7 76 21 q4 2.09 24 3.8 14.1 1.4 81 21 d1 2.09 24 5.5 18.1 -1.1 76 22 2.10 24 4.5 16.3 0.6 47 22 2.10 24 4.1 14.7 0.8 46 23 2.09 24 4.5 16.5 -0.3 50 23 q3 2.09 24 3.3 12.7 -0.6 44 24 2.09 24 4.8 16.4 -0.2 61 24 q2 2.11 23 3.3 14.4 1.1 33 25 2.08 24 5.6 18.9 -0.9 74 25 2.11 24 4.3 13.9 0.0 39 26 d4 2.05 23 6.5 22.3 -1.4 30 26 2.13 24 5.0 19.4 1.1 48 27 2.12 24 6.0 22.1 4.4 36 27 d5 2.13 23 5.0 15.7 0.4 88 28 2.07 24 5.4 21.7 -3.1 46 28 q5 2.13 24 3.4 13.5 -0.4 100 29 q3 2.08 23 3.7 12.9 0.4 34 29 q1 2.12 24 3.0 11.0 -0.6 96 30 2.08 24 6.1 26.7 0.0 14 30 2.12 23 4.8 22.1 0.1 94 31 q5 2.09 24 3.8 14.0 0.7 12 31 2.10 20 4.2 14.9 -1.4 87 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.09 1.0 5.1 18.7 0.1 56.7 All 2.11 0.8 4.3 15.5 0.0 55.3 Quiet 2.10 0.6 3.6 12.9 0.6 48.6 Quiet 2.11 0.7 3.3 12.7 -0.1 63.8 Dist. 2.08 1.2 6.9 26.9 0.0 63.4 Dist. 2.10 1.1 5.2 17.7 -0.5 66.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.36 (west) is -7.34 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.08 (Jul 30) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.07 (Aug 30) Minimum -7.72 (Jul 1) Minimum -7.55 (Aug 10) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 8 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.12 24 5.3 22.7 1.2 85 1 2.13 23 4.7 19.4 0.7 84 2 2.11 24 4.0 14.3 -0.9 93 2 2.14 24 5.3 22.6 0.6 94 3 q4 2.12 24 3.0 10.4 0.9 105 3 2.12 24 5.1 24.6 -1.6 111 4 q2 2.11 24 3.0 10.7 -0.5 95 4 2.13 24 3.7 17.6 1.0 113 5 q3 2.12 24 3.0 10.5 0.6 81 5 2.10 24 3.7 13.0 -1.9 121 6 q1 2.12 24 2.9 10.4 -0.2 95 6 2.11 24 3.9 13.8 0.3 135 7 2.12 24 4.9 17.4 0.4 105 7 2.12 24 4.3 17.0 0.8 117 8 2.12 24 5.7 24.0 -0.3 101 8 2.16 24 3.6 15.4 2.4 89 9 2.09 24 3.3 16.1 -1.6 100 9 d5 2.12 24 6.2 20.9 -2.2 121 10 2.12 24 4.0 16.0 1.7 142 10 2.14 24 3.2 12.7 0.8 81 11 2.10 24 5.6 26.4 -1.3 78 11 2.13 24 3.7 14.6 -0.4 65 12 2.13 24 6.9 26.6 1.8 85 12 2.13 24 3.5 15.3 0.0 73 13 2.08 22 6.6 23.3 -3.2 88 13 2.12 24 3.7 12.7 -0.7 81 14 2.10 22 4.0 15.3 1.6 82 14 q5 2.14 24 3.0 9.7 1.3 79 15 2.11 24 4.6 16.8 0.5 96 15 q3 2.12 24 2.8 11.4 -1.3 67 16 q5 2.11 24 3.1 10.2 0.0 81 16 q1 2.13 24 2.4 9.0 0.4 72 17 2.12 23 3.6 12.6 0.4 108 17 d3 2.16 24 7.2 33.5 2.4 66 18 2.11 24 3.9 14.2 -0.4 80 18 2.15 24 5.9 25.4 -1.1 89 19 2.08 24 6.0 20.0 -2.0 85 19 d1 2.19 24 9.7 35.2 2.4 115 20 d2 2.13 24 8.5 33.4 2.7 90 20 2.15 24 4.9 23.8 -1.9 117 21 d1 2.13 24 8.6 36.7 0.3 58 21 2.13 24 3.3 13.1 -1.2 89 22 d3 2.14 24 7.6 31.6 0.6 67 22 2.12 24 5.1 23.3 -0.9 111 23 2.14 24 5.9 23.3 0.2 51 23 2.14 24 4.3 17.9 1.3 103 24 d4 2.13 23 7.5 30.9 -0.6 41 24 q4 2.13 24 2.9 11.1 -0.7 95 25 d5 2.15 24 7.0 31.5 0.8 40 25 q2 2.13 24 2.6 9.8 -0.1 82 26 2.12 24 3.4 11.3 -1.5 40 26 2.16 22 4.4 15.6 1.6 68 27 2.11 24 3.3 12.9 -0.4 35 27 2.12 23 4.9 22.3 -2.1 75 28 2.12 24 3.6 13.1 0.1 52 28 d2 2.12 24 7.4 38.1 0.2 86 29 2.12 24 4.0 15.1 0.0 67 29 2.16 24 4.3 17.4 2.3 86 30 2.12 24 5.3 22.7 0.3 78 30 2.13 24 3.5 12.3 -2.2 73 31 d4 2.17 24 6.5 31.3 2.7 69 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.12 0.9 4.9 19.3 0.0 80.1 All 2.14 1.1 4.5 18.7 0.1 91.2 Quiet 2.12 0.3 3.0 10.4 0.2 91.4 Quiet 2.13 0.4 2.7 10.2 -0.1 79.0 Dist. 2.14 0.5 7.8 32.8 0.8 59.2 Dist. 2.15 1.5 7.4 31.8 1.1 91.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.33 (west) is -7.31 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.93 (Sep 25) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.85 (Oct 31) Minimum -7.63 (Sep 20) Minimum -7.73 (Oct 28) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 2.13 24 4.4 18.5 -2.3 56 1 2.16 24 5.4 26.9 1.4 85 2 2.15 24 3.6 17.9 1.2 44 2 2.17 24 3.1 11.4 0.5 100 3 d5 2.14 24 4.3 17.4 -0.6 23 3 2.15 24 2.3 9.8 -1.5 120 4 2.15 24 4.0 15.8 0.3 19 4 d2 2.17 23 9.1 42.5 1.6 81 5 2.13 24 2.2 8.1 -1.2 15 5 d1 2.19 24 9.3 50.6 0.9 89 6 2.15 22 2.0 6.9 1.6 35 6 2.18 23 1.9 8.8 -0.6 62 7 2.16 24 3.2 13.1 0.1 69 7 q3 2.16 24 1.1 4.4 -0.9 57 8 2.15 24 3.2 15.0 -0.3 30 8 2.15 24 1.4 5.4 -0.7 52 9 2.13 23 1.6 6.8 -1.0 40 9 q2 2.15 24 1.1 4.4 0.1 46 10 2.14 24 2.9 13.0 0.4 53 10 2.16 24 2.7 12.1 0.6 41 11 2.13 24 2.5 10.2 -0.5 85 11 2.16 24 3.3 15.9 -0.1 35 12 2.12 24 2.4 8.0 -0.7 67 12 2.17 24 3.7 12.5 0.3 43 13 d3 2.13 24 4.8 25.0 0.6 66 13 2.16 24 5.0 18.5 -0.1 51 14 q3 2.14 24 1.3 4.7 0.5 29 14 2.14 24 3.6 13.1 -1.2 59 15 2.14 24 2.5 9.2 -0.2 91 15 q4 2.14 24 1.2 4.4 0.0 67 16 2.14 24 3.6 12.8 0.2 37 16 2.14 24 1.8 6.3 -0.1 75 17 q1 2.13 24 1.1 5.1 -0.5 50 17 q1 2.15 24 1.0 4.0 0.7 114 18 2.15 24 3.5 12.5 1.3 63 18 2.15 23 2.9 12.1 0.1 102 19 d1 2.14 24 7.2 24.7 -0.8 97 19 2.15 23 2.7 13.3 -0.3 62 20 d2 2.14 23 6.6 42.1 0.0 59 20 2.16 24 1.3 5.3 0.7 44 21 2.15 24 1.9 9.4 0.6 50 21 2.15 24 1.5 7.0 -0.7 72 22 2.14 23 2.4 8.8 -0.7 45 22 d4 2.17 24 6.3 20.6 1.4 61 23 2.14 24 1.6 6.2 0.0 47 23 d3 2.15 24 6.5 27.5 -1.6 82 24 2.14 24 2.0 8.3 0.1 40 24 d5 2.18 23 6.1 24.4 2.2 66 25 2.14 24 2.3 9.2 -0.1 35 25 2.17 24 3.6 15.3 -0.7 52 26 2.15 24 3.7 15.4 0.8 30 26 2.17 24 1.7 6.8 0.0 39 27 2.15 24 2.8 11.6 -0.4 72 27 2.17 24 1.9 10.0 0.1 80 28 q5 2.14 24 1.5 6.6 -0.5 64 28 q5 2.16 24 1.2 5.2 -0.9 40 29 q4 2.14 24 1.4 5.8 0.4 75 29 2.18 24 4.4 15.5 1.2 15 30 q2 2.14 22 1.2 4.4 -0.4 72 30 2.19 24 3.8 13.6 0.4 86 31 2.17 24 2.0 10.0 -1.1 95 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.14 0.5 2.9 12.4 -0.1 51.9 All 2.16 0.8 3.3 14.1 0.1 66.9 Quiet 2.14 0.3 1.3 5.3 -0.1 58.0 Quiet 2.15 0.4 1.1 4.5 -0.2 64.8 Dist. 2.14 0.3 5.5 25.6 -0.6 60.2 Dist. 2.17 0.8 7.4 33.1 0.9 75.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.31 (west) is -7.29 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.99 (Nov 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.72 (Dec 4) Minimum -7.70 (Nov 20) Minimum -7.61 (Dec 5) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 8 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.03 2.6 12.0 0.0 0.9 39.0 744 740 Feb 2.04 3.3 12.9 0.0 0.8 34.9 672 670 Mar 2.04 4.8 19.6 0.0 1.4 57.5 744 735 Apr 2.05 5.5 22.2 0.1 2.8 38.3 720 714 May 2.06 4.3 15.8 0.0 0.9 41.4 744 737 Jun 2.07 4.5 16.3 0.0 0.9 44.5 720 712 Jul 2.09 5.1 18.7 0.1 1.0 56.7 744 736 Aug 2.11 4.3 15.5 0.0 0.8 55.3 744 734 Sep 2.12 4.9 19.3 0.0 0.9 80.1 720 714 Oct 2.14 4.5 18.7 0.1 1.1 91.2 744 740 Nov 2.14 2.9 12.4 -0.1 0.5 51.9 720 713 Dec 2.16 3.3 14.1 0.1 0.8 66.9 744 739 Mean 2.09 4.2 16.5 0.0 1.1 54.8 8760 8684 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.02 1.1 4.8 -0.3 0.5 44.8 120 120 Feb 2.03 1.8 7.1 0.0 0.5 40.0 120 120 Mar 2.03 2.5 9.9 -0.2 0.4 51.4 120 119 Apr 2.06 3.1 12.2 0.5 0.7 41.6 120 118 May 2.06 3.2 11.3 -0.5 0.7 38.0 120 119 Jun 2.08 3.2 12.2 0.2 0.2 44.2 120 119 Jul 2.10 3.6 12.9 0.6 0.6 48.6 120 118 Aug 2.11 3.3 12.7 -0.1 0.7 63.8 120 119 Sep 2.12 3.0 10.4 0.2 0.3 91.4 120 120 Oct 2.13 2.7 10.2 -0.1 0.4 79.0 120 120 Nov 2.14 1.3 5.3 -0.1 0.3 58.0 120 118 Dec 2.15 1.1 4.5 -0.2 0.4 64.8 120 120 Mean 2.09 2.5 9.5 0.0 0.5 55.5 1440 1430 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.05 6.4 31.2 0.9 1.3 40.8 120 120 Feb 2.05 6.1 23.2 0.6 1.0 23.4 120 118 Mar 2.06 8.8 36.9 1.4 2.5 53.0 120 119 Apr 2.03 13.0 55.4 1.1 6.5 37.2 120 118 May 2.07 6.0 21.6 1.0 1.2 36.6 120 118 Jun 2.08 6.6 24.4 0.2 1.4 49.2 120 120 Jul 2.08 6.9 26.9 0.0 1.2 63.4 120 118 Aug 2.10 5.2 17.7 -0.5 1.1 66.4 120 119 Sep 2.14 7.8 32.8 0.8 0.5 59.2 120 119 Oct 2.15 7.4 31.8 1.1 1.5 91.4 120 120 Nov 2.14 5.5 25.6 -0.6 0.3 60.2 120 119 Dec 2.17 7.4 33.1 0.9 0.8 75.8 120 118 Mean 2.09 7.3 30.1 0.6 1.6 54.7 1440 1426 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.42 -6.29 -7.59 Feb -7.41 -7.08 -7.59 Mar -7.41 -6.61 -7.72 Apr -7.40 -6.78 -9.28 May -7.39 -7.10 -7.67 Jun -7.38 -7.00 -7.62 Jul -7.36 -7.08 -7.72 Aug -7.34 -7.07 -7.55 Sep -7.33 -6.93 -7.63 Oct -7.31 -6.85 -7.73 Nov -7.31 -6.99 -7.70 Dec -7.29 -6.72 -7.61 Mean -7.36 -6.88 -7.78 Results for 1859 HELSINKI D 1859 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 14 8 13 5 1 3 10 11 8 1 -9 -23 -35 -30 -23 -17 -16 -7 1 11 20 24 18 16 -7 17.4 FEBRUARY 19 13 20 10 2 3 10 20 25 17 -7 -31 -52 -50 -51 -33 -33 -31 -10 14 40 36 43 36 -7 16.1 MARCH 32 35 28 16 13 20 27 35 33 20 -18 -51 -81 -84 -69 -46 -17 0 -1 14 13 22 32 23 -7 15.8 APRIL 15 32 15 28 31 36 55 69 61 34 -11 -55 -92-102 -81 -67 -37 -22 -10 0 16 19 31 24 -7 15.0 MAY 11 16 11 35 51 66 60 62 47 19 -22 -61 -88 -83 -75 -39 -30 -3 2 0 -3 5 4 3 -7 14.9 JUNE 13 22 28 44 64 67 74 72 55 19 -17 -58 -85 -86 -75 -48 -27 -12 -8 -10 -13 -12 -5 5 -7 14.3 JULY 24 24 34 48 57 64 59 51 39 12 -24 -61 -81 -82 -69 -51 -28 -10 -9 -9 -5 -4 0 11 -7 13.2 AUGUST -7 19 22 31 49 54 65 61 65 26 -18 -62 -90 -92 -83 -56 -24 -3 -2 -2 10 -1 7 17 -7 13.6 SEPTEMBER 25 34 38 26 34 40 44 42 34 13 -18 -60 -75 -85 -81 -45 -37 -18 6 -1 12 14 20 29 -7 11.2 OCTOBER 31 32 26 18 13 7 19 30 32 19 -9 -38 -56 -64 -62 -55 -41 -26 -8 -1 6 38 40 50 -7 9.8 NOVEMBER 20 33 12 2 6 7 3 7 14 15 3 -22 -36 -47 -39 -33 -27 -16 -16 13 21 21 31 29 -7 9.7 DECEMBER 37 26 17 4 -4 -12 -11 -5 9 3 -4 -25 -35 -40 -41 -37 -29 -16 -9 10 38 41 46 45 -7 9.0 WINTER 23 16 17 6 0 -2 3 9 14 7 -7 -26 -41 -40 -38 -29 -26 -18 -6 12 33 34 36 32 -7 14.2 EQUINOX 22 30 22 21 25 29 35 41 37 20 -13 -48 -71 -78 -68 -48 -32 -14 -5 4 11 20 26 26 -7 12.7 SUMMER 10 22 28 41 57 62 66 61 53 19 -20 -60 -85 -87 -76 -52 -26 -8 -6 -7 -3 -6 1 11 -7 13.7 YEAR 19 24 22 22 26 29 34 38 35 16 -13 -46 -68 -71 -63 -44 -29 -14 -6 3 12 17 22 24 -7 13.3 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 5 6 5 2 3 6 11 16 14 10 -4 -11 -20 -15 -9 -12 -9 -5 -6 1 3 4 4 4 -7 17.5 FEBRUARY 17 12 17 13 4 20 24 28 27 22 -4 -23 -44 -40 -31 -23 -21 -12 -12 -8 1 10 9 7 -7 16.5 MARCH 18 22 18 16 3 10 26 35 43 23 -11 -31 -56 -64 -48 -25 -11 -6 -6 0 5 13 8 6 -7 16.4 APRIL -3 -1 4 8 18 5 43 65 63 39 3 -50 -74 -79 -60 -33 -4 9 2 2 -6 -5 26 20 -7 15.6 MAY 8 3 -17 20 48 54 58 49 35 4 -25 -55 -67 -57 -37 -18 -12 16 2 -4 8 -6 -9 4 -7 15.5 JUNE 13 26 34 32 45 42 36 41 18 19 -13 -45 -74 -70 -61 -35 -11 14 7 0 -9 -12 -1 0 -7 13.8 JULY 13 34 30 33 19 36 20 18 28 13 -15 -49 -68 -43 -43 -27 -15 -3 -3 6 -4 -2 3 11 -7 13.4 AUGUST 6 7 28 40 46 51 67 50 35 8 -35 -62 -79 -62 -59 -39 -14 0 0 -5 -3 2 6 2 -7 13.6 SEPTEMBER 3 6 3 -2 16 30 39 53 53 38 3 -32 -52 -53 -51 -38 -16 -7 1 -7 -6 3 8 13 -7 11.3 OCTOBER 8 2 10 12 17 19 28 37 43 32 12 -22 -42 -45 -36 -23 -16 -15 -9 -13 -8 -3 0 7 -7 10.4 NOVEMBER 11 11 5 4 8 9 11 13 19 16 10 -6 -16 -27 -25 -20 -16 -14 -9 -5 -1 10 9 13 -7 9.9 DECEMBER 13 7 -4 1 5 11 7 13 15 9 2 -3 -16 -28 -21 -9 -11 -13 -12 -13 4 11 17 17 -7 9.7 WINTER 12 8 6 5 4 12 14 19 19 14 -2 -12 -27 -28 -20 -15 -14 -10 -10 -7 3 8 10 9 -7 14.6 EQUINOX 8 7 4 10 18 21 34 42 43 25 -1 -33 -51 -54 -43 -26 -13 -3 -3 -5 -1 2 7 11 -7 13.2 SUMMER 11 22 31 35 37 43 41 36 27 13 -21 -52 -74 -58 -54 -34 -13 4 1 0 -5 -4 3 4 -7 13.6 YEAR 9 11 11 15 19 24 31 35 32 19 -7 -33 -51 -49 -40 -25 -13 -3 -4 -4 -2 2 6 8 -7 13.6 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 35 -16 42 -9 -7 -8 -4 -1 -5 -16 -30 -50 -74 -58 -57 -37 -45 -4 14 53 79 87 60 45 -7 16.9 FEBRUARY 15 43 50 8 -21 -29 -10 13 2 0 -25 -53 -71 -76-101 -57 -86 -99 -12 81 171 74 130 59 -7 15.6 MARCH 122 108 47 38 43 31 12 27 12 -10 -58 -76-111-115-101 -74 -36 8 -6 -9 4 16 72 46 -7 15.1 APRIL 56 141 37 83 67 50 40 43 28 2 -51 -82-119-110 -92-128 -92-125 -27 -45 54 69 112 91 -7 12.9 MAY 50 19 11 62 69 80 16 63 45 2 -35 -78-108-100-103 -35 -56 -23 20 24 -5 38 30 14 -7 15.4 JUNE 23 16 21 46 95 100 122 104 94 29 -13 -67-118-115-118 -76 -50 -45 -29 -27 -18 -13 14 29 -7 15.6 JULY 80 32 60 80 98 98 94 55 33 -5 -54 -75 -95-107-104 -89 -59 -15 -14 -28 10 -4 -3 22 -7 13.0 AUGUST -153 -12 -6 39 43 57 99 85 166 57 10 -61 -88-104 -93 -79 -18 12 -12 -10 43 -10 6 32 -7 14.5 SEPTEMBER 22 90 147 57 57 79 75 40 22 2 -17 -71 -82-131-142 -51 -90 -49 55 -36 8 19 -13 8 -7 10.8 OCTOBER 100 64 72 20 -20 -26 2 9 6 6 -47 -67 -84 -89 -93-155 -89 -57 28 -20 37 137 84 185 -7 8.4 NOVEMBER 95 134 55 -16 -17 -22 -72 -46 -28 0 -3 -41 -42 -77 -58 -67 -55 -7 -37 80 41 32 52 99 -7 8.2 DECEMBER 36 52 7 -3 -36 -59 -59 -42 12 8 -2 -39 -34 -82 -95 -74 -61 20 6 58 131 79 137 43 -7 9.0 WINTER 29 26 33 -1 -21 -32 -24 -10 3 -3 -19 -47 -60 -72 -84 -56 -64 -28 3 64 127 80 109 49 -7 13.8 EQUINOX 74 93 62 41 33 32 12 23 14 0 -35 -69 -91-104 -98 -85 -70 -42 6 -1 23 52 56 74 -7 11.8 SUMMER -17 12 25 55 79 85 105 81 98 27 -19 -68-100-109-105 -81 -42 -16 -18 -22 12 -9 6 28 -7 14.4 YEAR 40 55 45 33 30 29 26 29 32 6 -28 -64 -86 -97 -97 -77 -62 -32 -2 10 46 43 56 56 -7 12.9 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 9 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.15 24 1.6 6.8 -1.0 91 1 2.18 24 3.4 12.3 0.6 69 2 2.16 24 1.5 7.0 0.4 88 2 2.18 23 2.6 11.1 -0.1 23 3 2.15 24 1.1 4.3 -0.7 84 3 2.18 24 2.6 9.2 0.1 55 4 2.15 24 1.8 7.6 0.0 65 4 2.18 24 4.4 22.1 0.2 49 5 2.16 24 1.7 7.2 0.6 46 5 q4 2.18 24 2.3 7.6 -0.3 85 6 q4 2.16 24 1.1 4.3 -0.1 67 6 2.17 23 2.4 7.7 -0.6 82 7 2.16 23 2.2 9.5 0.1 72 7 2.16 24 3.0 10.7 -0.5 126 8 2.15 23 1.7 5.6 -0.7 97 8 2.15 24 2.9 10.9 -0.4 107 9 2.16 24 2.3 9.0 0.9 89 9 d3 2.19 23 8.9 38.6 2.3 129 10 d3 2.15 23 4.1 16.7 -0.6 94 10 2.21 24 5.2 22.4 1.2 140 11 d4 2.18 23 3.9 15.9 1.4 84 11 2.20 24 3.3 17.0 -0.9 115 12 2.15 24 3.0 15.7 -1.8 74 12 2.19 24 3.1 11.8 -0.2 114 13 2.17 24 1.2 4.8 1.2 92 13 2.20 24 2.8 11.6 0.2 114 14 q1 2.16 23 0.9 3.5 -0.6 80 14 q3 2.16 23 2.3 8.6 -1.8 120 15 d1 2.16 24 8.1 34.6 0.3 105 15 2.21 24 5.0 22.4 2.8 129 16 d2 2.18 24 6.6 24.0 1.0 77 16 2.18 23 3.0 15.9 -1.7 105 17 2.17 24 1.9 8.8 -0.7 97 17 2.17 24 2.7 14.5 -0.4 98 18 2.16 23 2.1 8.8 -0.3 125 18 2.16 24 2.7 10.8 -0.8 96 19 2.16 24 2.2 10.9 0.2 111 19 q2 2.18 23 2.2 8.2 1.2 35 20 2.16 24 2.0 10.5 -0.1 71 20 q1 2.17 24 2.2 7.7 -0.6 47 21 2.16 23 1.4 4.9 0.2 77 21 q5 2.17 24 2.4 8.5 0.2 66 22 2.16 24 1.1 5.8 -0.1 77 22 2.17 21 2.9 8.8 -0.2 81 23 q2 2.16 24 1.0 4.1 0.0 93 23 d2 2.28 24 10.0 41.3 6.6 83 24 q3 2.16 24 1.0 3.5 0.0 69 24 d4 2.16 24 6.8 29.1 -7.5 85 25 q5 2.15 22 1.1 4.4 -0.7 91 25 d5 2.14 24 5.4 20.6 -0.7 95 26 d5 2.17 24 3.9 17.4 1.1 90 26 d1 2.17 24 10.5 50.0 1.8 89 27 2.14 24 3.7 15.4 -2.1 90 27 2.18 24 4.4 14.5 0.2 51 28 2.16 23 3.0 12.4 1.5 81 28 2.20 24 4.2 16.1 1.4 65 29 2.18 24 2.0 7.1 0.8 61 30 2.15 24 2.4 8.8 -1.3 47 31 2.17 24 1.3 4.7 0.8 109 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.16 0.5 2.3 9.8 0.0 83.7 All 2.18 1.5 4.1 16.8 0.1 87.6 Quiet 2.16 0.3 1.0 4.0 -0.3 80.0 Quiet 2.17 0.4 2.3 8.1 -0.3 70.6 Dist. 2.17 0.6 5.3 21.7 0.6 90.0 Dist. 2.19 2.9 8.3 35.9 0.5 96.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.29 (west) is -7.27 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -7.03 (Jan 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.65 (Feb 23) Minimum -7.60 (Jan 15) Minimum -7.72 (Feb 26) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.23 24 4.1 13.7 1.7 93 1 2.20 24 5.7 25.2 0.1 73 2 2.19 24 3.8 14.9 -2.3 86 2 2.20 24 4.8 17.4 -0.1 71 3 2.18 24 4.6 16.7 -0.5 75 3 2.20 24 5.0 18.7 0.1 45 4 d2 2.21 23 7.5 27.8 1.7 81 4 2.18 24 4.5 17.6 -1.4 51 5 2.18 24 4.5 14.5 -1.9 70 5 q2 2.19 23 3.8 14.4 0.9 61 6 q3 2.19 24 3.0 10.6 0.6 60 6 2.18 24 4.7 17.3 -0.9 77 7 q1 2.18 24 2.7 10.0 -0.8 50 7 2.19 24 5.0 21.7 0.9 76 8 q5 2.17 23 3.2 14.0 -0.4 37 8 2.20 24 5.3 19.9 0.1 82 9 2.17 24 3.6 13.0 0.1 76 9 q1 2.18 23 3.4 13.5 -1.1 112 10 2.20 23 4.9 19.8 1.7 83 10 2.19 24 4.9 19.9 0.7 152 11 2.19 24 3.7 16.9 -0.8 67 11 2.19 23 6.2 22.7 0.2 111 12 2.18 24 4.1 20.6 -0.2 65 12 2.19 23 5.1 18.7 -0.1 88 13 q4 2.16 24 3.0 9.8 -1.2 89 13 2.18 24 5.8 27.9 -0.6 113 14 2.18 23 3.7 15.6 0.9 121 14 2.18 23 5.0 21.3 -0.2 106 15 2.17 23 3.9 15.8 -0.9 120 15 q5 2.20 22 4.4 16.8 1.4 115 16 2.20 23 5.2 18.0 1.8 113 16 q3 2.21 24 4.0 15.7 0.5 125 17 2.18 24 5.7 30.9 -0.9 115 17 2.20 23 6.3 22.4 -0.9 67 18 2.19 24 3.5 14.3 0.3 149 18 2.17 24 6.3 24.1 -1.5 75 19 q2 2.18 24 2.9 11.3 -0.4 92 19 q4 2.17 23 4.4 19.7 -0.1 65 20 2.19 23 3.4 12.8 0.5 92 20 2.19 24 5.4 20.5 1.2 80 21 2.19 24 5.3 18.5 0.1 125 21 d1 2.17 23 14.2 63.7 -1.0 74 22 2.19 23 4.0 15.0 -0.2 102 22 d4 2.28 23 9.8 35.4 6.6 60 23 2.16 24 4.4 16.7 -1.6 115 23 2.20 22 6.1 20.7 -5.1 50 24 2.16 24 5.6 25.9 0.0 94 24 2.21 24 6.3 31.7 0.5 81 25 d5 2.18 23 6.3 26.3 1.1 101 25 2.22 24 4.7 16.0 1.0 86 26 d3 2.18 24 7.3 23.2 0.2 109 26 d5 2.22 24 6.9 28.6 0.1 87 27 d1 2.21 24 7.9 31.1 1.5 88 27 2.20 24 5.4 23.5 -1.6 113 28 d4 2.21 24 6.5 27.0 0.1 80 28 2.19 24 5.2 19.7 -0.3 100 29 2.18 24 5.1 19.7 -1.5 95 29 d2 2.25 24 13.4 46.2 3.6 95 30 2.22 24 6.0 21.4 2.1 57 30 d3 2.22 24 11.1 60.8 -1.7 81 31 2.20 24 5.5 20.6 -0.8 99 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.19 1.0 4.7 18.3 0.0 90.3 All 2.20 1.4 6.1 24.7 0.0 85.7 Quiet 2.18 0.5 3.0 11.1 -0.5 65.6 Quiet 2.19 0.9 4.0 16.0 0.3 95.6 Dist. 2.20 0.9 7.1 27.1 0.9 91.8 Dist. 2.23 2.2 11.1 46.9 1.5 79.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.26 (west) is -7.25 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.91 (Mar 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.43 (Apr 30) Minimum -7.53 (Mar 17) Minimum -7.80 (Apr 21) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 9 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.20 24 4.5 14.6 -1.4 90 1 2.21 24 4.9 18.6 -0.9 110 2 q5 2.19 22 4.2 15.7 -0.4 99 2 2.19 23 4.8 17.0 -1.1 77 3 q4 2.19 24 4.0 14.9 -0.2 133 3 2.19 24 5.5 21.1 0.4 166 4 2.20 24 5.6 19.1 0.8 91 4 d3 2.18 24 7.3 28.1 -0.8 96 5 2.19 23 4.4 19.8 -0.8 105 5 d5 2.22 24 5.7 20.7 2.3 87 6 2.21 23 4.5 15.1 1.2 97 6 2.19 23 4.3 15.4 -1.6 108 7 2.21 24 5.3 19.8 0.2 114 7 2.21 22 4.4 16.4 1.1 98 8 q3 2.18 24 3.9 18.0 -1.7 124 8 d2 2.15 24 7.6 30.4 -3.5 86 9 d2 2.18 23 6.9 34.7 -0.2 106 9 q3 2.21 24 3.7 14.0 3.4 76 10 2.21 24 4.8 16.7 2.2 86 10 q4 2.23 24 4.1 15.0 1.2 96 11 q1 2.21 24 3.4 11.8 -0.6 137 11 2.22 24 4.7 17.0 -0.5 95 12 2.19 23 4.5 16.2 -1.0 114 12 q5 2.22 24 4.2 16.7 -0.1 81 13 2.22 23 4.7 17.2 1.6 119 13 2.21 24 4.5 16.4 -0.8 122 14 q2 2.20 24 3.7 15.0 -0.8 128 14 2.20 24 5.0 17.7 -0.2 103 15 2.21 24 4.5 16.2 0.2 108 15 d4 2.19 24 7.1 22.4 -0.6 75 16 2.20 24 4.7 17.2 -0.5 88 16 d1 2.21 24 9.9 39.4 0.8 67 17 2.20 24 5.3 18.4 0.1 97 17 2.23 24 5.1 15.7 1.6 47 18 2.21 24 5.7 20.9 0.8 47 18 2.23 24 4.5 15.0 0.0 54 19 d1 2.19 24 11.0 47.0 -1.3 52 19 2.22 24 4.4 15.4 -0.7 67 20 d3 2.20 24 6.5 23.2 0.6 61 20 2.22 24 5.0 16.7 0.2 80 21 2.21 24 4.3 15.1 0.3 47 21 2.22 24 4.6 15.7 -0.1 87 22 2.20 24 4.7 18.0 -0.4 46 22 2.23 24 4.6 17.0 0.3 105 23 2.21 24 4.2 16.6 0.5 27 23 2.24 24 5.0 16.7 0.5 121 24 2.21 24 4.9 19.3 -0.1 25 24 2.21 24 5.5 19.0 -1.8 105 25 2.21 24 5.7 22.3 0.1 57 25 2.21 24 5.4 18.0 0.0 77 26 2.19 24 4.5 17.6 -1.0 91 26 q2 2.21 24 3.6 12.0 0.1 91 27 2.22 24 4.7 15.2 2.0 92 27 q1 2.23 24 3.3 12.4 1.4 58 28 2.21 23 4.9 16.3 -1.0 96 28 2.23 24 4.4 16.7 -0.1 54 29 d4 2.19 24 6.2 22.6 -1.2 85 29 2.22 24 4.8 17.0 -0.9 48 30 d5 2.20 24 5.9 25.4 0.9 122 30 2.22 24 4.6 16.4 0.3 75 31 2.22 24 4.8 18.1 1.1 137 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.20 0.7 5.1 19.3 0.0 91.0 All 2.21 1.1 5.1 18.3 0.0 87.1 Quiet 2.19 0.5 3.8 15.1 -0.7 124.2 Quiet 2.22 0.6 3.8 14.0 1.2 80.4 Dist. 2.19 0.5 7.3 30.6 -0.2 85.2 Dist. 2.19 1.4 7.5 28.2 -0.4 82.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.25 (west) is -7.24 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.94 (May 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.89 (Jun 16) Minimum -7.72 (May 19) Minimum -7.55 (Jun 16) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.20 24 6.1 20.1 -1.3 59 1 2.25 23 5.4 18.7 0.0 133 2 2.23 23 4.9 16.7 1.7 56 2 2.24 24 5.6 20.4 -0.8 97 3 d5 2.21 24 6.3 20.7 -1.2 62 3 2.23 24 5.6 20.4 -0.6 101 4 2.19 23 4.8 19.0 -1.0 90 4 2.24 24 5.0 17.7 0.7 66 5 2.24 24 3.7 12.7 2.9 67 5 2.21 24 4.5 15.0 -1.6 94 6 2.21 24 4.4 15.7 -1.6 69 6 2.23 24 4.5 15.4 1.3 82 7 2.23 24 4.4 15.7 1.1 74 7 q3 2.23 24 4.2 14.4 -0.3 81 8 2.22 24 4.7 15.7 -0.3 77 8 2.22 23 5.2 22.1 -0.6 109 9 2.21 24 5.3 20.4 -0.8 80 9 q1 2.22 24 3.8 13.4 0.0 119 10 2.24 24 5.1 16.0 1.5 80 10 2.20 23 4.6 14.7 -0.9 77 11 d2 2.24 24 8.1 31.4 0.5 117 11 2.25 24 4.5 15.4 2.8 49 12 d1 2.29 24 10.5 43.8 2.7 86 12 2.24 23 5.0 16.4 -0.2 74 13 2.26 24 4.3 16.0 -1.9 64 13 q5 2.23 23 4.4 15.4 -1.1 104 14 2.26 22 4.3 17.0 0.1 81 14 q2 2.25 23 4.0 14.4 1.1 84 15 2.27 23 4.8 18.0 0.8 126 15 2.21 23 5.9 20.4 -1.8 53 16 2.23 23 5.0 17.4 -2.5 102 16 2.22 24 5.0 20.1 0.3 95 17 d4 2.23 24 6.3 23.4 -0.1 92 17 2.21 24 4.4 22.4 -0.6 117 18 d3 2.20 23 6.5 23.1 -1.6 148 18 d2 2.27 24 8.3 44.8 3.4 101 19 q5 2.21 24 3.7 16.7 0.7 166 19 2.24 24 5.9 27.1 -1.3 116 20 q1 2.23 24 2.7 9.4 1.2 139 20 q4 2.20 24 4.2 16.0 -2.7 146 21 2.26 24 4.3 15.0 1.4 69 21 2.24 23 5.3 20.1 2.2 112 22 q2 2.22 21 3.2 11.4 -2.1 54 22 2.24 23 4.4 17.7 0.2 161 23 2.21 24 5.5 20.1 -0.9 57 23 2.26 23 4.9 17.0 1.2 164 24 q3 2.22 24 3.5 12.4 1.1 126 24 2.22 23 5.7 21.1 -2.5 126 25 2.22 24 3.9 15.7 -0.3 56 25 2.21 23 5.8 22.1 -0.4 145 26 q4 2.23 24 3.6 14.7 0.8 154 26 2.24 24 6.0 19.4 1.8 138 27 2.23 24 4.2 15.0 -0.1 156 27 d5 2.26 22 6.2 26.4 1.4 106 28 2.23 23 4.7 15.0 0.1 65 28 d3 2.20 23 7.2 25.1 -3.7 108 29 2.24 23 5.2 23.1 0.7 129 29 d1 2.17 17 28.1 153.1 -2.0 104 30 2.22 24 4.4 15.7 -1.5 150 30 2.16 24 5.2 18.7 -0.2 118 31 2.25 24 4.5 15.4 1.6 99 31 d4 2.13 24 6.5 24.1 -2.3 132 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.23 1.3 4.9 18.1 0.0 95.2 All 2.22 1.8 6.0 24.2 -0.2 106.8 Quiet 2.22 0.4 3.3 12.9 0.3 127.8 Quiet 2.22 0.9 4.1 14.7 -0.6 106.8 Dist. 2.23 1.9 7.5 28.5 0.0 101.0 Dist. 2.21 3.3 11.3 54.7 -0.6 110.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.22 (west) is -7.23 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.66 (Jul 12) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.24 (Aug 29) Minimum -7.49 (Jul 11) Minimum -8.79 (Aug 29) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 9 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.19 23 6.0 29.7 3.6 147 1 2.26 24 7.5 34.1 0.2 114 2 2.37 8 3.4 10.7 10.6 96 2 d5 2.34 23 8.1 33.4 4.5 113 3 d1 2.17 16 15.6 52.5 -11.8 154 3 2.32 24 5.6 23.4 -1.4 107 4 d4 2.25 18 8.4 42.8 4.6 77 4 2.27 23 3.6 15.4 -2.7 124 5 d2 2.28 23 9.3 40.4 1.8 102 5 2.25 24 3.3 12.4 -1.4 125 6 2.24 23 5.7 20.4 -2.1 143 6 2.29 23 4.1 14.7 2.4 127 7 2.26 24 3.7 14.0 1.3 97 7 2.28 21 5.1 22.7 -0.4 140 8 2.26 24 5.6 22.1 -0.1 89 8 2.27 24 3.2 10.7 -0.7 156 9 2.26 24 4.0 13.7 0.0 142 9 q3 2.27 24 2.4 8.4 0.2 131 10 2.24 24 3.8 12.7 -1.0 118 10 2.28 22 2.9 10.4 0.3 72 11 2.28 23 4.4 19.0 2.1 107 11 2.25 24 4.4 16.4 -1.5 87 12 2.29 23 6.4 21.7 0.4 121 12 d2 2.27 23 11.5 59.8 1.4 100 13 d5 2.26 24 7.2 37.8 -1.8 136 13 2.36 24 4.9 19.0 5.3 141 14 2.25 24 4.2 17.4 -0.3 82 14 2.29 23 3.0 11.4 -4.1 162 15 2.26 23 6.8 32.8 0.5 64 15 2.29 23 6.6 24.4 -0.5 96 16 2.27 23 4.6 16.7 0.4 77 16 2.29 24 4.9 20.7 0.3 99 17 2.28 24 5.7 24.4 0.5 117 17 d4 2.29 23 8.2 35.8 0.2 112 18 2.29 22 5.4 22.7 0.8 75 18 d1 2.31 23 12.6 49.1 1.0 124 19 2.27 23 3.8 13.7 -1.3 119 19 d3 2.36 21 9.1 39.1 3.1 109 20 q4 2.27 24 3.3 11.4 0.2 104 20 2.27 24 6.4 22.4 -5.7 121 21 q3 2.26 24 3.2 12.0 -0.6 86 21 2.25 23 4.9 20.4 -0.9 107 22 q5 2.25 22 3.3 13.4 -0.8 76 22 2.31 23 3.9 19.0 3.5 94 23 q1 2.25 23 3.0 12.4 0.3 120 23 2.30 24 2.6 9.4 -0.4 102 24 2.25 22 6.9 25.4 -0.4 92 24 q1 2.29 23 2.2 8.0 -0.7 111 25 d3 2.30 24 9.0 44.1 3.5 87 25 q2 2.29 23 2.4 9.4 -0.4 114 26 q2 2.28 24 3.1 11.0 -1.7 77 26 q5 2.27 24 2.6 10.7 -1.0 95 27 2.30 23 5.4 21.7 1.2 98 27 2.28 24 3.3 12.7 0.8 111 28 2.29 21 6.0 25.4 -0.6 105 28 q4 2.26 24 2.6 8.4 -1.1 128 29 2.29 24 4.6 14.4 0.2 134 29 2.28 23 5.2 26.4 1.1 85 30 2.26 24 3.9 13.4 -2.0 131 30 2.29 24 3.8 18.4 0.3 122 31 2.28 24 3.7 14.4 -0.5 123 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.26 2.0 5.5 22.3 0.3 105.8 All 2.29 1.7 5.0 20.7 0.0 114.6 Quiet 2.26 0.6 3.2 12.0 -0.5 92.6 Quiet 2.28 0.6 2.4 9.0 -0.6 115.8 Dist. 2.25 2.7 9.9 43.5 -0.7 111.2 Dist. 2.32 1.9 9.9 43.4 2.0 111.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.19 (west) is -7.16 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.67 (Sep 25) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.56 (Oct 12) Minimum -7.71 (Sep 3) Minimum -7.56 (Oct 12) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.30 24 3.4 13.4 0.9 124 1 2.28 23 2.5 9.4 0.2 61 2 2.28 23 2.4 8.4 -0.8 125 2 q3 2.28 23 1.5 4.7 -0.1 62 3 2.28 23 4.4 18.0 0.0 112 3 q1 2.28 24 1.3 4.3 0.0 65 4 q5 2.28 24 1.7 5.7 0.1 105 4 2.29 24 2.5 12.7 0.3 76 5 2.27 24 1.8 6.3 -0.6 95 5 2.30 23 5.1 25.4 0.8 101 6 2.28 22 2.7 11.4 0.3 103 6 d5 2.31 24 6.8 26.1 0.8 144 7 2.26 23 3.7 14.0 -1.2 108 7 d3 2.33 23 7.3 31.4 1.0 128 8 2.29 24 4.4 17.0 1.6 89 8 2.31 24 5.6 27.7 -1.4 106 9 2.29 24 4.1 19.7 -0.1 118 9 2.32 24 3.1 14.7 0.8 96 10 d5 2.33 23 6.3 32.1 2.4 119 10 2.33 24 6.4 25.1 0.5 85 11 d2 2.30 24 8.1 40.1 -1.4 125 11 d2 2.30 24 7.3 34.8 -1.7 91 12 d3 2.27 23 7.9 34.1 -1.9 111 12 2.33 24 5.0 19.0 1.9 107 13 d1 2.30 23 10.0 41.8 1.6 117 13 d1 2.31 23 12.1 65.8 -1.2 96 14 d4 2.35 24 7.4 28.7 3.0 140 14 2.35 23 4.5 16.4 2.4 98 15 2.29 24 3.0 13.0 -3.2 116 15 d4 2.25 21 6.9 29.4 -6.0 100 16 2.29 23 4.0 20.4 -0.1 92 16 2.29 21 2.2 7.4 2.4 70 17 2.29 24 2.1 7.7 -0.3 67 17 2.31 24 3.2 12.0 1.2 73 18 2.28 24 2.4 9.7 -0.7 70 18 2.30 24 2.3 10.7 -0.5 77 19 2.28 24 3.1 11.4 0.1 74 19 q4 2.29 24 1.6 7.7 -0.8 63 20 2.30 23 2.8 11.7 1.3 110 20 2.27 23 4.8 21.4 -1.5 50 21 2.28 24 2.0 8.0 -1.1 111 21 2.29 24 3.0 12.0 1.2 55 22 2.29 23 2.3 8.7 0.5 102 22 2.28 24 3.0 13.0 -0.5 61 23 2.29 24 2.2 6.7 0.0 91 23 2.31 24 4.4 21.7 1.7 75 24 q3 2.29 24 1.5 6.0 -0.2 116 24 q5 2.29 22 1.8 8.0 -0.9 75 25 2.26 23 2.6 7.7 -1.4 47 25 q2 2.30 24 1.5 6.3 0.5 90 26 q2 2.28 24 1.5 5.7 1.2 50 26 2.29 24 3.1 16.0 -0.7 70 27 q1 2.29 24 1.3 5.0 0.2 52 27 2.29 24 2.0 9.4 0.0 70 28 2.28 24 2.6 11.4 -0.4 65 28 2.31 24 4.0 15.4 1.2 64 29 q4 2.29 24 1.5 6.0 0.6 87 29 2.31 24 2.5 10.4 -0.2 80 30 2.28 23 2.7 12.7 -0.3 74 30 2.31 24 5.8 28.4 0.2 62 31 2.32 24 5.4 19.0 0.7 61 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.29 1.0 3.5 14.7 0.0 97.2 All 2.30 1.2 4.1 18.3 0.1 81.0 Quiet 2.29 0.1 1.5 5.7 0.4 82.0 Quiet 2.29 0.4 1.5 6.2 -0.3 71.0 Dist. 2.31 1.6 8.0 35.4 0.7 122.4 Dist. 2.30 1.6 8.1 37.5 -1.4 111.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.16 (west) is -7.15 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.67 (Nov 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.46 (Dec 13) Minimum -7.47 (Nov 13) Minimum -7.56 (Dec 13) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 5 9 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.16 2.3 9.8 0.0 0.5 83.7 744 734 Feb 2.18 4.1 16.8 0.1 1.5 87.6 672 663 Mar 2.19 4.7 18.3 0.0 1.0 90.3 744 735 Apr 2.20 6.1 24.7 0.0 1.4 85.7 720 707 May 2.20 5.1 19.3 0.0 0.7 91.0 744 736 Jun 2.21 5.1 18.3 0.0 1.1 87.1 720 716 Jul 2.23 4.9 18.1 0.0 1.3 95.2 744 732 Aug 2.22 6.0 24.2 -0.2 1.8 106.8 744 722 Sep 2.26 5.5 22.3 0.3 2.0 105.8 720 671 Oct 2.29 5.0 20.7 0.0 1.7 114.6 744 723 Nov 2.29 3.5 14.7 0.0 1.0 97.2 720 707 Dec 2.30 4.1 18.3 0.1 1.2 81.0 744 729 Mean 2.23 4.7 18.8 0.0 1.3 93.8 8760 8575 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.16 1.0 4.0 -0.3 0.3 80.0 120 117 Feb 2.17 2.3 8.1 -0.3 0.4 70.6 120 118 Mar 2.18 3.0 11.1 -0.5 0.5 65.6 120 119 Apr 2.19 4.0 16.0 0.3 0.9 95.6 120 115 May 2.19 3.8 15.1 -0.7 0.5 124.2 120 118 Jun 2.22 3.8 14.0 1.2 0.6 80.4 120 120 Jul 2.22 3.3 12.9 0.3 0.4 127.8 120 117 Aug 2.22 4.1 14.7 -0.6 0.9 106.8 120 118 Sep 2.26 3.2 12.0 -0.5 0.6 92.6 120 117 Oct 2.28 2.4 9.0 -0.6 0.6 115.8 120 118 Nov 2.29 1.5 5.7 0.4 0.1 82.0 120 120 Dec 2.29 1.5 6.2 -0.3 0.4 71.0 120 117 Mean 2.22 2.8 10.7 -0.1 0.5 92.7 1440 1414 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.17 5.3 21.7 0.6 0.6 90.0 120 118 Feb 2.19 8.3 35.9 0.5 2.9 96.2 120 119 Mar 2.20 7.1 27.1 0.9 0.9 91.8 120 118 Apr 2.23 11.1 46.9 1.5 2.2 79.4 120 118 May 2.19 7.3 30.6 -0.2 0.5 85.2 120 119 Jun 2.19 7.5 28.2 -0.4 1.4 82.2 120 120 Jul 2.23 7.5 28.5 0.0 1.9 101.0 120 119 Aug 2.21 11.3 54.7 -0.6 3.3 110.2 120 110 Sep 2.25 9.9 43.5 -0.7 2.7 111.2 120 105 Oct 2.32 9.9 43.4 2.0 1.9 111.6 120 113 Nov 2.31 8.0 35.4 0.7 1.6 122.4 120 117 Dec 2.30 8.1 37.5 -1.4 1.6 111.8 120 115 Mean 2.23 8.4 36.1 0.2 1.8 99.4 1440 1391 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.29 -7.03 -7.60 Feb -7.27 -6.65 -7.72 Mar -7.26 -6.91 -7.53 Apr -7.25 -6.43 -7.80 May -7.25 -6.94 -7.72 Jun -7.24 -6.89 -7.55 Jul -7.22 -6.66 -7.49 Aug -7.23 -6.24 -8.79 Sep -7.19 -6.67 -7.71 Oct -7.16 -6.56 -7.56 Nov -7.16 -6.67 -7.47 Dec -7.15 -6.46 -7.56 Mean -7.22 -6.68 -7.71 Results for 1860 HELSINKI D 1860 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 25 21 16 7 2 1 2 5 3 -4 -9 -24 -36 -37 -27 -21 -21 -16 -1 2 10 34 37 22 -7 8.9 FEBRUARY 14 17 7 15 11 13 12 19 24 14 -6 -27 -46 -57 -52 -30 -19 -22 2 3 30 27 24 31 -7 8.3 MARCH 21 27 16 18 11 25 33 40 43 21 -7 -48 -76 -79 -80 -49 -29 -16 3 15 28 33 32 31 -7 7.5 APRIL 21 28 23 30 22 32 45 59 51 21 -16 -56 -80 -79 -63 -48 -22 -3 -11 4 9 12 12 9 -7 6.7 MAY 17 27 29 33 48 58 74 65 46 15 -26 -63 -87 -88 -71 -50 -22 -6 0 2 -2 -6 -1 4 -7 6.6 JUNE 21 23 32 46 69 87 84 81 62 16 -26 -67 -93 -91 -90 -61 -35 -13 -9 -14 -14 -13 1 11 -7 5.5 JULY 22 38 38 39 47 67 77 75 62 27 -12 -62 -81 -87 -77 -67 -33 -23 -11 -13 -11 -18 -10 4 -7 4.0 AUGUST 5 17 47 55 74 70 83 78 52 19 -18 -73 -91-101 -80 -55 -56 -25 -13 -3 -8 3 16 3 -7 1.5 SEPTEMBER 15 26 24 23 36 31 52 31 30 11 -19 -50 -68 -75 -56 -42 -21 -2 5 6 2 2 7 28 -7 2.6 OCTOBER 16 10 11 15 15 19 23 29 31 20 -10 -38 -59 -69 -54 -39 -21 -15 -7 16 16 24 30 27 -7 2.4 NOVEMBER 13 16 10 -1 10 8 4 7 13 11 -5 -20 -34 -36 -38 -17 -23 -8 -11 15 25 26 18 22 -7 1.2 DECEMBER 18 12 9 16 9 -8 -5 -1 0 -5 -10 -18 -29 -29 -23 -16 -7 -11 7 20 24 20 22 9 -7 0.3 WINTER 19 17 11 13 7 2 3 8 9 2 -8 -23 -37 -41 -34 -22 -16 -16 3 8 21 27 28 21 -7 5.8 EQUINOX 17 22 19 20 24 29 39 39 36 17 -14 -46 -67 -71 -60 -41 -23 -8 -4 10 13 15 16 20 -7 4.5 SUMMER 16 26 39 47 63 75 81 78 59 21 -19 -67 -88 -93 -82 -61 -41 -20 -11 -10 -11 -9 2 6 -7 3.7 YEAR 17 22 22 24 29 33 40 40 35 14 -14 -46 -65 -69 -59 -41 -26 -14 -4 4 9 12 15 16 -7 4.6 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY -1 6 3 2 4 9 14 15 15 7 1 -11 -17 -17 -11 -10 -7 -7 -5 0 2 6 5 7 -7 9.3 FEBRUARY 7 0 4 5 5 7 11 20 30 25 6 -6 -27 -36 -29 -18 -13 -10 -7 1 5 4 5 5 -7 8.9 MARCH 13 13 12 17 11 13 27 45 47 27 -3 -24 -49 -62 -42 -37 -17 -15 -9 3 11 12 15 -3 -7 8.5 APRIL 20 9 12 24 12 16 32 47 60 25 -4 -36 -69 -64 -47 -31 -15 -2 0 0 -4 4 1 6 -7 6.6 MAY -1 2 8 25 31 42 51 40 34 15 -9 -39 -64 -58 -46 -39 -18 -6 9 14 -3 9 4 5 -7 6.7 JUNE 13 19 25 36 49 62 76 61 48 17 -15 -58 -65 -67 -67 -47 -31 -17 -12 -8 -17 -12 -15 14 -7 5.7 JULY -5 23 24 40 36 45 57 52 35 21 -12 -38 -62 -58 -48 -33 -25 -23 -7 -3 -6 -6 -6 10 -7 4.3 AUGUST 4 -1 18 49 47 62 65 56 37 2 -35 -77 -90 -77 -50 -25 -1 6 -1 -1 -3 3 7 7 -7 1.3 SEPTEMBER 6 16 15 20 27 30 40 33 21 8 -19 -34 -44 -43 -36 -26 -16 -15 -12 4 7 10 4 5 -7 2.4 OCTOBER 11 10 14 10 12 16 22 34 41 28 3 -16 -34 -41 -36 -23 -16 -16 -11 -6 -4 0 1 3 -7 2.4 NOVEMBER 8 5 2 4 7 11 12 16 19 14 6 -12 -19 -23 -24 -14 -14 -12 -12 -3 6 6 8 9 -7 1.6 DECEMBER 5 4 5 3 1 2 5 2 6 6 -2 -11 -14 -12 -9 -8 -7 -2 0 0 5 5 7 5 -7 0.6 WINTER 4 3 4 3 3 6 10 12 17 13 2 -9 -19 -22 -16 -12 -9 -6 -4 0 4 5 6 6 -7 6.3 EQUINOX 10 9 11 17 17 21 31 36 37 20 -4 -27 -47 -49 -39 -28 -16 -11 -6 2 2 7 6 4 -7 4.7 SUMMER 4 14 22 42 44 56 66 56 40 13 -21 -58 -72 -67 -55 -35 -19 -11 -7 -4 -9 -5 -5 10 -7 3.8 YEAR 7 9 12 20 21 27 35 35 33 17 -6 -30 -46 -46 -37 -26 -15 -9 -5 1 0 4 3 7 -7 4.9 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 73 69 65 12 -7 -38 -37 -13 1 -15 -21 -48 -56 -47 -39 -32 -52 -27 -5 1 21 71 90 44 -7 7.9 FEBRUARY 24 26 13 44 23 9 -3 16 2 2 -28 -63 -79-121-110 -49 -51 -56 28 17 113 85 70 87 -7 7.6 MARCH 65 73 4 16 -32 2 -10 12 54 9 26 -23-122 -99-139 -81 -85 -63 24 68 67 49 101 93 -7 6.6 APRIL 77 86 60 45 40 32 42 40 24 0 -35 -81-113-103 -87 -87 -50 -13 -51 14 48 15 36 56 -7 7.0 MAY 43 75 38 65 54 77 86 68 58 19 -30 -63 -93-135-101 -89 -37 -6 4 -1 -20 -24 1 14 -7 6.4 JUNE 18 4 37 57 109 135 121 145 89 6 -30 -83-134-121-135-111 -44 -29 -20 -23 -12 -17 6 27 -7 4.6 JULY 101 103 119 88 18 103 102 78 112 10 -6 -95 -82-100-119-124 -40 -67 -43 -36 -19 -78 -41 12 -7 4.2 AUGUST 22 11 90 127 131 97 137 143 128 90 49 -54 -81-144 -98 -97-288-179 -95 -11 -45 -21 82 17 -7 2.2 SEPTEMBER -16 25 16 15 45 -2 82 0 57 12 -14 -53 -86-144 -84 -91 -53 43 78 79 -7 -22 7 111 -7 1.8 OCTOBER -4 11 13 23 23 22 24 30 23 17 -30 -68-102-116 -67 -60 -19 -28 -25 46 61 69 104 53 -7 1.9 NOVEMBER 7 34 45 7 6 14 -8 -5 1 5 -16 -40 -54 -40 -44 -12 -54 -8 -34 23 33 49 26 61 -7 0.0 DECEMBER -12 18 7 50 30 -38 -27 -17 -14 -23 -34 -45 -61 -51 -44 -40 -29 -13 -6 115 68 34 98 39 -6 59.1 WINTER 28 38 28 35 15 -22 -22 -5 -4 -12 -28 -52 -65 -73 -64 -40 -44 -32 6 44 67 63 86 57 -7 4.9 EQUINOX 29 51 29 29 23 24 36 24 36 10 -17 -55 -95-106 -87 -70 -50 -13 -1 38 30 23 46 65 -7 4.0 SUMMER 47 39 82 91 86 112 120 122 110 35 4 -77 -99-122-117-111-124 -92 -53 -23 -25 -39 16 19 -7 3.7 YEAR 33 45 42 46 37 34 42 41 45 11 -14 -60 -89-102 -89 -73 -67 -37 -12 24 25 17 48 51 -7 4.1 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 0 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.29 24 3.8 16.7 -1.8 89 1 q3 2.30 24 1.7 6.7 -1.2 109 2 2.28 24 1.8 8.0 -0.7 101 2 2.32 23 2.0 8.7 1.0 110 3 2.30 24 2.4 11.0 1.3 111 3 2.31 23 2.6 11.7 -0.5 118 4 2.29 24 1.6 6.3 -0.6 108 4 2.32 24 2.8 14.0 0.6 136 5 2.29 23 2.6 10.0 -0.1 37 5 2.31 24 2.1 8.7 -0.7 155 6 d2 2.35 24 6.0 20.7 3.5 31 6 q2 2.30 24 1.6 7.0 -0.2 165 7 2.30 23 3.0 16.7 -2.6 55 7 q4 2.30 22 1.8 7.7 -0.2 101 8 q5 2.30 24 1.2 4.3 -0.3 99 8 q5 2.30 24 1.9 7.4 0.0 103 9 q1 2.29 23 0.8 3.0 -0.3 62 9 2.30 24 3.6 17.7 0.4 52 10 q2 2.29 24 1.0 3.7 -0.3 73 10 d5 2.34 23 5.4 17.7 2.0 161 11 d3 2.31 23 6.0 27.1 1.3 74 11 2.30 24 4.0 19.4 -2.6 71 12 d1 2.33 24 7.0 26.7 1.0 47 12 d4 2.28 23 6.1 24.4 -0.8 103 13 2.31 23 1.3 6.7 -1.2 64 13 2.30 24 2.9 10.4 1.1 85 14 2.30 24 1.5 5.0 -0.7 88 14 q1 2.31 24 1.5 5.0 0.3 87 15 2.29 24 1.3 5.3 -0.5 104 15 2.32 23 2.4 9.4 0.7 67 16 2.29 24 3.5 14.4 0.2 71 16 2.30 23 2.1 6.7 -1.1 54 17 2.30 24 1.6 6.7 0.6 84 17 d3 2.29 24 6.2 22.7 -0.5 83 18 q4 2.30 23 1.2 4.3 -0.2 80 18 2.31 24 3.8 12.7 0.8 64 19 q3 2.30 24 1.1 4.3 0.2 85 19 2.34 24 4.3 16.7 1.8 54 20 2.29 24 3.4 14.0 -0.6 75 20 2.32 24 4.4 17.0 -1.2 61 21 d4 2.33 24 5.5 23.1 2.4 84 21 d1 2.32 23 9.4 36.4 0.4 73 22 2.31 23 3.3 14.0 -1.0 81 22 d2 2.38 24 8.9 35.1 3.5 56 23 2.31 24 2.5 10.0 0.1 108 23 2.31 23 2.6 9.4 -4.0 49 24 2.31 24 2.3 10.0 -0.3 100 24 2.33 24 2.3 8.4 1.2 49 25 2.29 24 3.3 15.4 -1.3 101 25 2.31 23 3.6 12.4 -1.3 77 26 2.31 24 3.1 14.7 1.7 123 26 2.32 24 2.6 10.0 0.2 91 27 d5 2.29 23 5.2 20.1 -1.6 94 27 2.30 24 2.3 9.7 -0.9 109 28 2.27 24 4.2 14.7 -0.8 60 28 2.30 23 2.7 11.0 0.1 60 29 2.31 24 2.0 8.7 1.9 60 29 2.32 23 3.0 11.0 1.1 59 30 2.31 24 2.3 10.0 -0.1 97 31 2.32 23 3.0 14.7 0.9 109 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.30 0.9 2.9 12.0 0.0 82.4 All 2.31 1.1 3.5 13.6 0.0 88.3 Quiet 2.30 0.2 1.0 3.9 -0.2 79.8 Quiet 2.30 0.2 1.7 6.8 -0.3 113.0 Dist. 2.32 1.2 6.0 23.5 1.3 66.0 Dist. 2.32 2.1 7.2 27.3 0.9 95.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.15 (west) is -7.14 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.83 (Jan 12) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.73 (Feb 22) Minimum -7.33 (Jan 28) Minimum -7.43 (Feb 21) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q1 2.31 24 2.5 9.0 -0.5 115 1 q3 2.32 24 3.5 12.0 -1.0 103 2 2.32 24 3.7 14.7 0.7 111 2 2.33 24 5.2 19.0 0.7 74 3 q3 2.30 24 3.0 12.7 -1.5 104 3 d2 2.30 24 6.7 30.1 -1.9 76 4 2.32 24 4.9 24.7 1.5 97 4 2.33 24 3.9 13.7 1.8 50 5 2.32 24 3.9 15.7 -0.1 93 5 q4 2.35 24 3.7 15.0 0.8 71 6 q5 2.30 23 3.6 12.0 -1.3 107 6 2.32 24 4.7 18.0 -1.5 71 7 q2 2.31 24 2.5 9.0 0.3 111 7 2.32 24 3.9 13.4 0.1 83 8 2.32 23 4.6 18.7 0.6 109 8 2.32 24 4.3 18.0 0.1 34 9 2.28 24 6.8 26.7 -2.0 115 9 d1 2.30 23 10.8 43.1 -1.6 94 10 2.30 24 4.5 17.7 1.2 131 10 2.34 23 4.9 17.4 2.7 64 11 q4 2.33 23 3.3 13.0 1.8 116 11 2.35 24 5.1 21.4 0.8 57 12 2.28 24 6.8 25.7 -3.3 110 12 2.36 23 5.6 20.4 0.3 74 13 d2 2.38 24 9.7 40.4 6.2 110 13 d4 2.40 24 6.3 20.7 2.3 50 14 d5 2.36 24 7.3 30.4 -1.0 110 14 2.38 21 4.3 17.4 -0.9 72 15 2.35 24 4.6 17.7 -0.8 92 15 2.35 23 5.0 20.7 -1.9 94 16 2.33 24 3.8 13.0 -1.4 82 16 2.34 24 5.1 17.0 -0.6 104 17 2.35 24 6.7 27.1 1.5 68 17 q2 2.35 23 3.4 11.4 0.8 85 18 d3 2.32 22 8.8 32.1 -2.0 85 18 d5 2.34 24 5.6 20.1 -0.9 97 19 2.33 24 6.2 21.1 0.9 75 19 d3 2.34 24 6.5 24.4 0.2 91 20 2.34 23 4.9 20.1 0.5 63 20 2.31 24 4.9 17.0 -1.8 101 21 2.33 22 4.6 16.0 -0.6 64 21 2.35 24 4.4 15.4 2.7 45 22 2.31 23 5.4 18.7 -1.3 54 22 2.33 24 3.8 15.4 -1.1 60 23 2.32 24 5.1 19.4 0.8 58 23 2.34 24 4.3 15.4 0.4 51 24 2.34 24 4.3 15.4 0.8 60 24 2.33 24 3.8 13.0 -0.7 46 25 2.31 24 4.1 13.7 -1.4 111 25 2.32 22 3.8 15.4 -0.3 76 26 2.34 24 5.4 22.1 1.2 154 26 2.35 24 4.6 19.4 1.8 78 27 2.31 23 3.8 13.4 -1.4 125 27 q1 2.34 24 2.9 14.0 -0.7 46 28 d4 2.37 24 8.1 36.1 3.4 86 28 q5 2.34 23 3.7 13.7 -0.1 52 29 d1 2.28 24 10.1 36.8 -5.5 102 29 2.34 23 4.2 14.0 0.2 73 30 2.37 23 5.0 18.0 5.9 114 30 2.35 24 5.2 22.4 0.1 69 31 2.34 23 3.9 14.0 -1.8 134 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.33 1.6 5.2 20.2 0.0 98.9 All 2.34 1.2 4.8 18.3 0.0 71.4 Quiet 2.31 0.8 3.0 11.2 -0.2 110.6 Quiet 2.34 0.6 3.4 13.2 -0.1 71.4 Dist. 2.34 2.3 8.8 35.2 0.2 98.6 Dist. 2.33 2.1 7.2 27.7 -0.4 81.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.12 (west) is -7.11 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.64 (Mar 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.80 (Apr 9) Minimum -7.51 (Mar 9) Minimum -7.52 (Apr 9) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 0 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 2.33 21 3.7 13.4 -1.4 37 1 2.36 24 4.8 16.4 1.2 64 2 2.34 24 4.3 17.4 1.0 94 2 q1 2.35 24 4.0 14.4 -0.4 115 3 2.32 23 4.2 17.0 -1.3 162 3 2.35 24 5.3 18.0 -0.2 105 4 q5 2.32 24 3.9 15.4 0.0 147 4 d4 2.35 24 6.8 24.7 0.4 103 5 2.30 24 5.6 23.7 -1.1 131 5 2.34 24 5.8 20.4 -1.1 109 6 d1 2.32 23 9.1 35.1 1.1 152 6 2.35 24 6.1 20.7 0.9 111 7 d3 2.35 24 6.8 32.1 1.5 135 7 2.34 19 5.5 19.0 -0.7 68 8 2.35 24 4.8 17.7 -0.1 132 8 2.36 24 6.2 19.7 1.2 104 9 d4 2.35 24 6.2 22.7 0.1 97 9 2.37 24 5.9 19.7 0.9 102 10 2.36 20 4.8 18.7 0.6 116 10 2.34 24 5.6 20.1 -2.3 33 11 2.32 24 5.1 18.4 -2.3 118 11 2.33 23 5.2 22.1 -0.5 33 12 q2 2.34 24 3.6 13.0 1.4 101 12 2.37 24 4.8 16.0 2.3 45 13 2.34 23 5.6 21.1 0.0 99 13 q2 2.36 24 4.1 14.7 -0.3 85 14 2.33 24 5.4 19.7 -0.6 81 14 2.38 24 5.0 16.4 1.2 86 15 2.33 24 4.4 17.0 -0.1 96 15 q3 2.33 23 4.4 16.0 -2.7 60 16 2.38 22 4.5 18.0 2.8 103 16 2.36 24 4.8 17.7 1.6 51 17 2.35 23 5.7 21.7 -1.4 76 17 2.35 24 5.3 19.7 -0.6 57 18 2.32 24 4.6 17.4 -2.1 82 18 2.33 24 5.2 15.4 -1.1 58 19 2.33 24 4.7 17.4 0.9 83 19 2.38 24 5.4 18.7 3.0 92 20 q1 2.36 24 3.1 11.7 1.7 84 20 2.36 24 5.5 19.7 -1.8 105 21 2.35 24 5.4 21.1 -0.4 74 21 2.36 24 5.8 20.7 0.5 94 22 2.34 23 4.1 13.7 -0.7 109 22 d5 2.37 24 6.2 24.1 0.1 133 23 2.35 24 5.8 19.7 0.5 128 23 2.35 24 6.2 22.4 -1.1 165 24 d2 2.37 24 7.6 26.4 1.4 129 24 d3 2.36 23 7.0 24.1 0.7 147 25 2.32 24 4.5 15.7 -2.9 109 25 q4 2.36 23 4.6 17.0 -0.1 171 26 2.33 24 4.8 20.1 0.3 132 26 2.36 23 5.5 21.1 0.2 164 27 d5 2.33 24 5.9 20.4 -0.1 114 27 d2 2.37 24 7.9 34.8 0.4 193 28 q4 2.34 24 3.8 14.0 0.7 95 28 q5 2.36 24 4.6 14.4 -0.3 220 29 2.34 24 4.5 18.4 0.0 117 29 2.36 24 4.7 17.7 0.0 219 30 2.37 24 4.7 16.4 2.1 84 30 d1 2.42 24 14.5 61.5 3.5 165 31 2.34 24 4.3 16.7 -1.9 103 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.34 1.0 5.0 19.1 0.0 107.1 All 2.36 1.1 5.8 20.9 0.2 108.6 Quiet 2.34 0.8 3.6 13.5 0.5 92.8 Quiet 2.35 0.6 4.3 15.3 -0.8 130.2 Dist. 2.34 1.1 7.1 27.3 0.8 125.4 Dist. 2.37 1.4 8.5 33.8 1.0 148.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.11 (west) is -7.09 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.76 (May 7) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.49 (Jun 30) Minimum -7.49 (May 6) Minimum -7.51 (Jun 30) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d2 2.34 24 12.6 48.8 -5.0 184 1 2.40 23 5.8 18.7 -0.4 132 2 2.34 23 7.0 31.1 0.0 165 2 2.43 23 5.1 20.1 1.5 121 3 d4 2.41 23 8.9 36.1 4.2 165 3 2.43 23 5.3 19.0 0.1 77 4 2.35 23 6.9 22.1 -3.2 147 4 2.41 24 5.5 20.4 -1.0 88 5 d1 2.37 24 14.2 62.5 0.7 159 5 2.43 24 7.3 28.1 1.1 109 6 2.38 24 4.9 16.7 0.8 114 6 2.44 23 5.3 19.0 0.5 127 7 2.42 24 5.0 17.0 2.3 117 7 d2 2.44 24 16.5 68.2 -0.1 121 8 2.37 24 4.6 16.4 -3.0 92 8 d1 2.31 18 27.6 110.3 -7.8 121 9 2.38 24 4.9 17.7 0.9 99 9 d3 2.31 10 13.0 43.4 0.2 148 10 2.36 24 4.8 16.0 -1.4 82 10 2.41 24 5.9 21.7 6.2 121 11 2.38 24 5.2 17.7 1.3 52 11 2.42 17 5.2 18.7 0.6 154 12 d3 2.40 21 9.7 41.4 1.4 55 12 2.50 10 6.5 20.7 4.4 126 13 q3 2.40 24 3.8 16.7 -0.3 53 13 d4 2.49 18 8.1 32.8 -0.2 121 14 q2 2.38 24 3.7 13.4 -0.9 67 14 2.45 24 5.4 19.7 -2.6 127 15 2.40 24 4.1 13.0 1.0 81 15 2.46 22 5.2 22.7 0.6 79 16 q4 2.38 22 3.9 13.0 -1.4 55 16 2.43 20 5.3 16.0 -1.8 84 17 q1 2.38 22 3.7 13.7 0.5 68 17 q1 2.46 22 4.1 15.0 1.8 116 18 2.36 24 4.8 17.4 -1.2 62 18 2.43 24 5.2 18.7 -1.8 88 19 q5 2.36 23 4.1 12.4 -0.4 104 19 2.43 24 5.5 20.1 -0.2 75 20 2.40 24 5.2 18.0 2.3 103 20 2.43 24 6.0 21.7 0.4 88 21 2.39 23 4.8 17.0 -0.4 111 21 q3 2.43 24 4.4 15.7 0.1 58 22 2.38 23 4.8 19.0 -0.4 144 22 d5 2.43 24 7.6 27.4 -0.4 73 23 2.39 23 5.3 19.4 0.8 160 23 2.43 24 6.0 23.1 0.3 93 24 2.39 23 5.8 21.7 -0.2 160 24 2.47 24 5.9 21.7 2.1 84 25 2.41 24 5.6 18.7 1.2 144 25 q4 2.43 24 4.5 16.7 -2.5 93 26 2.38 23 5.1 19.0 -1.8 143 26 2.42 22 6.0 20.1 -0.3 85 27 2.38 22 4.4 17.0 0.0 178 27 q5 2.39 20 4.8 16.7 -1.6 78 28 2.40 24 5.9 19.7 1.0 182 28 2.41 24 5.6 19.7 0.7 88 29 2.39 23 6.5 24.7 -0.4 166 29 q2 2.41 23 4.1 17.0 0.1 70 30 d5 2.41 23 7.1 24.4 1.3 82 30 2.38 23 6.5 22.7 -1.5 69 31 2.41 24 5.7 21.4 0.1 125 31 2.38 24 6.4 22.1 -0.1 94 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.38 1.2 5.9 22.0 0.0 116.7 All 2.42 2.4 7.0 25.7 -0.1 100.3 Quiet 2.38 0.8 3.8 13.8 -0.5 69.4 Quiet 2.42 1.4 4.4 16.2 -0.4 83.0 Dist. 2.38 1.7 10.5 42.6 0.5 129.0 Dist. 2.40 4.5 14.6 56.4 -1.7 116.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.07 (west) is -7.03 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.60 (Jul 12) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.44 (Aug 7) Minimum -7.74 (Jul 5) Minimum -8.66 (Aug 8) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 0 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.39 24 5.3 19.4 0.9 97 1 d1 2.41 21 8.3 35.4 0.5 69 2 d5 2.40 24 6.7 24.7 0.3 91 2 2.39 24 4.2 18.4 -0.9 66 3 2.38 24 4.1 14.0 -1.1 97 3 d3 2.39 24 5.9 25.4 -0.5 106 4 d4 2.42 24 7.4 30.1 2.7 105 4 2.41 23 4.8 19.4 1.2 135 5 2.39 22 5.0 20.4 -1.8 100 5 2.40 24 4.8 17.7 -0.3 103 6 d3 2.43 24 8.0 39.4 2.1 101 6 q1 2.41 24 1.9 6.7 0.6 142 7 d1 2.35 22 14.9 72.9 -4.4 102 7 2.40 24 3.3 12.4 -0.4 112 8 d2 2.48 24 8.2 36.4 7.5 105 8 2.39 21 2.7 9.7 -0.7 90 9 q4 2.40 23 2.8 10.4 -4.8 96 9 2.42 24 4.3 20.1 1.4 70 10 2.41 24 3.7 11.7 0.5 70 10 2.41 24 2.7 13.0 -0.7 57 11 2.40 23 3.7 14.0 -0.5 61 11 2.40 24 2.8 9.0 0.0 98 12 q1 2.42 24 2.0 5.3 1.0 51 12 2.40 24 3.3 11.0 0.0 85 13 q2 2.42 24 2.7 9.7 0.1 64 13 2.41 21 4.0 13.7 0.4 112 14 q3 2.41 24 2.8 9.4 -0.6 73 14 2.41 24 3.8 14.0 -0.2 114 15 2.38 24 4.0 14.0 -1.7 55 15 2.41 24 3.2 11.0 0.0 118 16 2.44 24 5.4 21.1 3.5 81 16 2.40 24 3.4 13.4 -0.6 91 17 2.39 23 3.3 12.0 -2.7 109 17 d5 2.40 24 5.2 19.4 0.5 94 18 2.41 24 3.3 11.0 0.7 90 18 q5 2.42 24 2.4 8.7 0.6 113 19 2.41 24 4.9 21.4 0.3 89 19 q4 2.41 24 2.3 8.4 -0.5 93 20 2.41 24 5.9 25.7 -0.4 99 20 2.40 24 3.7 17.4 -0.3 101 21 2.41 24 3.6 12.4 0.0 136 21 2.41 23 2.9 10.4 0.7 79 22 2.40 24 3.8 13.7 -0.2 77 22 q2 2.41 23 1.9 8.0 0.0 73 23 2.40 23 3.5 12.0 -0.4 79 23 2.40 24 2.4 9.4 -0.5 58 24 2.40 23 3.7 13.7 0.1 91 24 q3 2.41 24 2.3 9.4 0.3 75 25 2.41 24 3.7 12.7 0.8 112 25 2.41 24 2.8 11.4 0.1 74 26 2.41 22 5.7 18.7 -0.3 99 26 2.39 24 3.8 12.0 -0.9 77 27 2.40 24 3.8 13.4 -0.3 144 27 d4 2.42 22 5.4 23.7 1.4 59 28 2.39 24 3.6 11.4 -0.8 100 28 2.40 24 4.1 19.0 -0.8 72 29 2.40 23 3.5 12.4 0.5 121 29 d2 2.47 24 7.4 32.1 3.8 84 30 q5 2.40 23 3.2 10.4 0.4 72 30 2.45 24 4.2 16.7 -0.8 76 31 2.42 24 3.2 13.4 -1.9 96 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.41 1.2 4.7 18.5 0.0 92.2 All 2.41 0.9 3.8 15.1 0.0 90.1 Quiet 2.41 0.5 2.7 9.0 -0.8 71.2 Quiet 2.41 0.2 2.2 8.2 0.2 99.2 Dist. 2.42 2.5 9.0 40.7 1.6 100.8 Dist. 2.42 1.6 6.4 27.2 1.1 82.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.04 (west) is -7.04 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.39 (Sep 7) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.58 (Oct 29) Minimum -7.61 (Sep 7) Minimum -7.37 (Oct 1) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.44 24 3.9 17.0 1.2 97 1 2.43 24 1.5 6.0 0.7 111 2 d3 2.44 24 4.3 16.4 0.1 97 2 2.43 23 1.4 6.7 0.1 149 3 2.41 24 2.5 10.7 -1.7 121 3 2.44 24 2.4 9.7 0.3 151 4 2.42 24 2.2 7.7 0.7 76 4 2.44 24 1.1 4.0 -0.2 145 5 d1 2.48 24 7.2 34.4 3.5 157 5 2.43 24 1.7 6.3 -0.2 125 6 2.43 23 2.3 10.7 -3.3 133 6 2.44 24 1.6 6.7 0.4 165 7 d4 2.44 24 4.2 20.1 0.7 100 7 2.44 24 1.8 9.4 -0.2 145 8 2.44 23 3.8 17.7 0.2 76 8 2.43 24 1.2 4.0 -0.4 122 9 2.41 24 2.3 9.4 -1.9 107 9 2.43 23 2.5 9.7 0.1 130 10 2.42 24 2.2 7.7 0.7 96 10 d2 2.46 24 7.4 31.1 2.0 117 11 2.43 24 2.9 12.0 0.6 119 11 d3 2.45 24 7.3 32.8 -0.6 117 12 q5 2.42 24 1.6 5.0 -0.6 75 12 q2 2.45 23 0.8 3.0 -0.1 74 13 2.42 24 1.8 7.4 -0.2 77 13 q5 2.45 24 1.0 3.3 -0.3 98 14 2.43 23 3.5 19.0 0.7 82 14 2.45 24 1.4 6.0 0.1 105 15 2.41 24 2.8 8.4 -1.4 97 15 2.44 24 2.1 11.0 -0.7 91 16 2.43 24 4.2 15.0 1.3 96 16 d1 2.51 23 8.5 43.1 4.2 29 17 2.43 24 3.4 16.7 0.3 81 17 2.48 24 4.1 22.4 -2.1 46 18 2.42 24 2.6 10.0 -0.9 58 18 2.46 24 2.7 12.0 -1.1 33 19 q4 2.42 22 1.5 5.3 0.0 93 19 2.44 24 2.3 8.4 -1.2 36 20 q1 2.43 24 1.1 5.0 0.5 75 20 d5 2.45 24 4.2 22.7 0.7 91 21 q3 2.43 24 1.4 5.0 0.1 65 21 2.45 24 3.7 15.0 0.4 117 22 q2 2.42 23 1.4 5.7 -0.6 85 22 2.44 24 3.1 12.7 -0.9 100 23 d2 2.45 24 5.8 22.7 1.6 85 23 2.44 24 2.7 13.0 0.1 82 24 2.42 24 1.9 7.0 -1.3 112 24 2.43 23 2.0 11.4 -0.4 121 25 2.44 24 2.9 11.0 0.9 73 25 d4 2.45 24 5.5 27.4 1.2 90 26 d5 2.44 23 4.2 23.7 0.0 131 26 2.46 24 4.0 16.4 0.3 73 27 2.43 24 2.9 13.7 -0.6 144 27 2.44 24 1.6 6.3 -1.0 83 28 2.43 24 1.7 7.7 0.4 114 28 q4 2.44 24 0.9 3.7 -0.3 70 29 2.44 24 2.5 10.0 0.6 107 29 q3 2.43 23 0.8 3.7 -0.4 57 30 2.42 24 2.5 9.4 -1.1 109 30 q1 2.43 22 0.8 2.7 -0.1 51 31 2.44 24 1.9 9.0 0.4 40 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.43 0.8 2.9 12.4 0.0 97.9 All 2.45 1.0 2.7 12.2 0.0 95.6 Quiet 2.42 0.2 1.4 5.2 -0.1 78.6 Quiet 2.44 0.6 0.8 3.3 -0.2 70.0 Dist. 2.45 1.0 5.1 23.5 1.2 114.0 Dist. 2.47 1.4 6.6 31.4 1.5 88.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -7.02 (west) is -7.00 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.56 (Nov 5) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.57 (Dec 16) Minimum -7.16 (Nov 23) Minimum -7.29 (Dec 16) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 0 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.30 2.9 12.0 0.0 0.9 82.4 744 735 Feb 2.31 3.5 13.6 0.0 1.1 88.3 696 683 Mar 2.33 5.2 20.2 0.0 1.6 98.9 744 732 Apr 2.34 4.8 18.3 0.0 1.2 71.4 720 708 May 2.34 5.0 19.1 0.0 1.0 107.1 744 730 Jun 2.36 5.8 20.9 0.2 1.1 108.6 720 710 Jul 2.38 5.9 22.0 0.0 1.2 116.7 744 724 Aug 2.42 7.0 25.7 -0.1 2.4 100.3 744 677 Sep 2.41 4.7 18.5 0.0 1.2 92.2 720 707 Oct 2.41 3.8 15.1 0.0 0.9 90.1 744 730 Nov 2.43 2.9 12.4 0.0 0.8 97.9 720 713 Dec 2.45 2.7 12.2 0.0 1.0 95.6 744 736 Mean 2.37 4.5 17.5 0.0 1.2 95.8 8784 8585 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.30 1.0 3.9 -0.2 0.2 79.8 120 118 Feb 2.30 1.7 6.8 -0.3 0.2 113.0 120 118 Mar 2.31 3.0 11.2 -0.2 0.8 110.6 120 118 Apr 2.34 3.4 13.2 -0.1 0.6 71.4 120 118 May 2.34 3.6 13.5 0.5 0.8 92.8 120 117 Jun 2.35 4.3 15.3 -0.8 0.6 130.2 120 118 Jul 2.38 3.8 13.8 -0.5 0.8 69.4 120 115 Aug 2.42 4.4 16.2 -0.4 1.4 83.0 120 113 Sep 2.41 2.7 9.0 -0.8 0.5 71.2 120 118 Oct 2.41 2.2 8.2 0.2 0.2 99.2 120 119 Nov 2.42 1.4 5.2 -0.1 0.2 78.6 120 117 Dec 2.44 0.8 3.3 -0.2 0.6 70.0 120 116 Mean 2.37 2.7 10.0 -0.2 0.6 89.1 1440 1405 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.32 6.0 23.5 1.3 1.2 66.0 120 118 Feb 2.32 7.2 27.3 0.9 2.1 95.2 120 117 Mar 2.34 8.8 35.2 0.2 2.3 98.6 120 118 Apr 2.33 7.2 27.7 -0.4 2.1 81.6 120 119 May 2.34 7.1 27.3 0.8 1.1 125.4 120 119 Jun 2.37 8.5 33.8 1.0 1.4 148.2 120 119 Jul 2.38 10.5 42.6 0.5 1.7 129.0 120 115 Aug 2.40 14.6 56.4 -1.7 4.5 116.8 120 94 Sep 2.42 9.0 40.7 1.6 2.5 100.8 120 118 Oct 2.42 6.4 27.2 1.1 1.6 82.4 120 115 Nov 2.45 5.1 23.5 1.2 1.0 114.0 120 119 Dec 2.47 6.6 31.4 1.5 1.4 88.8 120 119 Mean 2.38 8.1 33.0 0.7 1.9 103.9 1440 1390 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -7.15 -6.83 -7.33 Feb -7.14 -6.73 -7.43 Mar -7.12 -6.64 -7.51 Apr -7.11 -6.80 -7.52 May -7.11 -6.76 -7.49 Jun -7.09 -6.49 -7.51 Jul -7.07 -6.60 -7.74 Aug -7.03 -6.44 -8.66 Sep -7.04 -6.39 -7.61 Oct -7.04 -6.58 -7.37 Nov -7.02 -6.56 -7.16 Dec -7.00 -6.57 -7.29 Mean -7.08 -6.62 -7.55 Results for 1861 HELSINKI D 1861 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 22 16 17 12 -3 -4 -7 -8 -3 -12 -17 -29 -40 -31 -29 -18 -18 0 3 26 40 32 36 24 -6 59.6 FEBRUARY 29 17 14 9 11 10 8 17 16 12 -11 -40 -56 -69 -51 -29 -24 -10 -7 17 36 42 37 24 -6 59.1 MARCH 20 34 24 20 5 15 25 31 32 13 -17 -47 -65 -70 -56 -35 -20 -15 5 11 30 14 30 17 -6 58.8 APRIL 28 16 13 20 22 35 51 68 61 35 -5 -52 -83 -93 -75 -58 -31 -11 0 11 8 17 -1 25 -6 59.9 MAY 18 19 21 31 50 62 63 62 54 29 -10 -47 -75 -86 -75 -55 -34 -17 -8 -8 -3 -1 4 12 -6 59.6 JUNE 18 27 30 39 58 65 69 74 58 28 -12 -57 -76 -93 -76 -65 -42 -25 -14 -8 -9 -2 1 10 -6 58.6 JULY 19 23 31 42 53 52 59 62 40 15 -16 -51 -67 -76 -63 -49 -33 -16 -12 -10 -14 -3 -3 13 -6 57.6 AUGUST 10 22 30 33 42 52 58 54 32 11 -33 -62 -82 -78 -71 -40 -20 2 11 12 2 4 10 11 -6 55.7 SEPTEMBER 29 24 19 31 28 37 32 33 22 -7 -36 -62 -69 -68 -55 -37 -10 -2 4 10 15 18 12 28 -6 54.0 OCTOBER 31 18 13 15 7 4 10 16 16 10 -10 -34 -46 -51 -46 -36 -17 -13 0 7 17 19 35 31 -6 52.9 NOVEMBER 20 3 2 9 5 1 -1 3 6 4 -11 -27 -37 -40 -35 -22 -14 0 -5 9 23 32 43 23 -6 52.1 DECEMBER 33 19 10 2 -4 -4 -5 -3 2 -2 -13 -19 -33 -40 -27 -26 -20 -10 -9 -2 27 41 49 37 -6 51.0 WINTER 28 17 14 8 1 1 -1 2 5 -1 -14 -29 -43 -47 -36 -24 -21 -7 -4 14 34 38 41 28 -6 56.6 EQUINOX 24 19 15 21 20 26 30 36 32 14 -15 -45 -63 -68 -57 -41 -21 -10 -1 7 15 17 21 23 -6 56.2 SUMMER 16 24 30 38 51 56 62 63 43 18 -20 -57 -75 -82 -70 -51 -32 -13 -5 -2 -7 0 3 11 -6 57.3 YEAR 23 20 19 22 23 27 30 34 28 12 -16 -44 -60 -66 -55 -39 -23 -10 -2 7 14 18 21 22 -6 56.6 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 6 2 4 -1 6 6 5 4 -1 -8 -18 -21 -14 -8 -3 -2 -3 0 2 3 11 1 12 -7 1.0 FEBRUARY 7 5 9 -5 9 5 11 18 25 13 -4 -26 -34 -33 -30 -16 2 4 1 6 9 11 9 7 -6 59.6 MARCH 15 8 6 9 4 10 24 28 33 23 -10 -30 -40 -34 -26 -20 -15 -15 -7 3 4 5 9 15 -6 59.5 APRIL -2 5 8 20 28 30 32 57 60 42 8 -48 -61 -74 -64 -33 -15 -1 7 1 1 3 -1 10 -7 0.9 MAY 3 -8 -2 25 39 50 38 46 52 39 2 -31 -43 -59 -49 -38 -18 -14 -7 -17 -10 2 -9 11 -6 59.4 JUNE 8 16 12 23 48 56 59 71 55 32 0 -43 -63 -70 -63 -53 -27 -22 -7 -17 -11 -2 -12 3 -6 58.3 JULY 12 23 11 27 45 47 53 45 35 14 -15 -33 -50 -61 -44 -40 -20 -10 -13 -9 -7 -3 7 1 -6 56.4 AUGUST 6 11 5 14 6 7 23 35 23 14 -12 -38 -51 -57 -49 -20 0 16 16 8 10 18 14 14 -6 56.7 SEPTEMBER 11 15 0 20 15 23 16 27 25 9 -16 -35 -46 -51 -40 -21 -5 5 13 4 25 7 3 5 -6 54.0 OCTOBER 11 18 12 4 15 12 18 19 19 11 -3 -25 -28 -31 -30 -21 -15 -7 -7 1 -2 1 9 10 -6 53.0 NOVEMBER 11 4 6 6 5 10 11 13 18 14 -3 -15 -19 -25 -23 -18 -12 -15 -7 5 7 6 14 14 -6 52.6 DECEMBER 5 3 2 2 2 3 5 9 11 15 4 -9 -20 -26 -18 -10 -8 -4 -4 1 4 6 7 11 -6 51.5 WINTER 7 5 4 0 3 5 7 11 13 9 -3 -18 -25 -24 -19 -10 -3 -1 -1 3 5 9 6 10 -6 57.4 EQUINOX 8 7 5 14 18 23 23 32 35 23 -4 -31 -40 -46 -39 -25 -13 -8 -1 -1 4 4 4 11 -6 56.6 SUMMER 9 17 9 21 33 37 45 50 38 20 -9 -38 -55 -63 -52 -38 -16 -5 -1 -6 -3 4 3 6 -6 57.1 YEAR 8 9 6 12 18 21 24 31 30 19 -5 -29 -40 -45 -37 -24 -11 -6 -1 -1 3 5 4 9 -6 56.9 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 42 33 43 9 -33 -48 -58 -60 -23 -40 -27 -54 -70 -47 -92 -25 -58 -3 -21 110 171 138 90 20 -6 56.4 FEBRUARY 90 61 33 39 21 7 -5 1 -9 -13 -24 -74 -98-134 -98 -54 -84 -34 -7 19 117 92 87 73 -6 58.2 MARCH 19 88 97 84 -37 -25 -16 7 17 -10 -42 -77 -83-102 -70 -52 -67 -47 36 49 56 32 106 38 -6 57.5 APRIL 133 57 -7 10 4 33 37 44 46 23 -13 -55 -98-100 -94 -92 -45 -15 22 21 6 43 -18 68 -6 58.7 MAY 50 52 36 30 48 76 67 77 60 21 -30 -69-101-128-103 -72 -48 -35 -14 7 16 2 17 47 -7 0.3 JUNE 35 55 57 69 77 71 74 87 62 35 -24 -82-107-138-106 -85 -67 -26 -30 15 -23 1 17 27 -6 58.6 JULY 41 46 54 48 66 72 74 69 42 18 -34 -65 -81-101 -76 -69 -51 -39 -38 14 -12 6 -2 23 -6 57.9 AUGUST 28 51 50 68 69 78 64 38 14 24 -48 -65-101-135-139 -83 -63 -4 20 35 -16 22 49 30 -6 55.3 SEPTEMBER 120 41 28 29 34 30 27 8 5 -29 -42 -78 -89 -83 -71 -73 -12 -31 -20 29 51 43 36 41 -6 52.6 OCTOBER 90 28 33 33 -30 -56 -11 -12 -13 -7 -20 -58 -51 -84 -71 -57 -35 -18 8 27 62 39 114 101 -6 51.8 NOVEMBER 40 2 -15 27 0 -20 -28 -21 -20 -22 -30 -44 -57 -55 -44 -46 -48 40 7 16 63 100 108 50 -6 51.1 DECEMBER 71 56 40 4 -27 -28 -30 -24 -9 -17 -29 -45 -55 -64 -34 -62 -81 -12 -45 -17 55 110 175 73 -6 49.7 WINTER 68 50 39 17 -13 -23 -31 -28 -14 -23 -27 -58 -74 -82 -75 -47 -74 -16 -24 37 114 113 117 55 -6 54.8 EQUINOX 75 45 29 36 3 6 13 17 16 -4 -30 -64 -80 -92 -76 -65 -43 -18 7 25 42 43 61 58 -6 55.3 SUMMER 35 51 54 62 71 74 71 65 39 26 -35 -71 -96-125-107 -79 -60 -23 -16 21 -17 10 21 27 -6 57.3 YEAR 64 48 38 38 16 16 17 18 15 -1 -30 -64 -82 -97 -83 -64 -55 -18 -7 27 46 52 65 49 -6 55.7 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 1 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.43 23 1.2 5.0 -0.6 14 1 2.48 24 3.3 13.0 0.6 29 2 q5 2.42 24 1.2 5.3 -0.4 60 2 2.48 24 4.8 24.7 0.2 29 3 2.46 24 2.4 8.0 2.2 73 3 q4 2.44 24 2.0 6.3 -2.6 4 4 2.43 23 2.6 9.7 -1.6 55 4 2.47 24 2.7 11.4 1.7 30 5 2.44 24 2.0 9.7 0.2 71 5 q5 2.46 23 2.1 7.4 -0.2 54 6 d5 2.44 24 4.6 27.4 0.1 67 6 q1 2.45 24 1.6 7.4 -0.6 58 7 2.45 24 1.3 5.7 0.5 51 7 q3 2.46 24 1.8 7.0 0.2 16 8 2.44 24 1.6 7.0 -0.3 59 8 q2 2.47 23 1.7 6.3 0.6 39 9 q4 2.44 24 1.2 4.3 -0.4 85 9 2.44 24 2.4 9.0 -1.5 66 10 q2 2.43 24 1.0 4.3 -0.2 64 10 2.43 24 3.9 13.4 -1.0 66 11 q3 2.43 24 1.1 4.3 -0.1 62 11 d4 2.46 24 6.3 29.4 2.1 77 12 2.41 24 2.1 8.4 -1.0 60 12 2.50 23 4.9 19.7 2.2 76 13 2.45 22 2.7 13.0 2.2 60 13 2.47 24 2.8 13.7 -1.6 65 14 2.45 24 2.5 11.0 -0.1 45 14 2.46 24 2.1 8.0 -0.6 91 15 2.45 24 1.9 8.0 -0.2 45 15 2.47 24 3.7 18.0 0.7 114 16 q1 2.44 24 0.9 3.3 -0.3 64 16 2.47 24 5.0 21.7 -0.1 129 17 2.45 24 2.0 10.4 0.3 65 17 2.46 24 3.9 19.0 -0.9 115 18 2.44 24 1.6 6.0 -0.4 34 18 2.46 24 2.4 8.7 0.2 127 19 2.43 23 2.1 9.4 -0.3 34 19 2.45 22 3.0 12.7 -0.3 106 20 2.44 23 3.9 15.7 0.6 83 20 2.45 24 2.7 10.0 -0.4 107 21 2.44 20 2.7 11.7 0.0 65 21 d5 2.49 24 5.7 21.7 2.3 99 22 2.48 23 4.3 17.0 2.0 90 22 d3 2.48 24 6.8 31.1 -0.6 99 23 2.47 23 4.1 17.0 -0.2 72 23 2.46 24 3.0 12.7 -0.8 121 24 d2 2.53 24 11.0 45.1 3.4 74 24 2.47 24 3.1 11.0 0.2 105 25 d3 2.56 23 9.4 37.1 1.7 83 25 2.46 24 3.1 12.7 -0.6 90 26 d1 2.53 24 14.4 66.2 -1.7 79 26 2.45 24 2.7 9.7 -0.5 79 27 d4 2.50 22 8.1 35.4 -1.7 79 27 d1 2.46 23 12.0 53.1 0.5 80 28 2.47 22 2.7 13.0 -1.9 99 28 d2 2.52 24 10.7 43.4 3.8 105 29 2.50 24 4.3 20.1 1.7 40 30 2.45 23 3.7 15.7 -2.8 39 31 2.47 23 3.9 17.7 1.2 60 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.46 2.0 3.5 15.2 0.1 62.3 All 2.46 1.1 3.9 16.5 0.1 77.7 Quiet 2.43 0.3 1.1 4.3 -0.3 67.0 Quiet 2.46 0.6 1.8 6.9 -0.5 34.2 Dist. 2.51 2.5 9.5 42.2 0.3 76.4 Dist. 2.48 1.3 8.3 35.8 1.6 92.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.99 (west) is -6.99 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.05 (Jan 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.40 (Feb 27) Minimum -7.25 (Jan 24) Minimum -7.28 (Feb 27) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 2.48 24 8.4 33.8 -2.5 103 1 2.44 24 4.2 16.7 -0.1 174 2 2.48 24 5.1 26.1 -0.2 91 2 q2 2.43 24 3.3 11.4 -0.5 199 3 2.46 24 3.2 13.0 -0.7 82 3 2.43 24 4.7 17.4 0.1 177 4 q5 2.46 24 2.6 9.4 -0.2 139 4 2.45 24 4.7 17.0 0.9 142 5 q2 2.47 22 1.9 5.7 0.4 109 5 q5 2.41 24 4.1 15.0 -2.3 101 6 2.45 24 3.3 10.7 -1.0 97 6 2.45 24 4.6 17.7 2.6 87 7 q3 2.46 23 2.0 8.0 0.6 121 7 2.46 23 5.3 20.7 0.7 78 8 q1 2.46 24 1.8 7.7 0.0 70 8 d4 2.45 24 6.1 23.1 -0.7 75 9 d2 2.49 24 9.4 42.8 2.1 91 9 d3 2.48 24 6.2 24.4 1.8 69 10 d1 2.54 23 9.8 35.8 2.9 88 10 2.46 24 4.8 19.4 -1.3 67 11 2.48 23 2.7 9.7 -3.8 101 11 2.45 24 5.2 18.4 -0.2 67 12 2.46 21 2.8 13.4 -1.4 73 12 2.46 24 5.2 18.4 0.3 51 13 2.48 24 3.7 14.0 1.2 82 13 2.43 23 4.2 15.0 -1.9 34 14 2.45 24 3.7 14.7 -1.5 65 14 2.45 24 5.0 18.4 1.5 25 15 2.47 24 3.2 12.7 1.2 73 15 d2 2.46 24 9.2 44.8 0.3 18 16 q4 2.44 21 2.4 9.4 -1.5 73 16 d1 2.50 24 10.3 51.5 2.7 29 17 2.48 23 3.1 11.0 2.1 34 17 q1 2.45 24 3.3 15.0 -3.5 55 18 2.44 24 4.2 18.0 -2.2 55 18 q3 2.45 24 3.8 14.0 0.1 75 19 2.47 23 5.7 25.7 1.8 107 19 2.46 24 5.2 17.7 0.8 63 20 2.46 24 4.1 17.4 -1.0 104 20 2.46 24 5.3 21.7 0.0 58 21 2.48 24 3.2 13.4 1.3 94 21 2.46 23 4.6 17.0 -0.2 75 22 2.46 24 3.2 11.7 -0.9 85 22 2.46 24 5.9 20.1 0.2 108 23 2.49 23 4.9 20.7 1.5 86 23 d5 2.47 24 6.0 22.1 0.6 109 24 2.48 24 4.9 22.4 -0.5 105 24 2.44 24 4.6 16.7 -1.9 129 25 d3 2.45 24 8.6 42.8 -1.6 102 25 2.45 24 4.5 17.7 0.6 132 26 d5 2.49 24 6.1 22.7 2.4 124 26 2.45 24 4.5 16.4 0.1 163 27 2.48 24 3.8 15.0 -0.8 127 27 2.45 24 5.3 20.4 0.1 163 28 2.48 24 4.0 14.0 -0.2 142 28 2.44 24 5.1 19.0 -0.6 119 29 2.46 24 5.0 18.4 -0.8 180 29 q4 2.45 24 4.1 16.4 0.6 157 30 2.47 24 4.5 17.0 0.2 178 30 2.46 24 4.1 16.7 0.8 156 31 2.44 24 4.9 18.7 -1.9 151 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.47 1.2 4.4 17.9 -0.2 101.0 All 2.45 1.0 5.1 20.0 0.0 98.5 Quiet 2.46 0.5 2.1 8.0 -0.2 102.4 Quiet 2.44 1.0 3.7 14.4 -1.1 117.4 Dist. 2.49 1.7 8.5 35.6 0.7 101.6 Dist. 2.47 1.1 7.6 33.2 0.9 60.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.98 (west) is -7.00 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.46 (Mar 9) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.25 (Apr 16) Minimum -7.21 (Mar 31) Minimum -7.38 (Apr 15) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 1 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.44 24 4.7 16.0 -1.1 132 1 2.46 24 4.7 16.7 -1.1 55 2 2.46 23 4.1 14.4 1.0 96 2 q2 2.47 24 3.9 13.7 0.3 94 3 2.45 24 4.3 15.0 -0.6 112 3 2.45 24 4.7 17.7 -0.9 94 4 d5 2.44 22 6.2 22.1 -0.5 75 4 2.46 24 4.9 16.4 0.4 121 5 d3 2.43 24 6.6 22.1 -0.5 73 5 2.44 24 4.6 15.4 -1.0 85 6 q3 2.46 23 3.5 13.4 1.4 79 6 2.47 24 4.9 16.7 1.5 85 7 2.45 24 4.0 13.7 -0.3 51 7 2.47 24 5.0 15.7 0.4 109 8 2.47 24 4.9 17.4 0.9 19 8 2.48 24 5.0 16.4 0.5 72 9 2.45 24 4.5 15.0 -0.7 18 9 2.48 23 4.9 15.7 0.1 69 10 q4 2.47 23 3.6 12.7 1.0 16 10 2.48 24 5.3 17.4 -0.4 55 11 2.45 23 4.5 16.0 -1.0 17 11 d2 2.45 24 6.8 22.7 -1.5 33 12 2.45 24 5.3 19.0 -0.4 16 12 d1 2.50 24 9.7 34.4 2.8 16 13 2.45 24 4.3 16.7 0.0 16 13 2.47 24 5.3 21.7 -1.5 33 14 2.45 24 3.8 13.7 0.3 32 14 2.46 22 4.8 16.4 -0.6 69 15 2.46 24 4.1 15.0 0.3 18 15 2.48 24 5.5 17.4 1.2 109 16 d2 2.44 24 7.1 30.1 -1.3 19 16 2.49 24 4.7 17.7 0.3 121 17 d4 2.49 24 6.4 27.4 3.0 19 17 2.49 24 5.4 18.0 0.3 139 18 2.45 24 4.5 16.0 -2.1 34 18 2.49 24 5.0 16.7 -0.4 138 19 q5 2.45 24 3.8 14.4 -0.2 34 19 2.47 24 5.0 16.4 -1.0 142 20 q1 2.47 24 3.1 12.7 1.3 47 20 d3 2.48 23 6.4 21.7 0.4 130 21 2.49 23 4.5 19.0 1.2 39 21 2.47 23 5.1 17.4 -0.7 151 22 2.47 24 4.4 16.0 -1.0 76 22 q5 2.49 24 4.6 15.7 1.3 112 23 d1 2.44 24 7.8 27.7 -2.2 88 23 d5 2.47 24 6.1 20.4 -1.0 112 24 2.47 23 5.9 20.7 2.3 93 24 2.50 20 5.0 18.0 1.8 129 25 2.47 24 5.2 17.7 -0.4 61 25 d4 2.47 22 6.3 23.7 -2.1 111 26 2.46 24 5.1 18.0 -0.3 58 26 2.46 24 5.7 21.1 -0.6 72 27 2.46 24 5.7 20.4 -0.2 58 27 q1 2.49 23 3.8 12.0 2.0 27 28 2.45 24 4.4 17.4 -0.6 94 28 q3 2.46 24 3.9 12.7 -1.6 37 29 q2 2.47 23 3.4 12.7 1.2 93 29 q4 2.49 23 4.3 17.4 1.4 52 30 2.46 24 4.8 17.4 -0.5 72 30 2.47 24 4.9 15.7 -1.0 72 31 2.48 23 4.4 16.4 1.1 105 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.46 0.8 4.8 17.6 0.0 56.8 All 2.47 0.9 5.2 18.0 0.0 88.1 Quiet 2.46 0.5 3.5 13.2 0.9 53.8 Quiet 2.48 0.7 4.1 14.3 0.7 64.4 Dist. 2.45 1.2 6.8 25.9 -0.3 54.8 Dist. 2.47 0.9 7.1 24.6 -0.3 80.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.99 (west) is -6.98 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.69 (May 17) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.70 (Jun 12) Minimum -7.32 (May 23) Minimum -7.28 (Jun 12) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.46 24 4.1 13.4 -0.4 61 1 2.54 23 6.1 20.4 -0.9 106 2 2.47 24 4.1 14.7 0.4 93 2 d1 2.54 24 8.7 31.4 0.5 106 3 2.47 24 4.5 15.4 -0.3 114 3 d4 2.53 23 6.9 24.7 -0.8 86 4 2.48 24 4.6 16.4 0.9 94 4 2.52 24 6.6 31.4 -0.6 36 5 2.47 24 4.6 17.0 -1.0 76 5 2.50 23 4.0 14.4 -1.1 54 6 2.49 24 5.1 16.4 1.3 78 6 d5 2.50 24 6.8 24.1 -0.2 70 7 2.47 24 4.5 15.4 -0.9 72 7 2.52 24 4.1 14.7 1.3 67 8 2.47 24 4.3 15.0 0.2 54 8 2.52 24 4.6 14.7 0.0 36 9 d1 2.46 24 6.6 22.1 -0.6 54 9 2.54 24 6.1 22.1 1.1 55 10 d2 2.51 23 6.3 19.7 2.9 88 10 q5 2.51 24 3.7 13.4 -1.5 91 11 d3 2.47 24 6.0 23.4 -2.5 76 11 2.51 24 5.8 20.7 0.0 55 12 2.49 24 5.2 16.7 1.0 75 12 2.53 24 4.8 17.4 1.0 58 13 2.48 24 5.2 17.4 -0.5 85 13 2.53 23 4.0 14.0 -0.2 63 14 2.51 24 4.9 15.0 1.6 76 14 2.50 24 5.5 20.1 -1.9 67 15 d4 2.50 24 5.6 19.4 -0.2 78 15 q3 2.47 24 3.5 13.0 -1.4 60 16 q3 2.49 23 3.7 11.0 -0.9 76 16 q1 2.52 22 2.9 12.7 2.5 40 17 2.49 24 4.4 14.7 0.4 72 17 2.49 24 4.1 16.7 -1.7 57 18 2.47 24 5.1 15.7 -1.3 58 18 d3 2.52 24 7.0 29.4 2.3 79 19 2.51 23 4.0 15.0 2.2 70 19 d2 2.54 24 7.7 28.7 0.7 62 20 2.50 22 4.9 17.0 -0.3 59 20 q2 2.51 24 3.0 11.4 -1.8 61 21 2.48 24 4.0 14.4 -1.1 36 21 2.54 23 4.2 16.4 1.9 97 22 d5 2.48 24 5.3 15.7 -0.1 70 22 2.54 24 4.7 19.4 0.0 133 23 q4 2.48 24 3.9 14.7 0.1 76 23 2.52 23 3.8 17.0 -1.0 154 24 2.49 24 5.2 17.4 0.5 75 24 2.53 22 4.9 21.7 0.8 90 25 2.46 23 5.0 20.1 -2.1 111 25 2.54 24 5.1 22.7 0.5 85 26 2.47 24 4.5 19.0 0.7 93 26 2.54 24 5.4 19.4 -0.2 115 27 q1 2.49 23 2.6 9.4 1.4 112 27 2.53 22 4.0 14.7 -0.7 139 28 2.52 23 4.2 15.0 1.7 69 28 2.52 24 4.2 15.4 -0.3 136 29 2.54 23 4.4 16.0 1.4 76 29 2.53 24 4.3 15.4 0.3 120 30 q5 2.54 24 3.9 13.7 -0.5 102 30 2.54 22 4.1 16.4 0.7 106 31 q2 2.55 24 3.7 13.4 1.2 90 31 q4 2.52 24 3.5 13.0 -1.2 75 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.49 1.4 4.7 16.1 0.2 78.0 All 2.52 1.0 5.0 18.9 -0.1 82.5 Quiet 2.51 1.7 3.6 12.4 0.2 91.2 Quiet 2.51 1.0 3.3 12.7 -0.7 65.4 Dist. 2.49 1.1 5.9 20.1 -0.1 73.2 Dist. 2.53 0.9 7.4 27.7 0.5 80.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.96 (west) is -6.93 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.77 (Jul 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.59 (Aug 4) Minimum -7.21 (Jul 9) Minimum -7.24 (Aug 2) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 1 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.53 24 3.9 17.0 0.8 75 1 2.55 24 2.5 9.4 -0.6 64 2 2.52 23 5.1 17.4 -0.9 91 2 2.56 24 3.2 15.0 0.6 58 3 2.53 23 4.7 17.7 0.5 127 3 2.56 24 2.4 8.0 -0.3 58 4 2.55 24 3.8 12.4 1.1 106 4 2.55 21 2.1 8.0 -0.1 45 5 2.53 23 5.4 20.1 -1.0 88 5 2.54 24 3.4 13.7 -0.7 36 6 2.54 24 4.0 13.7 0.6 69 6 2.55 24 2.1 7.4 0.2 19 7 2.54 24 5.1 18.7 0.3 85 7 2.56 24 2.8 9.0 0.6 19 8 d3 2.54 24 7.2 32.8 -0.2 70 8 2.55 24 4.0 14.4 -0.6 0 9 2.54 24 3.8 13.7 0.2 46 9 q5 2.56 24 2.1 7.7 0.5 0 10 2.54 24 3.2 12.0 0.0 41 10 d1 2.56 24 11.5 50.5 0.4 23 11 2.54 24 3.1 10.7 0.0 44 11 d3 2.61 24 6.6 27.1 2.9 33 12 2.54 24 3.1 10.4 -0.1 42 12 2.57 23 2.9 12.4 -2.4 60 13 2.55 24 3.9 14.7 0.3 42 13 2.58 24 3.8 17.7 0.5 51 14 2.51 22 5.0 16.7 -2.2 76 14 2.61 23 5.0 18.0 1.7 79 15 d2 2.58 23 7.8 36.4 4.3 81 15 2.57 24 2.9 13.0 -2.4 52 16 d1 2.60 24 8.6 40.1 1.3 67 16 2.56 24 3.1 11.4 -0.7 75 17 2.58 23 5.5 18.4 -1.2 97 17 2.56 24 2.4 9.0 0.3 94 18 2.55 24 4.6 19.4 -2.2 100 18 2.56 24 2.8 11.7 0.0 96 19 2.56 24 5.8 21.4 0.6 102 19 2.57 24 2.6 9.7 0.7 97 20 2.54 24 5.4 26.1 -1.1 41 20 2.54 24 4.4 15.7 -1.9 100 21 q1 2.55 24 2.4 8.0 0.6 102 21 2.56 23 2.9 11.7 1.3 102 22 q4 2.55 24 2.9 10.4 0.1 84 22 2.57 24 3.2 12.4 0.6 109 23 2.55 24 5.9 29.7 0.0 78 23 q3 2.56 24 1.8 6.3 -0.6 103 24 d4 2.57 23 6.6 31.7 0.9 120 24 d2 2.55 23 10.9 54.1 -0.6 88 25 d5 2.57 24 5.9 22.4 0.3 41 25 d4 2.62 24 6.5 31.1 4.3 95 26 2.57 24 4.1 14.0 -0.1 84 26 d5 2.59 23 5.5 24.4 -1.7 94 27 q3 2.55 23 2.5 9.7 -1.1 102 27 q4 2.57 23 2.0 6.0 -1.8 109 28 q5 2.54 24 3.1 13.0 -0.7 111 28 2.59 22 4.6 19.4 1.6 94 29 2.56 24 3.3 13.4 0.9 108 29 2.59 24 2.7 11.7 -0.1 75 30 q2 2.56 24 2.4 10.7 0.0 78 30 q1 2.57 24 1.6 6.0 -1.0 67 31 q2 2.57 23 1.6 5.3 -0.1 89 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.55 1.2 4.6 18.4 0.1 79.9 All 2.57 1.2 3.7 15.4 0.0 67.2 Quiet 2.55 0.3 2.7 10.4 -0.2 95.4 Quiet 2.57 0.4 1.8 6.3 -0.6 73.6 Dist. 2.57 1.3 7.2 32.7 1.3 75.8 Dist. 2.59 1.6 8.2 37.4 1.1 66.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.90 (west) is -6.88 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.36 (Sep 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.30 (Oct 24) Minimum -7.19 (Sep 20) Minimum -7.21 (Oct 24) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.58 24 2.1 8.0 0.5 51 1 2.59 24 3.4 16.4 0.7 58 2 2.58 24 2.1 8.4 -0.1 51 2 2.58 24 1.6 8.0 -0.8 60 3 2.57 24 2.1 8.4 -0.4 53 3 2.58 23 1.3 4.7 0.3 81 4 q2 2.57 22 1.4 5.3 -0.3 90 4 d3 2.61 24 9.1 33.8 1.8 112 5 q4 2.57 24 1.6 6.3 0.1 69 5 2.61 24 5.0 19.7 -0.1 108 6 2.56 24 2.5 12.4 -0.3 72 6 2.61 24 6.0 26.4 0.2 133 7 d2 2.57 24 6.6 28.7 0.5 55 7 d4 2.65 23 7.6 25.4 2.3 75 8 d1 2.64 24 7.2 30.7 3.9 37 8 2.60 24 4.5 23.1 -2.9 138 9 2.59 23 2.4 11.0 -3.0 74 9 2.63 24 6.0 23.4 1.6 77 10 2.60 24 2.9 10.4 0.5 21 10 d5 2.61 23 6.6 24.7 -1.0 94 11 2.57 24 2.0 6.7 -1.5 19 11 2.58 24 4.0 16.7 -2.3 76 12 2.58 22 3.0 12.4 0.5 30 12 2.60 24 1.9 8.4 1.6 45 13 2.57 24 1.7 8.0 -0.6 42 13 2.60 24 1.8 6.7 -0.4 66 14 2.59 24 4.1 18.0 1.1 37 14 q4 2.59 24 1.2 5.0 -0.4 60 15 2.57 23 3.3 15.4 -1.3 40 15 2.59 24 1.9 8.0 0.3 79 16 2.56 24 2.3 7.4 -0.4 60 16 2.58 24 1.3 5.3 -0.7 79 17 q3 2.58 24 1.5 5.3 1.2 71 17 2.59 24 4.0 15.7 0.5 98 18 2.58 24 3.9 20.1 0.1 99 18 2.61 24 2.8 12.0 0.9 59 19 d3 2.57 23 5.8 18.7 -0.4 102 19 d2 2.55 24 9.5 52.8 -3.5 59 20 2.59 24 2.9 15.4 1.0 54 20 d1 2.68 24 10.4 41.1 7.6 65 21 q1 2.57 24 1.2 4.3 -1.1 40 21 2.63 24 5.9 30.4 -2.9 111 22 2.57 24 2.7 11.7 -0.4 40 22 2.61 24 2.1 9.0 -0.9 128 23 d4 2.61 24 5.6 21.4 2.5 35 23 2.60 24 1.5 7.0 -0.7 109 24 d5 2.60 22 4.4 18.7 -0.5 42 24 q3 2.60 24 1.2 5.0 -0.3 61 25 2.60 24 2.9 11.0 0.2 43 25 2.58 23 2.3 10.0 -0.8 54 26 2.56 24 3.2 14.0 -2.5 36 26 q2 2.59 23 1.0 4.3 0.7 73 27 q5 2.58 23 1.6 7.7 1.2 69 27 q5 2.59 22 1.2 4.7 -0.2 97 28 2.58 24 2.8 15.0 -0.1 54 28 2.58 24 1.3 4.3 -0.6 91 29 2.59 23 1.8 6.0 1.0 63 29 2.59 24 1.6 8.7 0.5 50 30 2.58 24 1.8 6.7 -0.7 61 30 q1 2.59 24 0.8 3.7 -0.1 54 31 2.59 24 1.8 7.0 0.1 44 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.58 1.0 3.0 12.5 0.0 53.7 All 2.60 1.4 3.6 15.2 0.0 80.5 Quiet 2.57 0.3 1.5 5.8 0.2 67.8 Quiet 2.59 0.2 1.1 4.5 -0.1 69.0 Dist. 2.60 1.4 5.9 23.7 1.2 54.2 Dist. 2.62 2.6 8.6 35.6 1.4 81.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.87 (west) is -6.85 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.41 (Nov 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.29 (Dec 20) Minimum -7.03 (Nov 26) Minimum -7.20 (Dec 19) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 1 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.46 3.5 15.2 0.1 2.0 62.3 744 725 Feb 2.46 3.9 16.5 0.1 1.1 77.7 672 666 Mar 2.47 4.4 17.9 -0.2 1.2 101.0 744 730 Apr 2.45 5.1 20.0 0.0 1.0 98.5 720 717 May 2.46 4.8 17.6 0.0 0.8 56.8 744 734 Jun 2.47 5.2 18.0 0.0 0.9 88.1 720 707 Jul 2.49 4.7 16.1 0.2 1.4 78.0 744 735 Aug 2.52 5.0 18.9 -0.1 1.0 82.5 744 730 Sep 2.55 4.6 18.4 0.1 1.2 79.9 720 711 Oct 2.57 3.7 15.4 0.0 1.2 67.2 744 732 Nov 2.58 3.0 12.5 0.0 1.0 53.7 720 709 Dec 2.60 3.6 15.2 0.0 1.4 80.5 744 737 Mean 2.51 4.3 16.8 0.0 1.2 77.2 8760 8633 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.43 1.1 4.3 -0.3 0.3 67.0 120 120 Feb 2.46 1.8 6.9 -0.5 0.6 34.2 120 118 Mar 2.46 2.1 8.0 -0.2 0.5 102.4 120 114 Apr 2.44 3.7 14.4 -1.1 1.0 117.4 120 120 May 2.46 3.5 13.2 0.9 0.5 53.8 120 117 Jun 2.48 4.1 14.3 0.7 0.7 64.4 120 118 Jul 2.51 3.6 12.4 0.2 1.7 91.2 120 118 Aug 2.51 3.3 12.7 -0.7 1.0 65.4 120 118 Sep 2.55 2.7 10.4 -0.2 0.3 95.4 120 119 Oct 2.57 1.8 6.3 -0.6 0.4 73.6 120 118 Nov 2.57 1.5 5.8 0.2 0.3 67.8 120 117 Dec 2.59 1.1 4.5 -0.1 0.2 69.0 120 117 Mean 2.50 2.5 9.4 -0.1 0.6 75.1 1440 1414 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.51 9.5 42.2 0.3 2.5 76.4 120 117 Feb 2.48 8.3 35.8 1.6 1.3 92.0 120 119 Mar 2.49 8.5 35.6 0.7 1.7 101.6 120 119 Apr 2.47 7.6 33.2 0.9 1.1 60.0 120 120 May 2.45 6.8 25.9 -0.3 1.2 54.8 120 118 Jun 2.47 7.1 24.6 -0.3 0.9 80.4 120 117 Jul 2.49 5.9 20.1 -0.1 1.1 73.2 120 119 Aug 2.53 7.4 27.7 0.5 0.9 80.6 120 119 Sep 2.57 7.2 32.7 1.3 1.3 75.8 120 118 Oct 2.59 8.2 37.4 1.1 1.6 66.6 120 118 Nov 2.60 5.9 23.7 1.2 1.4 54.2 120 117 Dec 2.62 8.6 35.6 1.4 2.6 81.0 120 118 Mean 2.52 7.6 31.2 0.7 1.5 74.7 1440 1419 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.99 -6.05 -7.25 Feb -6.99 -6.40 -7.28 Mar -6.98 -6.46 -7.21 Apr -7.00 -6.25 -7.38 May -6.99 -6.69 -7.32 Jun -6.98 -6.70 -7.28 Jul -6.96 -6.77 -7.21 Aug -6.93 -6.59 -7.24 Sep -6.90 -6.36 -7.19 Oct -6.88 -6.30 -7.21 Nov -6.87 -6.41 -7.03 Dec -6.85 -6.29 -7.20 Mean -6.94 -6.44 -7.23 Results for 1862 HELSINKI D 1862 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 31 32 21 7 0 1 0 3 0 -6 -8 -21 -36 -39 -31 -21 -22 -16 -2 14 14 27 33 29 -6 50.8 FEBRUARY 13 23 20 22 18 11 10 7 4 -1 -17 -31 -37 -39 -31 -17 -18 -17 -8 4 33 9 29 25 -6 50.4 MARCH 15 16 9 16 18 18 23 33 26 11 -18 -44 -54 -58 -47 -27 -12 3 -1 14 11 15 17 14 -6 49.7 APRIL 17 5 17 26 21 34 40 47 32 15 -14 -48 -72 -74 -66 -40 -19 -7 4 1 23 10 15 22 -6 49.1 MAY 24 18 28 31 42 51 51 42 29 6 -26 -61 -76 -75 -56 -39 -26 -9 -3 5 3 -1 18 17 -6 49.9 JUNE 14 16 28 45 62 71 56 59 43 12 -21 -60 -80 -89 -74 -51 -34 -13 -6 -3 -2 2 6 19 -6 48.6 JULY 33 33 39 37 42 54 66 59 39 14 -21 -58 -77 -84 -73 -48 -35 -20 -14 -4 -11 3 20 15 -6 46.5 AUGUST 19 45 10 27 25 28 41 44 27 1 -32 -54 -75 -79 -63 -34 -12 -3 9 13 8 22 10 18 -6 45.3 SEPTEMBER 12 10 22 16 17 23 31 31 21 -6 -39 -62 -63 -60 -54 -8 -3 -1 1 24 17 35 22 21 -6 44.7 OCTOBER 44 27 26 -3 8 7 -9 -2 0 2 -31 -48 -57 -59 -57 -46 -22 5 5 36 44 46 38 40 -6 42.0 NOVEMBER 16 13 4 1 4 1 -7 -3 -1 -11 -17 -30 -42 -44 -24 -29 -23 3 10 19 36 48 41 32 -6 41.9 DECEMBER 16 31 30 -1 -8 -7 -14 -9 -10 -19 -23 -26 -36 -29 -29 -11 -16 12 -10 38 29 40 28 25 -6 41.0 WINTER 20 29 24 9 3 2 -1 0 -2 -9 -16 -26 -36 -36 -30 -16 -19 -7 -7 19 25 25 30 26 -6 47.4 EQUINOX 21 15 18 15 18 22 22 25 18 3 -24 -49 -61 -62 -51 -32 -18 -1 3 17 22 26 25 24 -6 46.2 SUMMER 22 31 26 36 43 51 54 54 36 9 -25 -57 -77 -84 -70 -44 -27 -12 -4 2 -2 9 12 17 -6 46.8 YEAR 22 23 22 19 21 25 24 26 18 2 -22 -45 -58 -60 -50 -31 -20 -5 -1 14 18 22 23 23 -6 46.7 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 11 9 5 3 0 5 6 9 0 1 -3 -8 -15 -23 -16 -7 -6 -5 0 1 4 8 8 9 -6 51.8 FEBRUARY 12 10 15 10 9 13 10 12 8 2 -10 -14 -25 -20 -15 -13 -8 -11 -6 0 -2 0 1 8 -6 50.3 MARCH 2 0 11 8 12 15 19 23 14 6 -8 -24 -38 -29 -22 -14 -8 -9 -1 4 17 10 4 4 -6 49.7 APRIL -4 -10 18 23 24 31 39 41 39 25 -6 -36 -54 -60 -33 -20 -11 -3 2 4 0 -4 -3 -4 -6 48.7 MAY 13 11 27 27 34 54 29 23 28 6 -25 -52 -57 -49 -45 -27 -15 4 2 4 5 9 -1 4 -6 50.6 JUNE 12 8 14 39 43 56 38 39 25 13 -14 -42 -56 -58 -55 -32 -22 -9 -4 -8 6 -4 9 8 -6 48.7 JULY 10 6 24 21 18 43 58 58 38 17 -17 -52 -67 -60 -53 -13 -20 -12 -11 -9 -1 8 -2 10 -6 47.0 AUGUST 20 14 9 26 19 28 21 28 24 19 -12 -41 -69 -61 -37 -24 -6 8 11 4 -4 5 14 14 -6 45.6 SEPTEMBER 2 3 15 2 12 11 26 30 20 -11 -23 -41 -37 -26 -17 12 10 6 -6 2 4 2 0 3 -6 44.6 OCTOBER 16 15 2 -3 8 12 6 10 20 10 4 -18 -33 -36 -28 -21 4 -16 -10 18 6 4 8 18 -6 42.2 NOVEMBER 6 11 2 1 12 -2 0 2 1 0 -10 -14 -22 -28 -16 -10 -4 -4 -5 -1 14 19 24 16 -6 42.2 DECEMBER 15 14 11 9 -1 -3 2 4 2 -2 -5 -9 -15 -14 -9 -7 -11 -8 -1 8 3 0 7 15 -6 41.9 WINTER 13 11 10 7 3 5 6 8 3 0 -6 -10 -18 -19 -13 -9 -8 -8 -2 3 2 3 5 11 -6 48.0 EQUINOX 6 5 13 10 17 20 20 22 20 6 -11 -31 -40 -38 -27 -13 -4 -4 -3 5 8 7 5 7 -6 46.3 SUMMER 14 9 16 29 27 42 39 42 29 16 -14 -45 -64 -60 -48 -23 -16 -4 -1 -4 0 3 7 11 -6 47.1 YEAR 9 7 12 13 15 21 21 23 18 7 -11 -30 -41 -39 -29 -15 -9 -5 -3 2 4 4 5 8 -6 46.9 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 94 115 67 24 9 5 2 -7 -18 -25 -22 -55 -68 -87 -83 -61 -74 -73 -11 14 15 65 95 92 -6 48.4 FEBRUARY 26 57 32 22 15 9 4 -1 0 -8 -34 -76 -72 -95 -72 -29 -62 -26 -10 13 149 -7 100 64 -6 50.3 MARCH 46 51 11 25 15 13 -2 1 -1 -15 -41 -69 -47 -93 -93 -50 -19 22 13 73 33 53 51 35 -6 49.8 APRIL 73 67 34 47 14 44 30 38 9 -12 -38 -64-105-113-120-125 -46 -22 13 4 90 28 67 76 -6 49.5 MAY 72 25 29 44 62 52 59 52 36 7 -27 -67 -95 -99 -55 -41 -30 -15 -1 -11 3 -39 53 -5 -6 49.0 JUNE 12 14 56 66 92 98 42 82 62 -2 -36 -71-102-125-101 -63 -44 -13 -2 -5 4 8 13 24 -6 49.0 JULY 134 72 40 41 34 60 69 28 23 8 -37 -73 -85-103 -97 -49 -47 -41 -36 -11 -53 -23 99 36 -6 46.4 AUGUST 49 197 28 24 -35 -14 45 48 32 -16 -49 -45 -61 -92-111 -75 -30 -46 -8 34 22 33 46 20 -6 44.2 SEPTEMBER 25 6 30 20 41 32 12 -3 23 -18 -55-100 -76 -75 -90 -3 -30 -5 13 77 39 85 49 7 -6 45.7 OCTOBER 140 55 114 13 10 -9 -61 -51 -72 -24 -80-123 -92-120-134-137-120 79 15 110 118 134 104 130 -6 40.3 NOVEMBER 70 33 23 -9 2 -6 -18 -9 -9 -21 -44 -53 -75 -64 -45 -76 -98 -59 27 71 48 146 115 53 -6 40.7 DECEMBER 57 119 149 21 -10 -25 -52 -39 -58 -57 -59 -55 -58 -59 -84 -57 -71 -22 -54 136 110 97 63 0 -6 38.0 WINTER 59 97 83 22 5 -4 -15 -16 -25 -30 -38 -62 -66 -80 -80 -49 -69 -40 -25 54 91 52 86 52 -6 45.6 EQUINOX 71 40 40 23 24 21 3 5 -2 -14 -48 -79 -82 -94 -90 -72 -57 0 13 54 55 68 73 49 -6 45.8 SUMMER 65 94 41 44 30 48 52 53 39 -3 -41 -63 -83-107-103 -62 -40 -33 -15 6 -9 6 53 27 -6 46.5 YEAR 66 67 51 28 20 21 10 11 2 -16 -44 -71 -78 -94 -91 -64 -56 -19 -4 42 48 48 71 44 -6 45.9 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 2 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.60 24 4.4 18.7 0.4 52 1 2.60 22 3.3 15.7 -1.1 77 2 d5 2.60 24 5.9 22.7 0.3 27 2 2.59 24 2.5 8.7 -1.0 100 3 2.58 24 2.0 7.0 -1.1 57 3 2.61 23 1.9 9.7 1.4 96 4 q4 2.58 24 1.1 4.3 -0.1 67 4 2.60 24 1.7 6.3 -0.5 57 5 2.56 24 2.4 10.0 -1.5 78 5 q3 2.60 23 1.3 5.7 -0.2 55 6 q2 2.58 22 1.1 3.3 1.3 82 6 d5 2.60 23 4.1 21.4 0.1 76 7 q1 2.58 20 0.8 3.0 0.1 82 7 d3 2.61 24 4.9 17.7 0.6 85 8 2.58 22 1.5 6.7 0.1 81 8 2.61 24 3.0 11.0 -0.2 42 9 q3 2.58 21 1.1 4.3 0.2 70 9 2.61 24 2.5 7.7 0.1 43 10 2.57 24 1.2 4.3 -0.6 70 10 2.61 23 3.0 12.0 0.1 60 11 2.60 23 3.0 11.0 1.5 72 11 2.61 24 1.7 6.0 -0.2 78 12 2.61 24 4.2 17.0 0.7 88 12 d4 2.60 24 4.5 18.0 -0.2 80 13 d3 2.62 24 8.3 32.4 0.3 69 13 2.63 24 4.0 18.4 1.3 81 14 2.62 24 4.0 18.0 0.3 90 14 2.62 24 3.7 15.7 -0.5 84 15 d1 2.69 23 9.5 34.8 4.3 72 15 2.61 23 1.9 7.0 -0.1 79 16 d4 2.64 24 8.0 32.1 -2.9 54 16 2.61 24 1.8 9.0 -0.3 93 17 2.61 24 1.6 6.7 -2.0 42 17 2.61 23 2.1 7.7 0.1 82 18 2.59 24 1.3 5.0 -1.0 34 18 q5 2.61 24 1.6 5.7 -0.3 36 19 q5 2.60 24 1.1 4.7 0.6 33 19 2.60 24 1.8 6.0 -0.4 34 20 2.60 24 1.2 5.3 -0.3 63 20 2.61 24 3.1 14.0 0.4 51 21 2.61 23 2.7 13.4 0.8 46 21 d1 2.58 24 14.7 79.9 -1.4 66 22 d2 2.67 24 8.7 29.1 3.5 61 22 2.63 24 2.5 12.0 3.0 40 23 2.59 24 5.2 25.7 -4.6 70 23 2.62 24 1.7 9.0 -0.7 42 24 2.61 24 1.8 7.4 1.1 72 24 q4 2.61 23 1.5 5.3 -0.4 40 25 2.61 22 2.7 12.7 -0.4 45 25 q1 2.62 24 1.0 4.0 0.0 48 26 2.59 24 2.1 7.7 -0.8 61 26 q2 2.62 24 1.1 4.0 0.1 60 27 2.60 24 1.7 7.0 0.6 54 27 2.60 24 1.6 5.3 -0.9 45 28 2.60 24 1.4 5.7 -0.3 91 28 d2 2.66 24 8.4 32.8 3.4 75 29 2.60 24 1.2 4.0 -0.1 58 30 2.59 23 2.5 11.0 -0.2 60 31 2.62 23 4.7 24.4 1.3 55 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.60 1.6 3.2 12.9 0.1 63.1 All 2.61 0.8 3.1 13.4 0.1 64.5 Quiet 2.59 0.6 1.0 3.9 0.4 66.8 Quiet 2.61 0.4 1.3 4.9 -0.1 47.8 Dist. 2.64 2.0 8.1 30.2 1.1 56.6 Dist. 2.61 1.5 7.3 34.0 0.5 76.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.85 (west) is -6.84 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.38 (Jan 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.15 (Feb 21) Minimum -7.04 (Jan 23) Minimum -7.48 (Feb 21) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 2.64 24 5.0 23.7 -0.9 96 1 2.62 22 5.0 21.7 0.9 34 2 q2 2.62 24 1.7 6.7 -1.4 73 2 d1 2.63 23 8.3 28.4 0.4 40 3 q1 2.61 24 1.5 6.7 -0.4 74 3 2.65 24 5.2 20.7 0.9 73 4 2.59 24 2.7 10.4 -1.5 52 4 2.63 24 3.2 11.4 -0.8 91 5 q4 2.61 24 2.0 7.4 1.4 52 5 2.64 24 3.2 11.0 0.2 52 6 d1 2.62 24 9.5 43.4 0.7 32 6 2.64 22 3.2 11.0 0.4 60 7 2.63 23 3.8 16.0 0.4 51 7 2.64 24 3.3 13.0 -0.2 60 8 2.65 24 2.8 11.0 1.0 69 8 q2 2.64 24 2.8 11.4 -0.1 65 9 2.64 24 2.7 11.4 -0.6 52 9 2.63 23 3.4 13.0 -0.5 52 10 q5 2.64 24 2.0 7.7 -0.1 55 10 d2 2.59 22 7.7 24.7 -2.3 34 11 2.62 24 2.5 8.7 -1.2 72 11 d3 2.63 22 7.6 30.4 2.5 16 12 d3 2.63 24 5.6 22.1 0.6 76 12 2.63 24 3.4 11.7 -0.3 16 13 2.64 24 3.7 13.7 0.9 87 13 2.64 24 3.6 13.7 0.5 66 14 q3 2.62 24 1.8 7.4 -1.0 51 14 2.65 24 4.1 15.4 0.6 44 15 2.63 24 4.1 16.7 0.2 56 15 q3 2.62 24 3.0 11.7 -1.4 74 16 2.64 23 3.8 13.7 0.6 49 16 2.63 24 4.1 17.4 0.4 59 17 d2 2.59 24 6.0 20.1 -2.6 49 17 2.63 24 3.7 15.4 -0.1 32 18 d5 2.61 24 4.3 22.1 1.2 33 18 q1 2.64 24 2.6 10.4 0.9 37 19 2.61 24 4.1 13.7 -0.5 56 19 2.64 24 3.4 12.4 -0.2 55 20 2.62 24 3.4 12.7 0.8 16 20 2.63 24 3.2 10.4 -0.7 55 21 2.62 24 3.7 18.0 0.2 16 21 2.62 24 4.5 19.0 -0.2 54 22 2.62 24 2.5 9.7 -0.1 16 22 2.63 23 3.5 11.7 0.3 52 23 2.62 24 2.7 12.0 -0.1 16 23 2.63 24 3.7 13.0 0.1 64 24 2.63 24 2.9 9.7 0.5 16 24 q5 2.65 24 3.1 12.7 1.1 72 25 2.62 24 3.1 12.4 -0.6 16 25 2.63 23 3.5 12.0 -1.0 52 26 2.61 24 2.6 10.0 -0.1 16 26 q4 2.64 23 3.0 11.4 0.8 37 27 2.62 24 3.3 12.4 0.1 16 27 d5 2.66 23 5.8 23.1 0.9 43 28 2.62 24 3.8 14.0 -0.1 12 28 d4 2.62 24 7.5 32.8 -2.5 76 29 2.62 23 2.9 12.0 0.5 0 29 2.61 24 4.0 14.4 -0.7 73 30 2.62 24 3.3 13.7 -0.2 27 30 2.62 24 4.8 18.0 0.7 73 31 2.61 24 3.1 11.7 -0.3 49 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.62 0.8 3.4 13.9 -0.1 43.6 All 2.63 0.8 4.2 16.1 0.0 53.7 Quiet 2.62 0.5 1.8 7.2 -0.3 61.0 Quiet 2.64 0.5 2.9 11.5 0.2 57.0 Dist. 2.62 1.0 6.1 26.3 -0.2 57.2 Dist. 2.63 1.3 7.4 27.9 -0.2 41.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.83 (west) is -6.82 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.50 (Mar 1) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.48 (Apr 28) Minimum -7.25 (Mar 6) Minimum -7.12 (Apr 10) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 2 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.62 24 5.1 15.7 -0.1 75 1 2.63 21 4.7 15.4 0.3 89 2 2.60 21 3.8 12.4 -1.1 63 2 2.63 24 4.8 17.0 0.4 106 3 q5 2.61 24 3.6 12.0 0.5 60 3 2.65 24 5.4 16.4 0.8 106 4 2.62 24 3.8 13.0 0.4 57 4 2.61 24 5.7 20.1 -2.0 106 5 2.61 24 4.5 15.7 -0.3 75 5 2.63 24 4.9 18.4 0.8 102 6 2.60 24 4.4 16.4 -0.4 75 6 2.62 24 4.4 17.7 -0.1 69 7 2.63 24 4.6 22.4 1.3 62 7 q5 2.63 24 3.7 13.7 0.5 91 8 2.61 22 3.8 15.0 -0.8 42 8 2.63 24 4.2 16.0 -0.1 91 9 q4 2.61 24 3.6 15.0 -0.1 54 9 q4 2.62 23 3.6 12.7 -0.4 72 10 2.59 24 5.1 15.4 -1.4 52 10 2.62 24 5.1 17.0 -0.1 94 11 q3 2.62 24 3.4 12.7 2.1 69 11 2.62 23 4.5 16.0 0.3 78 12 2.62 24 3.9 13.4 -0.1 54 12 2.64 24 3.8 15.0 0.8 73 13 2.60 24 3.8 12.0 -1.0 50 13 d5 2.63 24 5.9 19.4 -0.5 51 14 q1 2.61 24 3.2 10.7 0.7 51 14 2.65 24 4.3 14.0 1.5 64 15 d3 2.67 23 5.9 28.4 3.4 70 15 q2 2.63 24 3.1 11.4 -1.3 67 16 q2 2.58 24 3.3 12.7 -5.3 59 16 2.66 24 4.8 18.4 1.6 52 17 2.60 24 4.5 16.7 1.3 74 17 q1 2.66 24 3.0 11.7 -0.2 62 18 2.60 24 4.7 16.4 0.0 57 18 2.66 24 4.6 15.7 0.0 73 19 d1 2.64 24 6.4 36.8 2.0 65 19 2.64 24 5.1 18.0 -1.1 64 20 d4 2.65 24 5.7 22.4 0.7 34 20 d3 2.65 24 6.3 25.1 0.8 72 21 2.62 23 4.0 13.7 -1.5 52 21 q3 2.66 24 3.5 12.4 0.4 87 22 2.63 24 3.7 15.0 0.2 56 22 2.67 23 3.8 13.0 0.6 91 23 2.63 24 4.3 15.7 0.3 57 23 2.65 24 5.2 17.7 -1.1 90 24 2.63 22 4.5 16.4 -0.2 60 24 2.66 24 5.6 18.4 0.5 84 25 2.62 23 3.8 12.7 -0.2 76 25 2.67 24 5.2 20.7 0.5 118 26 2.63 24 4.6 19.4 0.6 86 26 2.66 24 4.9 16.0 -0.2 121 27 2.63 24 4.5 16.0 0.0 63 27 2.65 24 5.1 18.0 -0.5 106 28 d5 2.62 23 5.2 17.4 -0.7 85 28 d2 2.63 23 7.1 22.7 -1.7 85 29 2.61 24 4.5 15.0 -0.8 73 29 d1 2.63 24 7.7 28.1 0.0 78 30 d2 2.60 24 6.1 22.1 -0.3 94 30 d4 2.63 24 5.9 20.7 0.5 79 31 2.62 24 4.2 14.0 1.1 97 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.62 1.0 4.4 16.5 0.0 64.4 All 2.64 0.9 4.9 17.2 0.0 84.0 Quiet 2.61 0.8 3.4 12.6 -0.4 58.6 Quiet 2.64 0.8 3.4 12.4 -0.2 75.8 Dist. 2.64 1.4 5.9 25.4 1.0 69.6 Dist. 2.63 0.5 6.6 23.2 -0.2 73.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.83 (west) is -6.81 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.38 (May 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.59 (Jun 20) Minimum -7.10 (May 30) Minimum -7.10 (Jun 29) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.64 24 5.4 19.4 0.3 78 1 2.68 24 3.9 14.4 -0.4 115 2 2.66 24 6.7 21.1 1.5 91 2 q2 2.67 24 3.1 12.0 -1.1 97 3 2.68 23 4.9 16.4 1.2 76 3 2.66 23 4.3 16.4 -0.1 91 4 2.67 23 4.7 15.0 -0.5 57 4 2.64 22 6.3 26.4 -1.3 118 5 d1 2.66 24 9.9 59.5 -0.7 55 5 d1 2.74 24 12.8 72.5 5.8 102 6 d2 2.69 24 8.5 40.4 1.9 91 6 2.70 24 4.3 21.1 -2.2 78 7 2.65 24 5.5 21.7 -2.2 72 7 q1 2.68 24 3.1 12.0 -1.5 75 8 d4 2.71 23 8.0 35.4 3.6 88 8 2.70 23 4.1 17.4 1.3 75 9 2.68 24 5.3 19.0 -2.0 85 9 2.72 23 5.8 28.7 1.2 43 10 q5 2.68 24 4.0 15.0 0.0 61 10 2.68 24 4.4 18.7 -2.3 42 11 q4 2.66 23 3.8 14.0 -1.5 63 11 2.71 23 3.6 14.0 1.9 60 12 q1 2.67 24 3.0 13.0 0.7 70 12 2.69 22 3.9 13.7 -1.1 60 13 2.67 24 5.3 17.7 0.1 88 13 2.70 24 6.8 25.4 0.6 57 14 2.66 22 4.6 16.0 -0.4 109 14 d2 2.73 24 8.6 32.4 1.4 37 15 2.68 24 5.2 17.7 1.1 106 15 2.70 24 4.4 14.4 -1.6 33 16 2.66 23 4.4 14.7 -1.2 62 16 q5 2.69 24 3.4 11.0 -0.4 31 17 2.68 24 4.6 17.7 1.0 88 17 2.69 23 3.9 14.4 0.1 39 18 2.68 24 4.1 13.4 0.3 76 18 2.71 22 3.9 14.7 0.8 60 19 q3 2.66 24 3.7 14.0 -1.6 84 19 2.70 24 5.6 18.4 -0.7 58 20 2.67 23 4.6 16.0 0.9 82 20 d3 2.72 24 7.5 37.8 1.7 82 21 q2 2.67 24 3.7 13.4 -0.4 42 21 q3 2.72 22 3.3 11.4 -0.5 82 22 2.70 23 4.6 15.4 2.2 42 22 2.70 23 3.8 14.4 -1.1 96 23 d3 2.64 22 8.2 26.4 -4.1 25 23 2.71 24 4.9 16.4 0.4 62 24 2.71 23 6.4 25.1 4.2 46 24 2.68 24 5.9 24.1 -1.4 34 25 2.68 23 6.2 25.1 -1.7 52 25 2.69 24 4.6 18.0 0.5 52 26 2.69 23 5.3 20.1 0.8 52 26 q4 2.70 24 3.3 12.4 0.8 34 27 2.67 24 4.5 17.4 -1.3 70 27 2.69 24 4.5 16.0 -0.8 37 28 2.71 24 4.7 15.7 2.7 97 28 d4 2.69 24 7.0 26.1 0.2 37 29 d5 2.67 24 6.9 24.1 -2.8 96 29 d5 2.68 24 6.8 22.7 -0.5 52 30 2.67 24 4.1 13.7 0.2 75 30 2.69 23 6.2 22.4 0.6 47 31 2.69 24 5.6 20.1 1.1 97 31 2.65 24 5.3 19.7 -2.6 51 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.67 1.1 5.4 20.4 0.1 73.4 All 2.69 1.2 5.1 20.6 -0.1 62.5 Quiet 2.67 0.5 3.7 13.9 -0.6 64.0 Quiet 2.69 1.1 3.2 11.8 -0.5 63.8 Dist. 2.67 1.6 8.3 37.2 -0.4 71.0 Dist. 2.71 1.3 8.5 38.3 1.7 62.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.78 (west) is -6.76 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.22 (Jul 5) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.86 (Aug 5) Minimum -7.22 (Jul 5) Minimum -7.08 (Aug 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 2 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.73 23 4.9 19.0 4.6 70 1 2.73 24 2.9 11.0 0.9 65 2 2.72 24 3.7 14.4 -0.6 55 2 2.73 24 2.6 9.7 -0.1 40 3 2.75 23 5.4 21.4 2.0 75 3 2.76 24 6.6 30.1 1.4 40 4 2.70 24 5.3 20.4 -2.9 73 4 d1 2.82 24 20.0 82.2 4.0 19 5 2.72 23 4.9 18.0 0.9 46 5 d4 2.76 23 8.7 42.1 -3.5 18 6 2.71 24 3.6 14.0 -0.5 64 6 d3 2.74 22 11.2 44.1 -1.5 16 7 2.69 23 4.2 15.4 -1.0 37 7 q1 2.75 24 1.6 6.3 0.8 46 8 q2 2.68 24 2.8 11.7 -0.7 40 8 2.76 24 3.6 18.0 0.3 49 9 d1 2.63 24 9.3 34.1 -2.7 61 9 d5 2.75 24 8.2 31.1 -0.3 46 10 q5 2.69 24 3.3 12.0 3.4 40 10 2.74 24 3.3 12.0 -0.5 43 11 2.70 24 3.4 11.0 0.7 22 11 2.70 24 7.7 38.1 -2.3 37 12 q3 2.71 23 3.0 10.4 0.3 16 12 2.77 24 3.2 11.4 3.7 44 13 2.71 24 3.8 13.4 0.4 32 13 2.73 24 3.4 12.7 -2.2 44 14 2.71 23 3.6 12.7 -0.5 21 14 2.74 24 5.9 21.7 0.5 18 15 2.67 22 4.7 17.7 -2.1 37 15 2.75 22 3.4 12.4 0.7 23 16 2.70 20 3.9 12.0 1.5 60 16 2.72 23 4.4 22.1 -2.0 16 17 2.70 23 4.6 16.7 0.5 57 17 2.76 24 4.1 14.7 2.8 33 18 2.70 24 4.6 21.7 -0.3 57 18 q2 2.74 24 2.2 7.7 -1.6 33 19 2.69 24 3.8 13.0 -0.4 80 19 2.74 24 2.9 13.0 -0.1 33 20 2.70 24 4.3 19.7 0.7 87 20 q3 2.74 24 2.3 9.4 0.2 33 21 2.71 24 3.6 14.0 0.5 85 21 2.72 24 3.2 13.0 -1.1 33 22 2.70 24 3.6 12.7 -0.7 85 22 d2 2.80 24 14.1 59.8 5.0 22 23 d5 2.70 24 5.4 27.1 0.3 109 23 2.77 24 6.7 29.4 -2.1 31 24 d4 2.70 24 6.2 25.4 0.0 127 24 q5 2.75 23 2.5 12.7 -1.2 41 25 d3 2.72 23 6.3 22.7 0.7 97 25 2.74 24 2.8 14.7 -0.5 54 26 d2 2.68 24 6.9 29.1 -1.9 88 26 2.74 22 4.0 16.7 0.0 54 27 2.74 24 4.8 20.1 3.3 121 27 q4 2.76 24 2.5 10.4 0.9 70 28 2.74 24 3.6 18.4 -0.2 103 28 2.73 24 2.6 11.4 -1.5 54 29 q1 2.74 24 2.6 10.4 -0.1 79 29 2.76 24 4.4 19.4 1.9 93 30 q4 2.72 22 3.2 12.0 -0.8 73 30 2.78 24 6.2 26.4 0.7 88 31 2.75 23 3.9 18.0 -1.8 64 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.71 1.3 4.4 17.4 0.1 66.6 All 2.75 1.4 5.2 22.0 0.1 41.9 Quiet 2.71 1.2 3.0 11.3 0.4 49.6 Quiet 2.75 0.5 2.2 9.3 -0.2 44.6 Dist. 2.69 1.7 6.8 27.7 -0.7 96.4 Dist. 2.78 1.9 12.5 51.9 0.7 24.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.74 (west) is -6.70 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.49 (Sep 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.73 (Oct 4) Minimum -7.20 (Sep 9) Minimum -7.11 (Oct 6) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.71 24 3.6 12.4 -2.1 71 1 2.77 24 7.4 33.1 2.0 14 2 2.72 24 2.8 10.0 0.2 36 2 d5 2.80 20 7.7 29.1 1.8 0 3 2.74 24 2.0 7.0 1.5 26 3 2.74 24 3.5 14.4 -3.9 0 4 d1 2.75 24 11.8 51.8 0.5 45 4 2.77 24 4.5 23.1 1.8 0 5 2.75 24 4.0 18.7 0.0 58 5 2.77 24 4.6 19.4 0.3 14 6 2.74 24 3.9 16.7 -0.5 44 6 2.78 24 6.4 32.4 0.6 29 7 2.73 24 5.7 23.4 -0.5 40 7 2.76 24 3.4 17.0 -1.1 29 8 2.73 24 2.8 14.4 -0.3 51 8 2.74 24 3.2 13.4 -1.3 12 9 d4 2.79 24 7.7 33.8 3.9 33 9 2.76 23 3.7 17.7 1.3 17 10 2.77 20 4.2 18.0 -1.2 52 10 2.76 24 2.2 8.4 -0.2 23 11 d5 2.78 24 6.6 25.4 0.1 36 11 2.76 23 2.5 9.0 -0.1 34 12 2.74 23 2.4 10.4 -2.0 19 12 2.74 24 2.1 8.4 -1.1 45 13 2.75 24 2.7 14.7 0.6 61 13 q4 2.74 24 1.4 6.3 -0.2 61 14 2.75 24 2.1 10.4 -0.2 86 14 d2 2.74 22 14.7 64.8 0.0 52 15 2.76 24 4.4 18.7 0.9 82 15 d1 2.88 23 14.8 61.5 8.5 55 16 q4 2.74 24 1.6 5.7 -1.4 32 16 2.78 23 2.7 12.4 -6.0 79 17 2.71 23 2.9 12.4 -1.8 44 17 2.77 24 2.4 10.0 -0.8 80 18 d3 2.75 24 8.2 34.1 2.3 72 18 q5 2.76 24 1.5 6.3 -0.2 69 19 2.79 24 6.3 27.7 2.5 75 19 2.75 24 1.7 7.4 -0.6 50 20 2.75 24 4.8 24.7 -2.5 75 20 2.76 23 1.7 7.0 0.7 73 21 2.76 24 4.4 18.0 0.4 74 21 2.76 24 1.8 8.7 -0.3 61 22 2.76 24 2.8 12.4 0.1 57 22 2.75 24 1.7 8.4 -0.5 55 23 2.75 24 3.1 14.4 -0.5 73 23 2.74 24 4.0 21.1 -0.6 52 24 2.76 24 2.1 10.0 0.3 72 24 d4 2.86 24 9.7 34.1 7.4 45 25 q3 2.75 24 1.5 7.7 -0.6 50 25 d3 2.80 24 12.8 52.5 -4.1 38 26 q5 2.75 24 1.8 7.4 0.4 55 26 2.75 19 2.5 11.4 -2.6 58 27 d2 2.78 23 9.4 41.4 1.7 37 27 q1 2.75 21 1.0 3.7 0.1 58 28 2.76 22 2.5 9.7 -1.1 19 28 2.75 23 2.3 10.4 -0.2 56 29 q1 2.75 24 1.2 5.7 -0.9 12 29 q3 2.75 23 1.3 4.7 0.1 21 30 q2 2.74 24 1.5 6.7 -0.7 30 30 2.74 24 2.0 7.0 -1.1 21 31 q2 2.75 24 1.1 4.7 0.8 66 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.75 1.2 4.0 17.5 0.0 50.6 All 2.77 1.9 4.3 18.3 0.0 40.9 Quiet 2.75 0.3 1.5 6.6 -0.6 35.8 Quiet 2.75 0.5 1.3 5.1 0.1 55.0 Dist. 2.77 1.0 8.7 37.3 1.7 44.6 Dist. 2.82 3.1 12.0 48.4 2.7 38.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.70 (west) is -6.68 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.17 (Nov 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.73 (Dec 15) Minimum -7.27 (Nov 4) Minimum -7.14 (Dec 14) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 2 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.60 3.2 12.9 0.1 1.6 63.1 744 726 Feb 2.61 3.1 13.4 0.1 0.8 64.5 672 663 Mar 2.62 3.4 13.9 -0.1 0.8 43.6 744 741 Apr 2.63 4.2 16.1 0.0 0.8 53.7 720 706 May 2.62 4.4 16.5 0.0 1.0 64.4 744 733 Jun 2.64 4.9 17.2 0.0 0.9 84.0 720 713 Jul 2.67 5.4 20.4 0.1 1.1 73.4 744 730 Aug 2.69 5.1 20.6 -0.1 1.2 62.5 744 729 Sep 2.71 4.4 17.4 0.1 1.3 66.6 720 704 Oct 2.75 5.2 22.0 0.1 1.4 41.9 744 734 Nov 2.75 4.0 17.5 0.0 1.2 50.6 720 711 Dec 2.77 4.3 18.3 0.0 1.9 40.9 744 723 Mean 2.67 4.3 17.2 0.0 1.2 59.1 8760 8613 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.59 1.0 3.9 0.4 0.6 66.8 120 111 Feb 2.61 1.3 4.9 -0.1 0.4 47.8 120 118 Mar 2.62 1.8 7.2 -0.3 0.5 61.0 120 120 Apr 2.64 2.9 11.5 0.2 0.5 57.0 120 119 May 2.61 3.4 12.6 -0.4 0.8 58.6 120 120 Jun 2.64 3.4 12.4 -0.2 0.8 75.8 120 119 Jul 2.67 3.7 13.9 -0.6 0.5 64.0 120 119 Aug 2.69 3.2 11.8 -0.5 1.1 63.8 120 118 Sep 2.71 3.0 11.3 0.4 1.2 49.6 120 117 Oct 2.75 2.2 9.3 -0.2 0.5 44.6 120 119 Nov 2.75 1.5 6.6 -0.6 0.3 35.8 120 120 Dec 2.75 1.3 5.1 0.1 0.5 55.0 120 116 Mean 2.67 2.4 9.2 -0.2 0.6 56.6 1440 1416 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.64 8.1 30.2 1.1 2.0 56.6 120 119 Feb 2.61 7.3 34.0 0.5 1.5 76.4 120 119 Mar 2.62 6.1 26.3 -0.2 1.0 57.2 120 120 Apr 2.63 7.4 27.9 -0.2 1.3 41.8 120 114 May 2.64 5.9 25.4 1.0 1.4 69.6 120 118 Jun 2.63 6.6 23.2 -0.2 0.5 73.0 120 119 Jul 2.67 8.3 37.2 -0.4 1.6 71.0 120 117 Aug 2.71 8.5 38.3 1.7 1.3 62.0 120 120 Sep 2.69 6.8 27.7 -0.7 1.7 96.4 120 119 Oct 2.78 12.5 51.9 0.7 1.9 24.2 120 117 Nov 2.77 8.7 37.3 1.7 1.0 44.6 120 119 Dec 2.82 12.0 48.4 2.7 3.1 38.0 120 113 Mean 2.68 8.2 34.0 0.6 1.5 59.2 1440 1414 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.85 -6.38 -7.04 Feb -6.84 -6.15 -7.48 Mar -6.83 -6.50 -7.25 Apr -6.82 -6.48 -7.12 May -6.83 -6.38 -7.10 Jun -6.81 -6.59 -7.10 Jul -6.78 -6.22 -7.22 Aug -6.76 -5.86 -7.08 Sep -6.74 -6.49 -7.20 Oct -6.70 -5.73 -7.11 Nov -6.70 -6.17 -7.27 Dec -6.68 -5.73 -7.14 Mean -6.78 -6.22 -7.18 Results for 1863 HELSINKI D 1863 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 24 10 4 -11 -6 -18 -16 -10 -8 -13 -20 -34 -42 -31 -34 -11 -3 13 8 10 28 41 63 50 -6 40.3 FEBRUARY 27 28 24 22 1 -14 -14 -8 1 5 -22 -35 -44 -49 -49 -19 -9 -5 18 20 21 27 34 39 -6 39.2 MARCH 20 26 28 20 25 24 27 33 27 7 -23 -63 -76 -78 -65 -35 -21 -3 9 30 21 25 24 26 -6 38.4 APRIL 28 29 26 26 27 23 38 37 37 11 -23 -49 -68 -78 -63 -41 -29 -7 -2 13 8 17 18 33 -6 38.8 MAY 15 26 26 35 38 52 55 56 39 16 -22 -57 -78 -75 -66 -50 -35 -13 -5 -1 1 15 13 23 -6 38.2 JUNE 3 15 27 34 46 50 62 59 46 21 -10 -48 -70 -75 -65 -48 -30 -20 -7 -2 -3 6 9 14 -6 41.4 JULY 15 28 33 55 51 46 53 45 31 9 -18 -43 -62 -69 -71 -43 -28 -13 -7 0 -10 -1 3 4 -6 38.8 AUGUST 12 22 34 37 45 35 20 2 -19 -48 -62 -62 -52 -35 -6 -4 15 10 9 8 18 25 -6 38.3 SEPTEMBER 33 24 17 7 15 13 21 24 10 -10 -33 -53 -68 -62 -48 -41 -15 -2 19 5 34 48 32 30 -6 36.2 OCTOBER 27 13 14 7 -5 -3 -10 -3 5 9 -12 -36 -51 -59 -50 -27 7 3 8 22 26 36 35 36 -6 35.6 NOVEMBER 18 10 5 1 -6 -9 -18 -10 -9 -10 -17 -24 -32 -34 -30 -8 -11 -3 24 12 29 36 37 37 -6 34.1 DECEMBER 16 5 -2 -3 -14 -17 -22 -22 -19 -17 -16 -19 -28 -27 -13 10 -4 22 12 17 38 32 34 32 -6 33.9 WINTER 22 14 9 3 -6 -16 -17 -13 -9 -8 -19 -29 -38 -36 -32 -7 -5 10 13 16 29 33 44 40 -6 37.8 EQUINOX 24 21 19 16 16 17 19 23 18 4 -22 -47 -62 -64 -54 -34 -17 -4 9 14 20 30 27 31 -6 36.9 SUMMER 9 22 24 37 44 44 53 46 32 11 -16 -46 -65 -69 -63 -42 -21 -12 0 3 -1 4 10 14 -6 39.5 YEAR 20 19 17 17 17 15 18 19 14 2 -20 -43 -58 -59 -51 -30 -16 -3 7 11 16 24 26 28 -6 37.7 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 8 2 -2 5 4 -2 9 14 5 -1 -14 -26 -18 -10 -10 -6 11 -2 -2 2 7 12 16 -6 41.4 FEBRUARY 7 2 7 5 -7 7 11 13 21 21 -1 -21 -29 -31 -26 -17 -9 -7 -1 3 6 15 19 10 -6 39.9 MARCH 4 9 10 2 12 15 23 27 25 11 -11 -37 -49 -46 -35 -16 -4 13 9 3 3 5 13 11 -6 38.7 APRIL -1 10 1 12 17 22 26 44 37 24 -12 -32 -60 -74 -34 -23 -10 -4 -1 7 4 15 6 18 -6 39.2 MAY 9 10 18 21 32 45 48 42 28 15 -12 -41 -64 -65 -48 -40 -24 1 6 1 2 4 8 8 -6 38.4 JUNE 11 0 -7 5 35 34 39 23 35 26 -1 -32 -61 -68 -46 -25 -17 -8 12 3 3 4 21 19 -6 42.5 JULY 4 18 6 29 30 29 40 23 22 13 -6 -25 -31 -47 -47 -23 -9 -13 -11 -13 6 4 5 -2 -6 38.5 AUGUST 33 45 30 27 3 1 0 1 -9 -31 -47 -43 -46 -7 1 -5 17 3 5 6 3 10 -6 37.9 SEPTEMBER 21 -5 14 -13 13 16 21 24 21 5 -7 -31 -51 -48 -16 -22 -2 1 4 5 4 9 6 19 -6 36.5 OCTOBER 13 9 7 8 5 0 10 12 18 26 3 -15 -40 -33 -35 -18 -15 -11 -4 5 13 10 9 11 -6 35.3 NOVEMBER 20 3 1 4 5 -3 1 2 -1 -3 -12 -21 -23 -21 -14 -11 -3 -7 4 5 13 23 20 10 -6 34.7 DECEMBER 9 4 -9 0 -3 -1 -6 -2 -1 -6 -5 -9 -14 -23 -2 -3 -9 -2 -3 20 12 12 18 10 -6 34.3 WINTER 8 5 0 1 -2 3 1 7 11 7 -2 -15 -23 -24 -13 -10 -8 1 -2 7 7 11 16 12 -6 38.5 EQUINOX 11 6 9 6 14 16 22 25 21 13 -9 -30 -48 -48 -30 -22 -10 -1 3 4 7 11 10 13 -6 37.1 SUMMER 8 9 11 26 32 30 27 16 19 13 -5 -29 -46 -53 -46 -18 -8 -9 6 -2 5 5 10 9 -6 39.6 YEAR 9 6 7 10 15 16 18 18 18 11 -6 -26 -41 -43 -30 -18 -9 -3 2 3 6 10 12 11 -6 38.1 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 73 41 42 18 18 -28 -38 -33 -31 -42 -47 -68 -68 -76 -54 2 -31 38 -36 5 14 87 178 39 -6 37.8 FEBRUARY 68 81 56 61 28 -20 -26 -38 -13 -18 -45 -61 -76 -80-126 -13 2 -45 6 4 38 51 79 91 -6 37.4 MARCH 28 28 49 46 34 13 45 53 38 8 -38 -77-123-129-127 -86 -76 -38 -23 103 53 55 77 92 -6 37.6 APRIL 60 48 85 58 22 -11 31 20 12 -6 -43 -59 -71 -90 -85 -61 -61 -35 -24 50 29 53 53 33 -6 37.9 MAY 3 23 43 56 61 68 76 64 36 9 -38 -87-108-110 -87 -72 -53 -23 -1 3 5 62 39 39 -6 38.5 JUNE -3 40 47 54 48 58 75 72 39 12 -26 -63 -92 -88 -81 -67 -47 -37 -50 8 14 41 7 26 -6 41.4 JULY 38 62 46 78 69 47 52 26 43 23 -19 -62 -93 -93-136 -59 -47 -28 -5 20 -16 -5 21 36 -6 39.3 AUGUST 18 48 54 6 44 39 7 -7 -22 -65 -69 -84 -95 -63 -7 -16 65 35 1 -2 51 58 -6 38.7 SEPTEMBER 113 88 18 1 -5 9 2 17 -24 -31 -48 -80 -97 -80 -50 -88 -23 5 33 -5 33 105 69 50 -6 34.6 OCTOBER 31 -1 -5 -17 -59 -37 -56 -51 -25 -16 -24 -57 -70 -84 -66 -21 22 32 44 83 83 145 107 35 -6 34.6 NOVEMBER 0 38 -4 -13 -3 -27 -41 -33 -36 -23 -35 -48 -51 -68 -37 -39 -40 -15 126 9 90 148 47 55 -6 33.3 DECEMBER 7 -33 -23 -7 -42 -47 -64 -53 -48 -40 -20 -23 -23 -13 -17 68 38 42 56 33 42 59 69 47 -6 33.3 WINTER 49 30 25 24 1 -32 -43 -41 -31 -33 -37 -51 -56 -56 -66 19 3 12 9 14 31 66 109 59 -6 36.2 EQUINOX 39 37 31 22 8 3 10 12 0 -10 -38 -68 -87 -94 -75 -61 -39 -12 26 41 49 95 65 51 -6 36.1 SUMMER 18 51 37 60 57 37 57 46 30 9 -22 -63 -85 -88-104 -63 -34 -27 3 21 0 11 26 40 -6 39.8 YEAR 39 39 31 32 18 2 8 7 0 -11 -34 -63 -79 -83 -80 -42 -27 -10 16 29 32 66 66 50 -6 37.0 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 3 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.73 24 3.1 10.4 -0.9 60 1 2.79 24 3.1 14.0 -2.5 54 2 2.75 24 4.2 23.4 1.1 70 2 2.80 24 4.2 22.1 0.8 51 3 2.77 24 2.4 10.7 1.0 52 3 2.80 24 4.1 21.4 -0.2 70 4 2.76 23 2.9 14.0 -0.4 51 4 2.80 24 2.8 13.4 0.1 75 5 2.78 24 3.8 15.7 0.8 31 5 2.77 24 2.4 9.7 -1.7 75 6 2.75 23 2.1 8.0 -1.6 37 6 2.77 24 4.7 17.7 0.3 33 7 q4 2.77 24 1.5 6.0 1.4 25 7 2.77 24 6.4 29.7 -0.5 16 8 2.78 23 8.6 33.8 0.5 31 8 2.77 24 6.2 31.7 0.4 37 9 2.77 24 4.6 20.4 -0.5 37 9 d3 2.79 24 8.4 48.1 1.1 43 10 2.80 23 7.8 36.4 1.3 34 10 2.77 24 4.1 17.0 -1.0 43 11 2.80 24 5.4 19.7 0.0 18 11 2.76 24 3.8 17.4 -0.6 49 12 d3 2.81 24 9.4 42.1 0.8 34 12 2.82 23 5.8 28.1 3.1 46 13 2.76 24 5.0 22.1 -3.2 34 13 q5 2.78 22 2.2 9.7 -2.4 43 14 2.77 24 3.9 17.0 0.8 32 14 q1 2.78 23 1.7 8.4 0.1 43 15 2.78 22 4.5 21.1 0.6 34 15 q4 2.77 24 2.0 9.4 -0.2 43 16 2.77 24 2.7 10.0 -0.2 46 16 2.77 24 2.9 12.7 -0.1 43 17 2.75 24 3.9 17.4 -1.7 50 17 2.76 23 2.9 13.4 -0.5 40 18 q5 2.77 24 1.8 11.0 1.2 54 18 2.80 24 4.9 22.1 2.2 37 19 2.76 24 1.8 7.7 -0.2 27 19 2.83 23 6.6 24.1 1.8 76 20 q1 2.75 22 1.2 4.0 -0.5 40 20 q3 2.80 24 2.0 8.0 -1.9 99 21 q3 2.76 24 1.4 5.7 0.1 31 21 q2 2.80 24 1.9 7.0 0.0 105 22 q2 2.75 24 1.3 5.3 -0.2 37 22 d1 2.84 23 10.5 47.5 2.4 88 23 2.76 24 2.0 10.7 0.7 40 23 d4 2.86 24 8.1 33.4 1.1 63 24 d1 2.86 23 12.5 62.8 5.7 40 24 2.82 24 4.6 19.4 -2.0 63 25 d2 2.84 24 12.5 47.8 -1.2 57 25 d5 2.81 22 7.7 32.1 -0.6 61 26 d4 2.82 24 9.2 37.4 -0.9 103 26 d2 2.84 24 9.2 36.4 1.5 61 27 2.78 24 5.2 20.7 -2.3 87 27 2.80 24 4.8 25.4 -2.3 76 28 2.78 23 4.1 16.7 -0.1 85 28 2.84 24 4.5 19.4 2.1 54 29 d5 2.78 23 8.6 40.8 -0.4 73 30 2.78 24 6.7 36.8 0.2 73 31 2.83 24 7.0 27.7 3.1 73 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.78 1.7 4.9 21.4 0.2 48.3 All 2.80 1.5 4.7 21.4 0.0 56.7 Quiet 2.76 0.5 1.4 6.4 0.4 37.4 Quiet 2.78 0.7 2.0 8.5 -0.9 66.6 Dist. 2.82 1.7 10.5 46.2 0.8 61.4 Dist. 2.83 1.4 8.8 39.5 1.1 63.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.67 (west) is -6.65 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.72 (Jan 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.05 (Feb 22) Minimum -6.92 (Jan 29) Minimum -7.18 (Feb 9) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.80 24 3.0 10.0 -2.1 70 1 2.79 24 4.8 20.7 -1.8 67 2 2.81 24 4.1 16.7 0.0 57 2 2.79 24 4.7 16.0 -0.1 51 3 2.83 24 6.3 27.1 1.2 72 3 q5 2.78 24 3.4 18.0 -0.1 61 4 2.82 23 3.1 12.7 -0.2 76 4 q1 2.79 24 2.7 10.0 0.4 61 5 2.78 24 3.9 13.7 -2.7 76 5 q3 2.79 23 3.0 11.7 0.2 37 6 2.81 23 4.2 19.4 2.0 55 6 q2 2.81 24 2.8 10.4 0.7 18 7 q3 2.81 24 2.7 12.7 -0.1 58 7 2.80 24 3.5 11.7 -0.3 18 8 2.82 24 3.3 15.0 0.5 96 8 2.81 24 4.0 18.0 0.4 15 9 2.79 24 3.1 12.7 -1.6 94 9 d1 2.80 24 7.2 30.4 -0.7 29 10 2.79 24 3.6 13.0 -0.2 80 10 2.80 24 4.3 17.7 0.4 45 11 2.80 23 3.4 14.0 0.4 66 11 2.80 23 4.8 17.0 -0.1 23 12 q5 2.81 23 3.0 11.7 0.8 55 12 2.79 24 4.1 13.4 -0.9 18 13 2.81 24 4.8 20.7 0.2 46 13 2.80 23 4.6 18.4 0.6 37 14 2.80 22 3.0 12.7 -0.9 36 14 q4 2.80 24 3.3 12.4 0.2 19 15 q1 2.80 24 2.1 8.0 0.4 51 15 d3 2.81 24 6.8 28.4 0.7 40 16 q2 2.80 24 2.4 10.4 -0.1 47 16 d2 2.86 24 6.9 26.4 2.8 61 17 2.81 24 3.3 14.0 0.3 34 17 2.81 23 4.3 16.4 -3.0 58 18 q4 2.80 23 2.7 11.4 -0.2 57 18 2.80 23 4.3 16.0 -0.9 44 19 2.79 23 3.4 14.0 -0.5 52 19 d5 2.80 24 5.6 21.1 0.3 61 20 2.80 24 3.8 15.4 0.6 58 20 2.80 24 5.4 19.4 0.3 76 21 d1 2.79 24 10.8 40.4 -1.2 60 21 2.80 24 3.9 12.7 0.0 73 22 2.81 24 5.0 19.7 1.4 55 22 2.79 24 4.5 18.4 -1.1 75 23 d2 2.87 24 7.4 26.7 3.4 58 23 2.81 24 4.2 17.4 1.5 37 24 2.83 24 5.8 22.1 -2.0 79 24 2.84 23 4.8 16.7 2.0 52 25 2.82 23 5.1 18.7 -0.8 57 25 2.82 23 4.6 14.7 -1.2 27 26 2.81 24 5.1 18.0 -0.5 88 26 d4 2.82 23 6.4 23.4 -0.1 16 27 2.83 24 4.2 15.0 1.5 99 27 2.81 24 4.3 16.0 -0.5 16 28 d5 2.81 24 6.5 25.1 -1.2 82 28 2.81 24 3.8 14.4 0.1 16 29 d3 2.85 24 7.1 29.7 2.3 103 29 2.79 23 5.6 15.7 -1.4 44 30 d4 2.80 22 6.8 25.1 -3.3 59 30 2.77 24 5.0 20.1 -1.3 24 31 2.82 24 5.5 22.4 1.4 82 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.81 1.1 4.5 17.7 0.0 66.4 All 2.80 1.0 4.6 17.4 -0.1 40.6 Quiet 2.80 0.2 2.6 10.8 0.2 53.6 Quiet 2.80 0.5 3.0 12.5 0.3 39.2 Dist. 2.82 1.9 7.7 29.4 0.0 72.4 Dist. 2.82 1.4 6.6 25.9 0.6 41.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.64 (west) is -6.65 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.29 (Mar 21) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.31 (Apr 16) Minimum -6.96 (Mar 21) Minimum -6.89 (Apr 30) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 3 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.79 23 4.0 14.4 1.1 66 1 2.80 21 5.2 17.4 0.1 90 2 2.83 24 4.1 13.4 2.3 43 2 2.78 23 4.9 19.0 -1.3 91 3 2.82 24 3.9 13.7 -0.4 43 3 2.80 24 4.1 13.4 0.9 73 4 q3 2.81 24 3.3 13.4 -0.8 58 4 2.76 23 5.3 20.1 -2.3 76 5 2.80 24 3.9 14.0 -0.1 73 5 q2 2.75 23 3.4 14.4 -0.3 41 6 2.81 24 4.3 16.4 0.1 55 6 2.76 22 3.9 14.4 0.2 57 7 2.81 24 4.7 16.0 0.3 52 7 q3 2.73 23 3.5 14.7 -1.8 73 8 2.79 23 5.4 17.7 -1.2 51 8 2.75 23 3.9 13.0 1.5 54 9 2.84 23 4.2 16.4 2.7 51 9 2.76 24 3.8 12.0 0.5 73 10 2.83 24 3.7 14.4 -0.5 75 10 d4 2.73 24 5.6 23.1 -1.5 69 11 2.80 24 4.1 14.0 -1.4 55 11 2.77 23 5.0 19.7 2.4 44 12 d2 2.79 23 6.3 21.7 -0.8 54 12 2.75 21 4.0 12.4 -1.6 16 13 d4 2.83 23 6.0 19.0 2.6 60 13 2.75 24 4.1 15.4 0.2 34 14 2.85 24 5.2 18.4 0.8 50 14 q4 2.74 24 3.5 15.0 -0.9 37 15 2.85 19 5.7 26.4 0.0 58 15 d5 2.78 24 5.6 18.4 2.5 45 16 2.81 22 4.2 16.4 -2.1 75 16 d3 2.76 23 6.0 19.4 -1.1 19 17 d5 2.81 23 5.8 23.1 -0.1 51 17 2.77 24 4.7 17.4 0.5 22 18 2.81 24 5.7 20.7 -0.3 69 18 2.74 24 4.4 15.0 -1.4 21 19 d3 2.81 24 6.2 22.7 0.0 67 19 d2 2.76 23 6.2 20.4 0.8 42 20 2.83 24 5.3 18.7 1.7 34 20 2.76 24 4.6 15.4 0.1 25 21 q1 2.82 23 3.1 11.7 -1.1 34 21 2.74 23 4.8 16.7 -1.3 16 22 2.82 24 4.3 15.0 0.3 19 22 d1 2.76 24 6.7 34.1 1.6 16 23 d1 2.79 23 7.7 26.1 -1.7 16 23 q1 2.75 24 3.3 12.4 -0.7 16 24 2.81 24 4.4 21.1 1.3 46 24 q5 2.74 22 3.7 15.0 -0.8 21 25 2.81 24 4.6 15.4 -0.1 51 25 2.74 23 3.9 13.4 0.4 21 26 2.81 21 5.8 18.7 0.1 57 26 2.77 23 4.4 16.4 1.4 21 27 q4 2.81 24 3.3 14.4 -0.4 57 27 2.75 24 4.6 19.0 -0.8 19 28 q2 2.82 24 3.3 12.0 1.0 64 28 2.77 24 4.3 15.0 1.0 37 29 2.81 20 4.2 14.0 -1.0 64 29 2.79 22 4.1 14.0 1.0 37 30 2.81 23 4.6 18.4 0.3 64 30 2.79 22 5.5 18.0 0.4 19 31 q5 2.80 24 3.7 13.0 -0.8 55 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.81 0.9 4.7 17.1 0.1 53.8 All 2.76 1.1 4.6 16.8 0.0 40.8 Quiet 2.81 0.5 3.3 12.9 -0.4 53.6 Quiet 2.74 0.6 3.5 14.3 -0.9 37.6 Dist. 2.81 0.9 6.4 22.5 0.0 49.6 Dist. 2.76 0.8 6.0 23.1 0.5 38.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.64 (west) is -6.69 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.34 (May 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.36 (Jun 22) Minimum -6.91 (May 23) Minimum -6.93 (Jun 22) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 2.77 24 5.8 18.0 -1.4 16 1 2.80 18 4.2 13.7 0.0 40 2 d3 2.80 24 6.7 25.1 1.9 18 2 d2 2.79 21 6.5 20.7 -0.4 40 3 2.80 23 3.8 14.0 0.2 18 3 2.80 17 4.0 14.0 0.6 55 4 2.79 23 3.7 13.7 -0.6 16 4 d5 2.82 21 5.2 16.7 1.1 55 5 2.80 24 4.6 15.7 0.6 37 5 2.82 20 3.2 11.0 -0.3 57 6 2.79 23 5.0 15.7 -0.4 58 6 2.81 22 3.2 11.7 -0.3 69 7 d5 2.80 22 5.8 16.4 0.2 57 7 2.79 19 4.5 16.7 -1.1 58 8 2.80 23 4.2 12.4 0.2 37 8 2.82 20 5.0 17.4 1.6 43 9 2.79 24 5.5 19.4 -0.4 37 9 2.79 19 4.1 15.0 -1.8 25 10 2.82 22 4.9 20.7 1.6 55 10 2.81 21 3.8 12.7 1.3 79 11 2.82 24 4.9 16.7 -0.2 60 11 2.81 21 4.3 14.0 -0.3 76 12 2.81 23 4.2 16.7 -0.7 40 12 2.79 20 4.8 17.4 -1.1 61 13 2.81 24 4.3 15.0 0.3 61 13 2.80 20 4.5 13.0 0.3 76 14 2.80 23 4.0 15.0 -0.7 60 14 d4 2.74 18 5.6 21.1 -3.4 73 15 2.81 24 5.2 18.0 0.7 60 15 2.84 22 4.4 17.4 5.8 37 16 d2 2.82 23 7.7 31.7 0.4 55 16 q3 2.80 21 2.9 10.0 -2.5 55 17 2.77 20 5.7 17.0 -2.5 51 17 q4 2.82 19 3.0 11.0 1.5 75 18 d1 2.80 23 7.8 40.1 1.7 18 18 2.81 21 3.4 13.7 -0.8 59 19 2.81 24 4.2 13.7 0.1 18 19 2.84 17 4.7 17.4 1.9 76 20 2.81 23 4.0 17.4 0.2 18 20 2.81 22 3.5 13.0 -1.7 57 21 2.81 24 3.9 14.7 0.0 18 21 2.81 19 3.7 13.7 0.2 76 22 2.80 24 3.6 13.0 -0.4 16 22 2.80 18 4.3 15.4 -0.7 57 23 q5 2.79 23 3.5 13.7 -0.6 16 23 q1 2.81 14 1.4 5.3 0.2 36 24 2.80 22 4.0 14.0 0.4 16 24 q2 2.84 21 2.5 9.4 1.8 34 25 q2 2.82 22 3.1 14.0 1.0 27 25 q5 2.80 18 3.2 10.4 -2.3 34 26 q3 2.81 22 3.2 11.0 -0.1 14 26 2.81 17 3.9 11.0 0.8 14 27 q1 2.81 21 2.6 9.7 -0.1 16 27 2.81 20 3.6 13.0 -0.2 15 28 2.83 19 3.9 13.4 1.1 19 28 d1 2.80 18 8.3 34.4 -0.2 14 29 q4 2.80 19 3.3 11.7 -1.8 19 29 d3 2.84 20 5.6 19.4 2.4 14 30 2.79 22 3.9 12.7 -0.7 24 30 2.82 20 3.7 12.7 -1.6 15 31 2.80 22 4.6 15.4 0.8 40 31 2.81 21 3.9 13.4 -0.4 16 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.80 0.8 4.6 16.6 0.0 32.7 All 2.81 1.1 4.2 14.7 0.0 48.1 Quiet 2.81 0.5 3.1 12.0 -0.3 18.4 Quiet 2.81 0.9 2.6 9.2 -0.3 46.8 Dist. 2.80 1.0 6.8 26.3 0.6 32.8 Dist. 2.80 2.1 6.2 22.5 -0.1 39.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.65 (west) is -6.64 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.29 (Jul 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.31 (Aug 28) Minimum -7.06 (Jul 18) Minimum -6.92 (Aug 14) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 3 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.82 18 3.8 14.7 0.7 14 1 2.84 24 3.8 14.0 -1.3 42 2 2.83 21 3.8 13.7 0.7 14 2 2.83 22 3.1 11.4 -0.3 75 3 2.83 23 3.9 11.7 -0.1 14 3 2.85 22 2.2 8.4 0.9 45 4 2.84 21 4.3 18.7 0.2 27 4 2.84 24 2.5 9.0 -0.4 43 5 2.83 23 4.0 12.7 -0.1 9 5 2.86 21 3.0 11.0 1.1 31 6 2.83 21 3.4 11.0 -0.5 0 6 2.84 23 3.2 11.4 -1.2 40 7 q4 2.82 22 2.8 9.7 -0.4 6 7 2.84 22 5.5 28.1 0.3 37 8 2.82 24 5.3 24.7 0.0 27 8 d1 2.83 23 10.9 44.8 -1.1 52 9 2.81 21 5.7 22.7 -0.8 36 9 d3 2.85 21 6.9 28.7 1.3 69 10 d5 2.82 20 5.7 23.4 0.8 34 10 d4 2.91 22 6.9 28.1 3.7 67 11 2.84 24 3.4 14.7 1.3 33 11 2.89 23 6.4 26.4 -1.3 34 12 2.85 22 4.4 17.4 0.7 33 12 2.85 23 3.2 14.7 -2.4 33 13 2.85 24 4.2 17.4 0.0 33 13 d2 2.89 23 8.2 32.8 2.2 33 14 2.86 22 5.2 24.1 0.4 41 14 d5 2.89 23 6.5 27.4 0.1 33 15 d4 2.87 23 6.5 30.4 0.7 16 15 2.86 24 3.5 17.7 -1.6 33 16 q5 2.84 22 3.0 10.7 -1.6 14 16 2.86 24 3.5 14.7 0.2 27 17 q1 2.86 21 2.0 9.0 1.2 14 17 2.84 24 4.7 22.1 -1.2 16 18 2.85 17 4.3 16.7 -1.0 16 18 2.84 24 3.1 14.0 -0.2 18 19 2.85 22 3.2 12.7 0.0 16 19 q4 2.84 22 2.1 7.4 0.2 18 20 2.84 19 5.5 19.0 -0.1 0 20 2.86 22 6.2 31.1 0.9 18 21 q3 2.84 21 2.7 11.4 0.0 17 21 2.84 23 6.4 30.7 -1.2 37 22 q2 2.85 22 2.4 10.4 0.1 17 22 2.83 23 3.9 17.7 -0.2 37 23 d2 2.87 24 8.5 31.1 1.2 34 23 2.88 23 3.5 15.4 2.6 37 24 d1 2.91 22 9.8 41.8 2.8 18 24 2.86 22 2.9 13.0 -1.0 34 25 d3 2.88 23 7.1 31.7 -2.0 37 25 q2 2.87 23 1.8 6.3 0.4 52 26 2.87 23 3.9 15.0 -0.5 16 26 2.86 24 2.6 8.4 -0.2 62 27 2.85 22 5.0 19.7 -1.3 16 27 2.85 23 4.3 21.4 -0.7 60 28 2.84 24 3.6 16.0 -0.8 21 28 q5 2.86 22 2.2 8.7 0.4 39 29 2.84 23 3.9 15.4 0.2 43 29 q1 2.87 24 1.5 5.3 0.5 43 30 2.86 22 3.8 15.7 1.1 43 30 2.86 23 2.2 8.4 -0.7 27 31 q3 2.87 23 2.1 8.7 0.8 44 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.85 1.3 4.5 18.1 0.1 22.0 All 2.86 1.1 4.2 17.6 0.0 39.9 Quiet 2.84 0.9 2.6 10.2 -0.1 13.6 Quiet 2.86 0.6 1.9 7.3 0.4 39.2 Dist. 2.87 1.8 7.5 31.7 0.7 27.8 Dist. 2.87 1.8 7.9 32.4 1.2 50.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.60 (west) is -6.59 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.00 (Sep 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.22 (Oct 14) Minimum -6.82 (Sep 10) Minimum -6.99 (Oct 8) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.87 24 4.9 18.4 -0.1 31 1 d3 2.91 23 6.0 21.7 0.0 16 2 2.86 23 4.0 19.0 -0.5 23 2 2.89 23 4.9 22.4 -0.9 45 3 2.89 24 4.6 20.4 2.0 52 3 d4 2.90 24 5.8 27.4 0.5 45 4 d5 2.86 20 5.5 25.1 -2.2 27 4 d5 2.89 21 5.3 28.1 -0.9 29 5 d2 2.91 24 6.7 31.7 3.2 16 5 2.88 23 3.7 16.0 -0.8 21 6 d1 2.88 23 9.0 46.5 -2.0 27 6 2.89 23 4.4 19.7 0.9 18 7 2.89 24 4.2 18.0 1.0 14 7 2.88 24 3.7 18.4 -0.8 16 8 2.88 23 3.1 13.4 -0.7 14 8 2.88 23 3.9 16.4 0.3 31 9 2.89 23 5.1 23.7 0.3 15 9 q5 2.88 24 1.7 6.0 -0.2 19 10 2.86 24 2.0 9.4 -1.4 15 10 2.89 24 3.4 17.7 0.6 19 11 2.86 23 1.9 8.0 -0.1 15 11 2.88 22 2.8 11.4 -0.5 15 12 q2 2.86 20 1.5 5.3 0.1 41 12 2.87 24 5.3 24.7 -0.8 15 13 2.88 21 3.3 15.4 0.8 41 13 d1 2.87 24 6.3 22.1 0.2 25 14 d3 2.90 22 6.6 27.4 1.5 59 14 q3 2.89 24 1.5 6.0 1.3 42 15 2.89 24 4.9 22.7 -0.6 59 15 2.89 22 2.1 8.7 -0.2 43 16 2.90 24 3.3 13.7 0.3 48 16 q2 2.87 22 1.2 5.3 -0.8 30 17 2.87 24 2.5 11.0 -1.4 55 17 2.89 24 1.7 8.7 0.7 38 18 q5 2.88 23 1.8 7.0 0.4 62 18 2.86 23 3.8 15.0 -1.3 45 19 2.86 22 2.5 13.0 -0.9 70 19 2.89 23 2.1 8.7 1.3 25 20 q4 2.88 23 1.7 6.3 0.7 71 20 d2 2.91 22 6.3 20.4 1.7 28 21 2.88 24 2.7 11.7 0.0 72 21 2.90 23 3.0 13.7 -0.7 99 22 2.90 23 2.2 8.4 1.3 73 22 2.90 23 3.1 11.7 -0.1 59 23 2.87 24 2.4 13.0 -1.4 69 23 2.89 23 3.7 18.0 -0.7 64 24 2.90 24 4.1 12.7 1.7 16 24 2.88 24 3.9 18.7 -0.4 51 25 2.90 23 4.1 16.0 -0.3 26 25 q1 2.88 23 0.6 2.0 -0.3 58 26 2.89 24 3.4 15.4 -0.5 14 26 q4 2.87 24 1.6 7.4 -0.5 65 27 q3 2.87 24 1.6 6.3 -1.1 27 27 2.85 24 4.5 18.0 -1.1 79 28 q1 2.87 24 1.2 4.7 -0.2 29 28 2.88 21 3.0 10.7 1.8 61 29 2.87 24 1.9 8.0 0.2 25 29 2.91 22 3.6 15.0 1.6 58 30 d4 2.91 24 6.0 27.7 2.3 25 30 2.88 23 2.0 8.7 -1.6 60 31 2.89 24 3.3 17.7 0.8 57 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.88 0.9 3.6 16.0 0.1 37.7 All 2.88 0.8 3.5 15.0 0.0 41.2 Quiet 2.87 0.4 1.6 5.9 0.0 46.0 Quiet 2.88 0.5 1.3 5.3 -0.1 42.8 Dist. 2.89 1.3 6.8 31.7 0.5 30.8 Dist. 2.90 1.0 5.9 23.9 0.3 28.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.57 (west) is -6.57 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.97 (Nov 6) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.23 (Dec 4) Minimum -6.75 (Nov 15) Minimum -6.79 (Dec 13) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 3 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.78 4.9 21.4 0.2 1.7 48.3 744 733 Feb 2.80 4.7 21.4 0.0 1.5 56.7 672 663 Mar 2.81 4.5 17.7 0.0 1.1 66.4 744 733 Apr 2.80 4.6 17.4 -0.1 1.0 40.6 720 711 May 2.81 4.7 17.1 0.1 0.9 53.8 744 721 Jun 2.76 4.6 16.8 0.0 1.1 40.8 720 695 Jul 2.80 4.6 16.6 0.0 0.8 32.7 744 703 Aug 2.81 4.2 14.7 0.0 1.1 48.1 744 605 Sep 2.85 4.5 18.1 0.1 1.3 22.0 720 656 Oct 2.86 4.2 17.6 0.0 1.1 39.9 744 709 Nov 2.88 3.6 16.0 0.1 0.9 37.7 720 696 Dec 2.88 3.5 15.0 0.0 0.8 41.2 744 716 Mean 2.82 4.4 17.5 0.0 1.1 44.0 8760 8341 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.76 1.4 6.4 0.4 0.5 37.4 120 118 Feb 2.78 2.0 8.5 -0.9 0.7 66.6 120 117 Mar 2.80 2.6 10.8 0.2 0.2 53.6 120 118 Apr 2.80 3.0 12.5 0.3 0.5 39.2 120 119 May 2.81 3.3 12.9 -0.4 0.5 53.6 120 119 Jun 2.74 3.5 14.3 -0.9 0.6 37.6 120 116 Jul 2.81 3.1 12.0 -0.3 0.5 18.4 120 107 Aug 2.81 2.6 9.2 -0.3 0.9 46.8 120 93 Sep 2.84 2.6 10.2 -0.1 0.9 13.6 120 108 Oct 2.86 1.9 7.3 0.4 0.6 39.2 120 114 Nov 2.87 1.6 5.9 0.0 0.4 46.0 120 114 Dec 2.88 1.3 5.3 -0.1 0.5 42.8 120 117 Mean 2.81 2.4 9.6 -0.1 0.6 41.2 1440 1360 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.82 10.5 46.2 0.8 1.7 61.4 120 118 Feb 2.83 8.8 39.5 1.1 1.4 63.2 120 117 Mar 2.82 7.7 29.4 0.0 1.9 72.4 120 118 Apr 2.82 6.6 25.9 0.6 1.4 41.4 120 119 May 2.81 6.4 22.5 0.0 0.9 49.6 120 116 Jun 2.76 6.0 23.1 0.5 0.8 38.2 120 118 Jul 2.80 6.8 26.3 0.6 1.0 32.8 120 116 Aug 2.80 6.2 22.5 -0.1 2.1 39.2 120 98 Sep 2.87 7.5 31.7 0.7 1.8 27.8 120 112 Oct 2.87 7.9 32.4 1.2 1.8 50.8 120 112 Nov 2.89 6.8 31.7 0.5 1.3 30.8 120 113 Dec 2.90 5.9 23.9 0.3 1.0 28.6 120 114 Mean 2.83 7.3 29.6 0.5 1.4 44.7 1440 1371 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.67 -5.72 -6.92 Feb -6.65 -6.05 -7.18 Mar -6.64 -6.29 -6.96 Apr -6.65 -6.31 -6.89 May -6.64 -6.34 -6.91 Jun -6.69 -6.36 -6.93 Jul -6.65 -6.29 -7.06 Aug -6.64 -6.31 -6.92 Sep -6.60 -6.00 -6.82 Oct -6.59 -6.22 -6.99 Nov -6.57 -5.97 -6.75 Dec -6.57 -6.23 -6.79 Mean -6.63 -6.17 -6.93 Results for 1864 HELSINKI D 1864 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 23 -2 -3 -2 -5 -7 -3 1 0 -3 -12 -21 -32 -29 -24 -9 -12 3 2 16 26 42 23 31 -6 33.5 FEBRUARY 8 8 10 12 4 10 6 9 9 2 -11 -21 -36 -37 -31 -21 -9 -10 -9 11 23 26 35 23 -6 33.2 MARCH 30 11 10 9 16 12 26 34 27 5 -25 -54 -66 -68 -51 -39 -19 -7 9 9 39 33 23 32 -6 32.5 APRIL 16 27 8 19 14 12 20 33 38 21 -7 -46 -65 -73 -68 -41 -21 -7 -1 8 17 35 43 19 -6 32.0 MAY 22 32 19 22 36 41 45 47 40 12 -16 -49 -72 -77 -68 -47 -32 -16 -2 5 3 1 18 27 -6 31.1 JUNE 29 26 39 43 46 57 56 56 45 12 -16 -49 -65 -66 -71 -57 -34 -23 -23 -19 -18 4 10 13 -6 30.1 JULY 18 30 18 26 36 45 54 46 35 13 -5 -39 -55 -63 -67 -52 -34 -21 -16 -14 -3 9 11 24 -6 29.1 AUGUST 17 12 38 41 38 41 37 41 18 -13 -38 -54 -71 -70 -57 -37 -15 14 5 1 14 7 9 20 -6 29.1 SEPTEMBER 4 4 26 19 17 11 17 7 -1 -11 -35 -49 -50 -51 -33 -12 8 20 25 18 18 7 23 14 -6 28.4 OCTOBER 8 1 -1 1 5 0 -1 -5 -1 -2 -15 -27 -47 -50 -36 -16 1 19 33 31 26 19 33 25 -6 27.1 NOVEMBER 16 7 5 5 -8 -4 -12 -4 -5 -10 -17 -31 -35 -30 -22 -16 -19 -10 9 14 42 55 36 34 -6 26.7 DECEMBER 15 7 -1 -5 -10 -15 -19 -18 -21 -20 -24 -24 -25 -15 -13 -15 2 3 28 48 27 25 39 22 -6 26.1 WINTER 15 4 2 2 -4 -4 -5 -3 -4 -7 -16 -22 -31 -27 -23 -15 -6 -1 7 25 25 31 32 25 -6 30.9 EQUINOX 16 14 11 13 13 12 16 19 16 3 -19 -43 -56 -58 -46 -29 -14 0 12 14 24 25 29 25 -6 29.6 SUMMER 21 23 32 37 40 48 49 48 33 4 -20 -47 -64 -66 -65 -49 -28 -10 -11 -11 -2 7 10 19 -6 29.4 YEAR 17 13 14 16 16 17 19 21 15 0 -18 -39 -52 -52 -45 -30 -15 -3 5 11 18 22 25 24 -6 29.9 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 5 -1 -2 -5 -6 -1 2 10 8 5 -2 -5 -15 -18 -15 -5 -5 -3 -2 4 10 13 11 5 -6 34.1 FEBRUARY 1 5 4 -3 7 9 11 11 13 -1 -3 -13 -21 -20 -14 -9 -8 0 0 10 9 8 6 0 -6 33.7 MARCH 10 7 16 9 17 16 23 29 27 12 -10 -28 -38 -40 -31 -14 -6 -3 -3 -6 -1 10 13 1 -6 33.0 APRIL 8 17 4 23 2 2 26 33 41 29 -3 -23 -45 -48 -40 -28 -15 -3 1 -4 0 1 7 13 -6 32.2 MAY 3 9 17 29 33 43 53 49 47 22 -3 -36 -56 -62 -55 -27 -25 -15 -13 -11 -3 -7 -3 7 -6 31.0 JUNE 10 14 8 15 35 52 51 47 43 20 -15 -39 -44 -52 -47 -37 -24 -3 -5 -12 -11 -7 5 4 -6 30.2 JULY 12 23 5 19 25 50 60 24 27 10 4 -32 -42 -43 -42 -35 -19 -11 -13 -16 -12 -3 1 2 -6 28.9 AUGUST 7 16 35 27 29 44 32 23 9 -17 -35 -54 -54 -40 -37 -26 -1 13 2 -4 3 -3 13 8 -6 29.0 SEPTEMBER -1 -2 26 15 11 14 19 15 13 3 -15 -40 -36 -30 -25 -17 5 3 6 11 5 9 21 -5 -6 28.5 OCTOBER 25 19 10 9 6 12 13 18 21 18 0 -19 -36 -36 -32 -18 -15 -10 -9 -4 -1 5 19 15 -6 27.9 NOVEMBER 11 5 -1 3 -1 11 8 8 7 7 -5 -17 -22 -20 -15 -9 -9 -3 -7 5 5 11 14 17 -6 27.2 DECEMBER 19 10 4 8 -6 0 -3 -8 -9 -12 -10 -17 -9 -8 -6 -4 -4 -2 -2 6 6 14 18 13 -6 26.7 WINTER 8 5 2 0 -2 3 3 4 4 -3 -5 -12 -15 -15 -12 -6 -6 -2 -1 7 8 12 12 6 -6 31.5 EQUINOX 9 9 12 15 11 16 24 25 26 15 -6 -27 -39 -39 -33 -19 -11 -5 -4 -2 1 5 12 8 -6 30.0 SUMMER 10 18 16 20 30 49 48 31 26 4 -15 -42 -47 -45 -42 -33 -15 0 -5 -11 -7 -4 6 5 -6 29.4 YEAR 9 10 11 13 13 21 25 22 21 8 -8 -27 -35 -35 -30 -19 -10 -3 -4 -2 1 4 10 7 -6 30.2 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 20 -4 35 -1 -5 -27 -11 -10 -13 -26 -27 -34 -53 -49 -38 -10 -44 -6 12 46 15 106 44 73 -6 32.5 FEBRUARY -21 4 22 -3 7 2 -10 -2 -2 -10 -31 -47 -76 -72 -51 -43 8 -27 -35 65 78 74 101 75 -6 32.1 MARCH 67 32 12 -15 27 7 30 28 3 -14 -52 -86 -95 -96 -68 -63 -49 -12 19 5 104 56 39 129 -6 31.7 APRIL 15 22 30 31 41 11 23 31 41 13 -23 -64-106-116-135 -57 -55 -11 -1 9 56 103 103 51 -6 32.6 MAY 29 129 37 11 43 26 27 49 32 5 -29 -68 -88 -79 -79 -89 -34 -29 29 49 6 -52 13 67 -6 31.2 JUNE 84 27 59 102 65 75 58 36 34 -11 -17 -44 -72 -68 -91 -89 -72 -47 -44 -20 -16 8 31 15 -6 30.0 JULY 55 57 36 46 -4 3 32 20 6 -14 -9 -50 -69 -65 -79 -72 -60 -26 -27 -24 16 48 64 117 -6 28.3 AUGUST 17 -25 67 60 42 67 41 61 6 -29 -64 -38 -95 -84 -88 -70 -39 28 26 15 27 46 -17 45 -6 28.4 SEPTEMBER 9 -1 40 23 -19 -41 -6 -33 -43 -42 -64 -56 -45 -60 -32 -21 44 92 112 29 35 3 47 21 -6 27.6 OCTOBER -9 -36 -29 -18 5 -27 -48 -65 -51 -37 -47 -49 -77 -61 -31 29 44 122 150 134 64 -5 17 19 -6 24.8 NOVEMBER -16 -13 29 -4 -51 -18 -53 -18 -24 -33 -29 -26 -38 -51 4 -32 -14 15 38 37 82 102 64 46 -6 26.5 DECEMBER 28 -17 -13 -24 -21 -48 -50 -68 -45 -44 -41 -41 -41 3 -15 -11 56 3 107 170 39 25 37 9 -6 25.2 WINTER 9 -6 15 -9 -6 -24 -24 -27 -20 -27 -33 -41 -57 -39 -35 -21 7 -10 28 94 44 68 61 52 -6 29.9 EQUINOX 16 22 20 5 8 -7 -5 -1 -7 -18 -41 -58 -75 -77 -57 -39 -11 30 58 44 58 35 47 56 -6 29.1 SUMMER 52 20 54 69 34 48 44 39 15 -18 -30 -44 -79 -72 -86 -77 -57 -15 -15 -10 9 34 26 59 -6 28.9 YEAR 23 14 27 17 10 2 2 2 -5 -21 -36 -51 -72 -67 -59 -44 -18 8 32 43 42 42 45 55 -6 29.2 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 4 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.90 22 3.6 14.0 0.8 14 1 d3 2.93 24 6.1 27.1 2.2 67 2 2.88 24 1.7 6.7 -1.6 21 2 2.89 24 3.6 15.4 -2.0 60 3 q2 2.88 23 0.8 3.0 -0.1 29 3 q4 2.89 24 1.3 4.7 -0.3 61 4 2.89 24 3.0 18.7 0.9 19 4 2.88 24 2.3 8.7 -0.3 42 5 2.88 23 1.5 5.7 -0.6 14 5 d4 2.92 22 5.3 22.1 2.4 50 6 2.88 23 2.3 9.7 0.1 35 6 2.91 24 2.2 8.4 -0.6 21 7 q3 2.88 22 1.0 3.3 -0.3 51 7 2.89 23 1.6 6.3 -1.2 45 8 q5 2.88 23 1.3 5.0 0.0 45 8 2.89 23 2.6 9.0 -0.2 59 9 2.88 24 1.6 7.0 0.0 42 9 d1 2.92 22 7.1 27.7 1.7 45 10 q1 2.89 24 0.7 2.7 0.8 36 10 d2 2.90 24 6.1 22.7 -1.1 46 11 d4 2.90 23 4.2 19.4 0.5 29 11 2.92 24 3.4 12.4 1.4 51 12 2.90 23 3.6 16.7 0.0 42 12 2.92 24 3.4 12.7 -0.5 16 13 2.90 24 2.9 13.4 -0.1 46 13 2.89 19 2.4 9.0 -1.6 37 14 2.92 22 4.1 19.0 1.7 46 14 2.89 24 4.3 16.4 0.2 19 15 d2 2.91 21 5.2 21.7 -0.6 52 15 2.89 24 1.5 5.3 -0.4 19 16 d3 2.90 23 4.4 15.0 -0.7 73 16 q3 2.88 23 1.1 3.7 -0.3 36 17 2.88 24 2.8 13.0 -1.6 79 17 2.89 22 1.9 8.4 0.6 55 18 2.90 24 2.0 9.0 1.3 93 18 q1 2.89 24 1.0 3.7 -0.1 87 19 2.88 22 1.5 7.0 -1.0 70 19 2.89 24 1.8 7.0 0.1 51 20 2.88 23 2.0 10.0 0.0 106 20 2.89 24 2.9 13.4 -0.1 58 21 q4 2.88 24 1.1 3.7 0.0 118 21 2.90 24 1.7 7.4 0.6 51 22 2.89 23 3.7 20.1 0.7 103 22 2.89 24 2.1 9.4 -0.7 34 23 2.89 24 2.4 11.4 -0.3 102 23 2.89 23 1.7 6.3 0.2 36 24 2.89 24 1.7 7.7 0.1 82 24 q2 2.90 23 1.0 4.0 0.5 34 25 d5 2.90 24 4.1 21.7 0.9 102 25 q5 2.89 24 1.4 7.0 -0.9 33 26 d1 2.92 23 6.8 32.4 1.0 96 26 2.90 23 2.2 11.4 0.6 51 27 2.90 23 3.8 16.0 -1.2 64 27 2.89 24 2.9 11.0 -0.4 52 28 2.90 22 3.9 18.7 -0.3 49 28 2.89 24 3.1 10.4 0.1 72 29 2.89 23 2.2 8.4 -0.4 37 29 d5 2.90 23 5.2 25.7 0.7 79 30 2.89 24 2.8 12.7 0.0 46 31 2.89 24 1.9 7.0 0.1 49 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.89 0.8 2.7 12.3 0.0 57.7 All 2.90 0.8 2.9 11.6 0.0 47.1 Quiet 2.88 0.3 1.0 3.5 0.1 55.8 Quiet 2.89 0.4 1.2 4.6 -0.2 50.2 Dist. 2.91 0.5 5.0 22.1 0.2 70.4 Dist. 2.91 0.7 5.9 25.1 1.2 57.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.56 (west) is -6.55 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.14 (Jan 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.15 (Feb 1) Minimum -6.73 (Jan 28) Minimum -6.74 (Feb 10) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.90 23 3.1 15.0 0.1 94 1 2.89 24 5.4 21.1 -4.0 51 2 q1 2.89 22 1.8 6.0 -0.7 109 2 2.95 24 5.1 21.1 3.3 16 3 q2 2.88 22 2.0 6.7 -0.4 105 3 2.94 23 4.3 16.4 -0.6 36 4 q4 2.91 23 2.2 7.7 1.8 88 4 2.92 24 3.9 14.7 -1.0 35 5 d3 2.89 24 7.2 29.4 -1.3 60 5 2.94 22 5.0 20.4 1.0 34 6 d4 2.91 24 7.0 25.1 1.0 41 6 d5 2.91 22 6.1 21.7 -1.7 58 7 2.92 23 5.7 23.7 0.5 52 7 2.91 24 3.7 12.7 -0.1 58 8 2.91 24 3.4 17.7 -0.2 51 8 d4 2.91 23 6.3 27.7 -0.1 54 9 2.90 24 4.9 27.7 -0.5 72 9 2.93 22 4.9 17.0 1.3 54 10 d1 2.91 24 10.8 49.8 0.3 67 10 2.91 20 4.0 13.0 -0.8 36 11 d5 2.95 22 6.9 32.1 2.1 73 11 2.90 22 3.7 14.0 -0.8 36 12 2.92 24 4.4 20.1 -1.3 50 12 2.92 23 3.0 12.4 1.1 37 13 2.91 22 3.1 11.7 -0.7 55 13 q5 2.92 22 2.9 10.7 -0.3 36 14 2.90 24 3.2 11.0 -0.6 55 14 q1 2.91 21 2.5 8.7 -0.2 34 15 2.90 21 3.4 12.4 0.0 55 15 2.92 24 3.0 11.4 0.6 34 16 2.90 23 3.4 15.0 -0.3 55 16 2.92 24 3.8 13.7 -0.4 41 17 q3 2.90 24 2.0 8.4 0.5 70 17 q2 2.90 24 2.5 8.4 -0.7 44 18 2.90 24 2.5 11.4 -0.4 87 18 q3 2.92 24 2.6 9.4 0.7 50 19 2.89 24 5.9 27.1 -0.3 52 19 2.91 21 3.5 15.7 -0.3 52 20 2.90 23 3.5 13.0 0.5 52 20 q4 2.92 23 2.8 10.0 0.2 50 21 2.91 24 3.6 17.4 0.8 52 21 2.91 24 3.1 12.0 -0.5 43 22 2.90 24 3.0 11.7 -1.1 67 22 2.90 24 3.8 14.0 -0.2 50 23 2.89 24 2.7 10.7 -0.1 62 23 2.92 22 4.0 14.4 1.0 29 24 2.92 24 3.1 13.0 1.4 69 24 d3 2.90 24 7.3 31.4 -1.0 31 25 2.88 23 5.2 17.7 -2.1 70 25 d2 2.89 24 7.3 28.1 -0.5 30 26 2.92 22 4.8 19.0 2.0 70 26 2.93 23 3.8 15.7 2.2 14 27 q5 2.91 23 2.3 8.7 -0.5 70 27 d1 2.92 23 10.7 42.4 -0.6 0 28 2.90 24 2.9 10.4 -0.7 75 28 2.94 22 6.1 21.1 0.9 0 29 2.93 24 6.1 26.4 2.2 70 29 2.92 23 4.5 15.4 -0.9 0 30 2.92 24 5.3 19.7 -0.8 56 30 2.91 24 4.3 20.7 -0.8 32 31 d2 2.96 23 7.4 26.4 2.6 52 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.91 1.0 4.3 17.8 0.1 66.3 All 2.92 0.8 4.5 17.2 -0.1 35.8 Quiet 2.90 0.7 2.1 7.5 0.1 88.4 Quiet 2.91 0.3 2.7 9.4 -0.1 42.8 Dist. 2.92 1.5 7.9 32.6 0.9 58.6 Dist. 2.91 0.6 7.5 30.3 -0.8 34.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.54 (west) is -6.53 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.95 (Mar 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.17 (Apr 27) Minimum -6.78 (Mar 10) Minimum -6.88 (Apr 27) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 4 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.94 24 4.6 19.4 2.1 22 1 2.94 22 4.5 17.7 -0.6 58 2 2.94 24 4.8 17.0 -0.5 19 2 2.92 23 4.4 16.7 -1.2 113 3 2.96 24 5.9 21.7 1.5 42 3 2.92 24 5.3 16.7 0.2 85 4 2.95 24 5.5 21.7 -0.4 46 4 2.93 23 4.0 13.7 0.3 106 5 d1 2.97 23 11.7 49.5 1.2 51 5 d4 2.88 22 5.8 20.7 -3.1 124 6 d2 2.92 24 7.8 39.4 -3.2 51 6 2.92 22 4.8 17.0 2.3 121 7 2.93 24 4.0 14.4 0.8 36 7 2.90 23 4.9 16.0 -0.7 144 8 2.92 23 3.9 12.7 -0.8 34 8 d3 2.93 22 7.3 30.1 1.6 87 9 2.93 24 3.6 13.7 0.7 34 9 2.94 23 5.3 21.4 0.5 127 10 q2 2.93 24 3.4 12.7 -0.1 33 10 d5 2.94 24 5.7 20.4 0.2 82 11 2.94 24 5.2 20.7 0.3 16 11 2.97 24 4.4 14.7 2.0 45 12 q1 2.93 24 3.4 11.7 -0.3 44 12 2.94 24 4.6 16.7 -1.9 37 13 2.93 24 4.0 13.7 -0.2 36 13 2.96 24 4.0 12.7 1.3 57 14 q4 2.94 24 3.5 13.4 0.5 21 14 q2 2.95 22 3.0 10.4 -0.8 48 15 q3 2.92 24 3.5 12.4 -1.2 40 15 q5 2.93 24 3.7 12.7 -1.2 51 16 2.91 23 3.9 14.4 -0.2 40 16 2.98 23 4.6 15.4 2.7 57 17 2.91 23 3.9 15.4 -0.1 45 17 2.95 24 5.2 16.7 -1.7 40 18 2.93 24 3.7 12.4 0.9 45 18 2.95 23 4.5 16.4 0.1 64 19 2.91 24 3.9 14.4 -1.0 45 19 q4 2.97 23 3.6 12.7 0.9 21 20 2.87 24 5.6 22.1 -2.5 63 20 2.97 24 5.5 16.0 0.4 32 21 2.93 21 3.7 12.7 3.6 73 21 2.94 24 5.5 18.4 -2.0 27 22 2.95 24 4.7 17.0 1.2 73 22 2.94 23 5.5 15.7 0.3 30 23 d3 2.94 24 7.6 33.4 -0.5 52 23 d1 2.99 23 8.5 31.4 2.5 24 24 d5 2.89 24 6.3 23.4 -3.0 34 24 d2 2.98 24 7.8 25.7 -0.2 21 25 2.95 22 5.3 19.0 3.4 21 25 2.98 23 4.7 14.7 -0.3 33 26 d4 2.93 24 7.4 34.1 -1.4 21 26 2.96 24 4.0 13.0 -1.2 21 27 2.93 23 6.1 29.4 0.4 27 27 2.97 24 3.8 12.4 0.8 30 28 2.94 24 4.9 18.4 0.4 52 28 2.96 23 4.2 13.7 -0.9 16 29 2.93 24 4.2 16.7 -0.5 36 29 q1 2.94 23 2.7 9.7 -0.9 16 30 2.93 23 3.7 13.0 0.1 51 30 q3 2.95 24 3.5 12.7 0.7 18 31 q5 2.95 24 3.6 14.0 1.1 55 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.93 1.2 4.9 19.5 0.1 40.6 All 2.95 1.4 4.8 16.7 0.0 57.8 Quiet 2.93 0.6 3.5 12.8 0.0 38.6 Quiet 2.95 0.7 3.3 11.6 -0.3 30.8 Dist. 2.93 1.6 8.2 36.0 -1.4 41.8 Dist. 2.94 2.4 7.0 25.7 0.2 67.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.52 (west) is -6.50 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.90 (May 5) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.18 (Jun 23) Minimum -6.81 (May 20) Minimum -6.78 (Jun 5) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.91 22 4.3 16.0 -2.3 18 1 q2 2.97 23 2.9 11.7 -0.1 44 2 2.97 24 5.3 19.7 3.8 52 2 q5 2.98 24 3.4 12.4 0.4 34 3 2.96 24 4.2 15.7 -0.8 51 3 2.93 24 5.4 18.0 -2.9 40 4 2.95 23 4.3 15.7 -0.6 52 4 2.97 24 3.9 15.0 2.5 45 5 2.97 24 4.5 17.4 1.1 57 5 2.95 22 5.1 18.7 -1.3 53 6 2.96 24 5.0 16.7 -0.8 58 6 2.96 23 4.0 14.7 0.6 59 7 2.95 24 4.0 14.7 -0.4 54 7 2.95 24 4.0 14.4 -0.2 92 8 2.96 24 4.0 14.0 0.9 57 8 2.96 24 4.4 16.4 0.6 105 9 2.95 22 4.3 14.7 -0.6 81 9 2.97 23 5.0 17.7 0.4 127 10 2.94 24 5.5 18.4 -1.0 81 10 2.97 24 4.0 12.7 0.2 117 11 2.96 24 4.1 14.0 1.3 88 11 2.96 24 4.2 15.0 -0.6 100 12 2.97 24 3.7 12.7 0.5 118 12 2.97 24 4.5 15.0 0.1 133 13 d5 2.97 24 5.8 18.4 0.3 91 13 2.96 24 5.2 17.7 -0.6 134 14 2.97 24 4.1 16.0 0.0 66 14 d1 2.96 22 7.6 29.1 0.2 107 15 2.95 23 4.1 13.7 -1.0 107 15 d2 3.00 23 7.5 26.7 2.7 96 16 q3 2.97 24 3.3 11.7 1.1 67 16 q4 2.97 23 3.4 11.4 -2.2 66 17 2.96 24 3.5 12.7 -0.8 72 17 2.98 23 3.5 11.4 0.8 37 18 2.97 24 5.2 19.7 0.8 60 18 2.98 24 4.6 18.7 0.1 35 19 d1 3.00 24 8.6 33.1 1.6 37 19 d4 2.98 24 6.4 25.7 -0.4 21 20 d2 2.95 24 8.2 35.1 -2.8 37 20 2.96 23 5.2 17.7 -1.1 21 21 d4 3.00 23 5.9 23.1 3.0 56 21 2.94 24 3.8 15.0 -0.8 18 22 2.97 24 4.2 15.0 -2.0 36 22 2.94 24 4.5 15.0 -0.3 12 23 q1 2.96 23 3.1 10.0 -0.7 50 23 q1 2.95 24 2.5 8.7 0.9 11 24 2.97 24 4.7 16.4 0.8 16 24 2.97 24 3.6 13.0 0.9 14 25 q5 2.97 23 3.4 13.7 0.2 27 25 2.96 24 5.8 20.7 -0.8 0 26 2.98 24 3.6 13.4 0.3 16 26 2.97 24 5.3 28.1 0.7 0 27 q2 2.96 24 3.2 12.0 -0.8 34 27 d5 2.97 23 6.0 24.4 0.2 14 28 d3 2.97 24 6.0 27.1 0.1 37 28 2.97 24 4.0 13.0 -0.1 25 29 2.97 23 5.7 20.7 0.1 34 29 q3 2.96 24 3.3 11.4 -0.3 33 30 2.97 23 3.8 15.7 -0.1 39 30 2.98 23 4.4 17.7 0.9 56 31 q4 2.97 23 3.4 12.0 0.2 47 31 d3 2.97 24 6.5 23.7 -0.5 49 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.96 0.9 4.6 17.1 0.0 54.7 All 2.96 0.8 4.6 17.1 0.0 54.8 Quiet 2.97 0.4 3.3 11.9 0.0 45.0 Quiet 2.97 0.4 3.1 11.1 -0.2 37.6 Dist. 2.98 1.2 6.9 27.3 0.4 51.6 Dist. 2.98 0.9 6.8 25.9 0.5 57.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.49 (west) is -6.49 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.13 (Jul 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.16 (Aug 15) Minimum -6.73 (Jul 20) Minimum -6.72 (Aug 3) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 4 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 2.97 24 4.7 18.4 0.1 42 1 2.99 23 2.5 8.7 -0.7 32 2 2.97 23 4.1 19.0 -0.4 39 2 3.01 24 3.4 13.0 1.4 23 3 2.97 21 3.0 11.0 0.0 38 3 3.00 21 2.9 12.0 -0.5 21 4 2.98 24 4.8 19.4 0.7 53 4 q4 3.01 24 2.3 9.4 0.6 52 5 2.97 22 3.8 13.4 -0.4 26 5 3.00 23 3.1 11.4 -0.4 29 6 2.98 24 4.3 15.0 0.9 26 6 3.00 23 3.3 14.7 0.0 27 7 2.97 24 4.3 16.4 -0.7 23 7 q5 3.00 24 2.5 8.4 0.0 21 8 2.95 23 3.8 13.4 -1.4 24 8 3.00 24 3.9 15.0 -0.5 37 9 2.97 24 2.7 9.0 1.5 32 9 3.01 23 3.4 13.7 1.0 43 10 2.98 22 2.7 9.4 0.3 43 10 3.03 23 5.1 20.7 1.1 23 11 q4 2.97 24 2.6 9.0 -0.6 33 11 3.01 24 2.7 12.4 -1.1 34 12 2.97 24 3.3 13.7 0.0 35 12 3.02 23 3.3 16.4 0.6 11 13 2.97 24 2.9 9.7 0.2 35 13 d1 3.04 23 13.2 72.5 1.4 17 14 2.97 23 2.8 10.4 -0.2 27 14 d3 3.07 24 8.3 31.7 1.5 35 15 2.99 23 3.3 11.4 1.0 10 15 3.06 23 6.0 25.7 -0.4 33 16 2.98 23 5.0 23.1 -0.3 28 16 d2 3.08 23 9.2 35.8 0.8 20 17 d3 2.98 24 6.7 25.1 -0.1 28 17 3.04 24 3.3 17.0 -2.4 14 18 d2 2.98 23 7.0 35.1 -0.2 35 18 3.03 24 3.3 12.4 -0.3 11 19 2.98 24 3.1 11.7 0.0 18 19 d4 3.08 23 6.9 28.1 3.2 17 20 d5 3.00 23 6.3 25.7 1.5 25 20 3.01 24 6.3 35.8 -4.4 16 21 d1 2.99 23 8.5 31.1 -0.7 23 21 3.02 23 3.5 17.7 0.8 39 22 d4 3.00 24 6.5 24.1 0.4 10 22 d5 3.05 23 6.3 33.8 1.4 21 23 2.98 22 5.4 23.7 -0.8 0 23 3.03 23 3.0 11.7 -1.2 69 24 2.96 23 4.0 19.4 -1.2 23 24 3.04 23 4.7 22.1 0.8 74 25 q3 2.98 23 2.5 9.4 1.1 43 25 3.03 24 3.0 15.4 -0.4 50 26 q2 2.97 24 2.5 8.4 -0.4 33 26 3.04 23 2.8 13.7 0.1 44 27 2.97 23 3.0 11.4 -0.5 35 27 2.99 22 3.9 15.7 -2.6 61 28 q5 2.96 23 2.7 10.0 -0.3 24 28 q3 3.01 23 1.9 7.7 1.0 30 29 q1 2.99 23 2.2 8.4 1.8 23 29 3.02 24 6.0 26.7 0.7 43 30 2.97 24 5.3 26.1 -1.3 21 30 q2 3.02 24 1.7 6.0 -0.3 47 31 q1 3.03 23 1.7 6.7 0.6 56 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 2.98 0.7 4.1 16.4 0.0 28.5 All 3.03 1.4 4.3 19.1 0.0 33.9 Quiet 2.98 0.6 2.5 9.0 0.3 31.2 Quiet 3.01 0.4 2.0 7.6 0.4 41.2 Dist. 2.99 0.6 7.0 28.2 0.2 24.2 Dist. 3.06 0.9 8.8 40.4 1.7 22.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.47 (west) is -6.42 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.10 (Sep 18) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.62 (Oct 13) Minimum -6.69 (Sep 18) Minimum -6.83 (Oct 13) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.00 23 3.9 14.7 -1.8 76 1 3.01 23 2.4 10.0 -0.3 84 2 3.00 21 5.5 20.7 0.0 77 2 3.00 22 4.2 21.1 -0.2 90 3 2.98 23 4.0 18.4 -1.2 100 3 3.00 22 1.8 8.0 -0.3 60 4 3.01 24 4.3 20.4 1.7 60 4 d3 3.01 24 7.5 39.8 1.0 37 5 3.00 20 4.1 20.7 -0.2 57 5 2.99 23 2.4 10.4 -1.2 27 6 2.98 24 3.6 18.7 -1.4 49 6 3.01 23 3.3 12.0 0.8 11 7 2.99 24 1.8 6.0 0.4 52 7 q3 2.99 24 1.5 6.0 -1.1 16 8 2.99 23 2.4 7.7 0.4 51 8 2.99 23 4.0 18.4 -0.1 10 9 q4 2.98 24 1.5 6.7 -0.6 52 9 d1 3.03 21 11.0 59.8 2.4 11 10 2.99 24 4.6 23.4 0.4 75 10 3.02 23 4.6 22.1 -0.7 10 11 d3 3.01 22 6.7 27.7 1.1 74 11 3.01 24 5.7 26.7 -0.2 22 12 d4 3.01 24 6.5 29.7 0.1 56 12 d2 3.04 24 7.8 30.4 1.3 21 13 3.02 22 5.5 18.0 0.6 51 13 d4 3.05 23 7.1 34.8 0.8 10 14 3.00 22 4.8 19.0 -1.2 16 14 3.01 24 3.7 16.4 -2.1 19 15 d1 3.00 24 7.6 42.4 -0.1 34 15 3.02 22 6.0 25.4 0.5 28 16 d2 3.00 22 6.9 30.4 0.4 40 16 d5 3.03 24 6.7 28.1 0.5 33 17 3.04 24 5.3 21.7 2.2 47 17 3.01 23 1.9 7.7 -1.5 30 18 3.03 24 2.5 12.4 -0.8 38 18 q4 3.00 24 1.5 7.7 -0.2 24 19 3.00 22 2.6 11.4 -1.9 40 19 q1 3.01 24 1.0 4.3 0.3 25 20 d5 3.02 23 5.8 27.4 1.3 40 20 3.00 24 1.9 10.0 -0.2 78 21 3.03 24 3.6 17.7 0.6 40 21 3.02 24 5.7 25.1 1.0 19 22 3.02 23 1.8 7.0 -0.7 40 22 3.02 24 3.6 16.0 0.0 0 23 q1 3.00 24 1.0 3.7 -0.8 57 23 3.05 24 6.1 22.1 1.7 21 24 q2 3.00 24 1.3 5.7 -0.5 73 24 3.03 24 3.6 15.4 -1.1 23 25 3.02 23 4.7 24.7 1.6 78 25 3.02 23 1.7 7.4 -0.7 26 26 3.01 24 2.4 13.0 -0.9 63 26 3.02 24 1.8 6.3 0.0 29 27 q5 3.00 23 1.6 7.0 -0.4 49 27 3.01 23 1.8 8.7 -0.5 27 28 q3 3.00 24 1.4 5.7 0.2 73 28 3.01 24 3.2 13.0 -0.1 33 29 3.02 24 3.0 16.4 0.9 83 29 3.03 23 4.8 19.4 1.6 40 30 3.01 24 5.6 29.7 -0.2 86 30 q2 3.01 23 1.3 5.7 -1.5 11 31 q5 3.02 24 1.6 6.7 0.6 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.00 0.9 3.9 17.6 0.0 57.6 All 3.01 0.9 3.9 17.6 0.0 28.6 Quiet 3.00 0.4 1.4 5.7 -0.4 60.8 Quiet 3.00 0.6 1.4 6.1 -0.4 17.4 Dist. 3.01 0.4 6.7 31.5 0.6 48.8 Dist. 3.03 0.7 8.0 38.6 1.2 22.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.45 (west) is -6.44 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.06 (Nov 30) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.70 (Dec 9) Minimum -6.89 (Nov 15) Minimum -6.69 (Dec 9) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 4 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.89 2.7 12.3 0.0 0.8 57.7 744 719 Feb 2.90 2.9 11.6 0.0 0.8 47.1 696 678 Mar 2.91 4.3 17.8 0.1 1.0 66.3 744 723 Apr 2.92 4.5 17.2 -0.1 0.8 35.8 720 689 May 2.93 4.9 19.5 0.1 1.2 40.6 744 733 Jun 2.95 4.8 16.7 0.0 1.4 57.8 720 698 Jul 2.96 4.6 17.1 0.0 0.9 54.7 744 732 Aug 2.96 4.6 17.1 0.0 0.8 54.8 744 731 Sep 2.98 4.1 16.4 0.0 0.7 28.5 720 698 Oct 3.03 4.3 19.1 0.0 1.4 33.9 744 722 Nov 3.00 3.9 17.6 0.0 0.9 57.6 720 696 Dec 3.01 3.9 17.6 0.0 0.9 28.6 744 724 Mean 2.95 4.1 16.7 0.0 1.0 46.9 8784 8543 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.88 1.0 3.5 0.1 0.3 55.8 120 116 Feb 2.89 1.2 4.6 -0.2 0.4 50.2 120 118 Mar 2.90 2.1 7.5 0.1 0.7 88.4 120 114 Apr 2.91 2.7 9.4 -0.1 0.3 42.8 120 114 May 2.93 3.5 12.8 0.0 0.6 38.6 120 120 Jun 2.95 3.3 11.6 -0.3 0.7 30.8 120 116 Jul 2.97 3.3 11.9 0.0 0.4 45.0 120 117 Aug 2.97 3.1 11.1 -0.2 0.4 37.6 120 118 Sep 2.98 2.5 9.0 0.3 0.6 31.2 120 117 Oct 3.01 2.0 7.6 0.4 0.4 41.2 120 118 Nov 3.00 1.4 5.7 -0.4 0.4 60.8 120 119 Dec 3.00 1.4 6.1 -0.4 0.6 17.4 120 119 Mean 2.95 2.3 8.4 -0.1 0.5 45.0 1440 1406 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 2.91 5.0 22.1 0.2 0.5 70.4 120 114 Feb 2.91 5.9 25.1 1.2 0.7 57.4 120 115 Mar 2.92 7.9 32.6 0.9 1.5 58.6 120 117 Apr 2.91 7.5 30.3 -0.8 0.6 34.6 120 116 May 2.93 8.2 36.0 -1.4 1.6 41.8 120 119 Jun 2.94 7.0 25.7 0.2 2.4 67.6 120 115 Jul 2.98 6.9 27.3 0.4 1.2 51.6 120 119 Aug 2.98 6.8 25.9 0.5 0.9 57.4 120 116 Sep 2.99 7.0 28.2 0.2 0.6 24.2 120 117 Oct 3.06 8.8 40.4 1.7 0.9 22.0 120 116 Nov 3.01 6.7 31.5 0.6 0.4 48.8 120 115 Dec 3.03 8.0 38.6 1.2 0.7 22.4 120 116 Mean 2.96 7.1 30.3 0.4 1.0 46.4 1440 1395 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.56 -6.14 -6.73 Feb -6.55 -6.15 -6.74 Mar -6.54 -5.95 -6.78 Apr -6.53 -6.17 -6.88 May -6.52 -5.90 -6.81 Jun -6.50 -6.18 -6.78 Jul -6.49 -6.13 -6.73 Aug -6.49 -6.16 -6.72 Sep -6.47 -6.10 -6.69 Oct -6.42 -5.62 -6.83 Nov -6.45 -6.06 -6.89 Dec -6.44 -5.70 -6.69 Mean -6.50 -6.02 -6.77 Results for 1865 HELSINKI D 1865 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 17 7 3 3 -2 -8 -17 -24 -28 -27 -32 -36 -29 -28 -13 -11 -13 -9 31 32 59 66 38 20 -6 24.7 FEBRUARY 30 15 9 15 5 -4 -9 -17 -12 -15 -35 -39 -51 -54 -46 -30 6 9 9 41 45 50 49 34 -6 23.3 MARCH 15 18 11 14 19 20 16 25 18 8 -24 -42 -66 -66 -63 -38 -15 -3 13 19 42 34 28 15 -6 23.6 APRIL 22 11 16 25 28 20 34 43 31 9 -26 -54 -72 -72 -60 -39 -24 -3 1 3 27 24 35 23 -6 23.4 MAY 17 22 20 35 42 53 53 50 35 8 -25 -58 -77 -75 -56 -39 -18 -7 0 -6 1 11 12 14 -6 22.9 JUNE 19 19 27 32 43 41 46 43 41 18 -9 -43 -64 -66 -65 -49 -29 -17 -11 -13 0 6 11 11 -6 22.2 JULY 20 19 30 38 38 50 45 38 24 2 -20 -47 -59 -59 -55 -39 -19 -15 -4 -4 -2 4 1 11 -6 20.9 AUGUST 5 32 42 38 17 44 30 41 36 2 -21 -50 -68 -68 -51 -31 -10 1 -5 5 1 8 6 0 -6 19.4 SEPTEMBER 9 10 26 23 15 12 14 19 13 -6 -25 -50 -67 -58 -46 -26 -17 5 18 17 28 36 24 16 -6 19.0 OCTOBER 19 12 6 5 -8 -16 -10 -18 -12 -3 -19 -34 -43 -46 -35 -25 33 2 14 67 39 29 21 16 -6 17.6 NOVEMBER 10 -4 -8 -19 -8 -11 -16 -21 -12 -17 -21 -17 -30 -33 -12 -6 13 34 46 35 29 27 24 28 -6 15.6 DECEMBER 10 10 6 3 -4 -7 -8 -1 -5 -9 -10 -14 -24 -18 -12 -9 -5 -5 7 14 21 19 16 14 -6 14.8 WINTER 19 11 6 7 0 -6 -11 -14 -15 -17 -26 -30 -35 -33 -24 -17 -4 -2 16 29 42 45 34 23 -6 20.9 EQUINOX 15 12 12 14 15 13 15 16 12 0 -23 -43 -59 -58 -45 -29 -5 5 15 23 28 27 24 19 -6 20.4 SUMMER 15 23 33 36 33 45 40 41 34 7 -17 -47 -64 -64 -57 -40 -19 -10 -7 -4 0 6 6 7 -6 20.8 YEAR 16 14 15 17 15 16 15 15 10 -3 -22 -40 -54 -54 -43 -29 -8 -1 10 17 24 26 22 17 -6 20.6 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 0 7 15 4 5 3 -1 -1 -7 -10 -11 -16 -13 -9 -13 -4 5 -10 -3 3 18 11 13 14 -6 26.0 FEBRUARY 12 3 7 7 6 4 6 8 8 3 -10 -18 -32 -30 -24 -10 -8 -4 -3 12 14 16 14 14 -6 24.5 MARCH 2 16 11 10 5 8 -2 7 8 8 -26 -24 -36 -36 -30 -13 -2 16 18 20 15 20 12 0 -6 24.1 APRIL 19 17 13 21 20 22 25 35 28 12 -22 -44 -56 -48 -39 -26 -15 -8 0 -4 1 6 20 17 -6 22.9 MAY 13 11 23 20 22 44 38 40 38 17 -13 -47 -55 -52 -45 -27 -11 -7 0 -7 -1 6 3 0 -6 23.2 JUNE 14 6 9 15 33 36 20 35 37 22 5 -29 -50 -46 -49 -36 -19 -9 -8 -10 5 4 4 0 -6 22.3 JULY 2 23 26 2 14 3 24 17 26 -2 -5 -31 -25 -48 -44 -19 -11 -4 -6 24 7 14 12 12 -6 21.4 AUGUST -6 7 18 20 30 39 28 38 27 8 -31 -42 -53 -37 -32 -15 -9 -4 -7 -2 0 10 -1 18 -6 19.8 SEPTEMBER 12 20 14 11 25 17 13 21 21 12 -17 -30 -50 -45 -33 -26 -20 -4 -1 11 1 9 15 22 -6 18.9 OCTOBER 20 6 15 17 3 4 -1 4 7 4 -6 -28 -25 -27 -21 -13 -6 0 3 3 2 0 21 22 -6 17.8 NOVEMBER 11 10 8 3 0 3 3 6 -1 1 -10 -15 -18 -18 -14 -7 -8 -6 -1 2 7 7 9 16 -6 15.5 DECEMBER 13 3 8 -2 -2 2 0 2 4 2 -2 -10 -18 -16 -6 -5 -5 -6 -3 -1 4 14 22 8 -6 15.2 WINTER 8 4 10 3 3 3 2 3 2 -2 -8 -15 -21 -18 -14 -6 -3 -7 -3 5 12 14 16 12 -6 21.9 EQUINOX 13 13 14 14 13 16 13 19 17 9 -16 -31 -40 -38 -30 -19 -10 -2 3 4 4 8 13 13 -6 20.4 SUMMER 3 12 18 12 26 26 24 30 30 9 -10 -34 -43 -44 -42 -23 -13 -6 -7 4 4 9 5 10 -6 21.2 YEAR 10 11 14 11 14 16 13 18 17 7 -12 -28 -36 -34 -29 -16 -9 -3 0 5 7 10 12 12 -6 21.0 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 72 14 13 20 -10 -28 -31 -52 -46 -54 -88 -40 -76 -89 -68 -75 -76 8 6 242 184 103 51 -6 23.3 FEBRUARY 38 9 8 47 14 -5 -22 -52 -34 -34 -62 -74-107 -89-102 -75 38 -32 -19 130 107 104 125 82 -6 21.8 MARCH 16 32 4 50 30 32 18 36 2 -2 -33 -73-105-108-119 -67 -29 -19 3 43 102 67 61 60 -6 23.2 APRIL 50 5 18 51 60 -25 -1 25 14 2 -40 -65 -93-110 -94 -85 -33 -2 8 -1 66 54 106 85 -6 23.4 MAY 44 48 24 66 57 55 54 38 22 -15 -37 -83-103-103 -96 -52 -38 -2 2 -15 24 49 34 38 -6 22.0 JUNE 73 28 46 58 62 18 46 30 55 19 -14 -56 -81-112 -91 -80 -46 -25 -27 -18 6 34 46 38 -6 22.0 JULY 64 50 46 72 74 84 54 28 -5 -22 -53 -76 -84 -79 -61 -59 -18 -28 -7 8 12 17 -17 6 -6 20.4 AUGUST 19 40 100 59 -7 85 23 79 75 2 2 -63-115-137 -39 -49 -76 -2 -7 11 24 19 30 -66 -6 18.8 SEPTEMBER -17 0 30 32 2 9 2 28 0 -32 -55 -74 -96 -81 -40 -39 -42 47 88 43 86 53 14 30 -6 18.0 OCTOBER 29 32 -3 -3 3 -77 -29 -44 -52 -21 -33 -55 -70 -76 -58 -48 91 -58 -47 243 96 74 47 57 -6 16.9 NOVEMBER 11 -19 -20 -33 -13 -13 -33 -80 -29 -59 -46 12 -59 -78 -46 -22 11 87 218 110 27 49 39 -13 -6 14.3 DECEMBER 13 36 12 3 -13 -20 -10 -2 -11 -18 -8 -10 -18 -18 -22 -20 -18 -21 24 52 34 -9 -7 45 -6 14.6 WINTER 20 39 11 21 7 -12 -20 -28 -32 -33 -41 -57 -55 -61 -71 -54 -18 -43 4 63 128 93 74 59 -6 19.9 EQUINOX 22 16 9 27 23 -3 2 1 -7 -21 -41 -56 -88 -93 -76 -52 -7 9 45 71 67 58 50 43 -6 19.6 SUMMER 52 39 64 63 43 62 41 46 42 0 -22 -65 -93-109 -64 -63 -47 -18 -14 0 14 23 20 -7 -6 20.4 YEAR 29 28 23 35 24 11 6 5 -1 -19 -36 -59 -81 -89 -71 -55 -20 -11 21 51 69 58 48 34 -6 19.9 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 5 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q1 3.00 24 0.8 2.7 -1.0 36 1 3.08 24 4.3 16.0 4.5 14 2 q2 3.01 24 1.1 3.3 0.1 19 2 3.07 24 5.6 26.4 -1.1 10 3 3.01 24 2.3 10.4 0.1 29 3 3.04 24 2.8 11.7 -1.4 10 4 3.01 24 3.9 18.4 0.1 32 4 3.05 23 6.7 29.1 0.3 22 5 3.04 23 6.7 30.7 1.7 45 5 3.06 24 6.9 36.8 0.8 30 6 3.05 23 7.0 35.4 0.7 36 6 3.06 24 3.3 14.0 -0.3 14 7 3.04 23 4.0 17.4 -0.8 30 7 3.05 24 3.4 17.0 -0.1 42 8 3.04 24 4.1 17.4 0.2 33 8 3.05 23 2.2 10.4 0.0 37 9 3.03 24 6.0 29.7 -0.5 33 9 3.05 24 3.5 14.0 -0.4 79 10 3.04 23 5.1 21.7 0.6 47 10 3.05 23 2.2 10.4 0.2 57 11 3.05 24 7.7 41.4 0.3 39 11 q3 3.04 24 1.5 5.0 -0.5 76 12 3.04 23 5.1 26.7 -0.6 40 12 q2 3.04 22 1.3 5.3 -0.2 82 13 3.03 23 2.6 10.0 -0.4 36 13 q1 3.04 24 1.0 4.0 0.4 81 14 q4 3.03 24 1.8 7.4 -0.1 46 14 q4 3.05 23 1.9 6.7 0.2 73 15 3.06 24 6.9 29.4 2.2 20 15 d2 3.07 23 10.5 43.4 1.2 58 16 d2 3.07 22 11.3 42.1 0.4 22 16 3.09 24 3.5 13.0 1.2 55 17 d3 3.10 23 11.0 40.1 1.7 33 17 d4 3.07 24 9.9 48.1 -0.7 45 18 3.06 24 3.1 12.0 -2.7 42 18 3.04 24 7.6 27.1 -2.1 34 19 q5 3.02 23 1.8 8.4 -2.4 32 19 d3 3.09 22 10.0 49.1 2.8 43 20 3.05 24 4.4 16.4 1.9 62 20 3.08 24 7.1 31.1 -0.5 34 21 3.05 24 2.6 8.7 0.3 58 21 d5 3.05 24 8.4 33.8 -1.4 16 22 3.05 24 4.8 23.4 -0.2 66 22 d1 3.14 23 11.3 54.8 5.0 18 23 q3 3.03 24 1.7 7.7 -1.2 113 23 3.08 23 4.3 14.4 -3.5 18 24 3.02 24 2.5 12.7 -0.6 98 24 3.07 23 4.4 19.0 -0.8 16 25 d1 3.05 23 11.7 57.1 1.8 112 25 3.06 23 3.0 13.0 -0.2 42 26 3.05 24 4.6 22.4 0.2 113 26 3.07 24 5.2 21.7 0.3 37 27 3.03 24 2.1 10.4 -1.4 79 27 3.07 22 2.4 8.7 -0.1 42 28 d4 3.05 24 9.5 46.5 1.5 60 28 q5 3.04 24 1.9 6.3 -1.4 15 29 3.04 24 5.3 24.1 -1.1 33 30 3.04 24 3.2 14.0 0.0 56 31 d5 3.01 23 7.8 38.1 -1.9 10 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.04 1.3 4.9 22.1 0.0 48.7 All 3.06 1.2 4.9 21.1 0.1 39.3 Quiet 3.02 0.7 1.4 5.9 -0.9 49.2 Quiet 3.04 0.2 1.5 5.5 -0.3 65.4 Dist. 3.06 1.9 10.3 44.8 0.7 47.4 Dist. 3.08 1.7 10.0 45.9 1.4 36.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.41 (west) is -6.39 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.66 (Jan 25) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.63 (Feb 22) Minimum -6.82 (Jan 31) Minimum -6.70 (Feb 18) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.03 23 3.5 14.0 -0.4 36 1 3.06 24 4.6 16.7 0.0 33 2 3.07 23 3.0 13.7 2.3 39 2 3.04 23 3.6 11.4 -1.0 26 3 q1 3.05 23 2.0 7.0 -1.2 43 3 q1 3.05 23 2.5 9.4 0.7 25 4 q3 3.04 24 2.4 9.0 -0.5 33 4 3.06 24 3.9 13.7 0.6 16 5 3.05 24 2.8 12.7 0.2 47 5 q2 3.07 23 2.6 10.0 0.1 11 6 q5 3.03 23 2.5 12.0 -0.8 48 6 3.06 24 3.5 12.0 -0.1 10 7 q4 3.06 24 2.5 10.0 1.7 31 7 3.06 22 3.6 14.4 -0.3 0 8 3.05 23 3.3 12.7 -0.5 24 8 3.07 23 3.8 16.0 0.6 23 9 3.06 24 3.5 16.7 0.3 36 9 q5 3.05 23 3.2 11.0 -1.2 18 10 q2 3.06 23 2.3 10.0 0.0 36 10 3.05 24 3.4 13.4 -0.1 23 11 3.05 23 3.1 12.4 -0.6 69 11 3.05 23 3.8 14.7 -0.1 21 12 3.05 24 3.7 15.7 0.1 88 12 d3 3.06 24 6.4 20.4 1.0 21 13 3.06 23 3.3 17.4 0.7 80 13 d5 3.07 23 5.9 25.7 0.3 22 14 3.05 23 2.9 12.0 -0.8 73 14 3.06 24 3.3 13.4 -0.3 0 15 d2 3.05 21 5.9 24.1 0.0 60 15 3.05 24 4.2 18.7 -0.5 15 16 d4 3.06 24 5.5 20.4 0.8 60 16 d1 3.02 21 9.8 35.1 -2.1 66 17 d3 3.08 24 5.5 20.4 1.1 63 17 d2 3.09 24 8.9 32.4 4.5 58 18 3.08 21 3.8 17.7 0.4 45 18 3.05 24 5.2 20.1 -2.9 71 19 3.04 24 3.4 13.0 -2.6 41 19 d4 3.06 23 6.3 29.4 0.7 60 20 d1 3.09 21 12.7 67.5 3.1 42 20 q4 3.09 23 3.2 10.7 1.8 56 21 3.08 24 5.4 25.1 -0.6 26 21 q3 3.08 24 3.0 9.4 -0.4 54 22 3.07 24 2.7 12.0 -0.7 14 22 3.08 24 3.6 12.7 -0.3 44 23 3.04 23 4.9 16.7 -1.7 0 23 3.06 22 4.7 18.0 -0.8 27 24 3.06 24 3.3 13.0 0.9 0 24 3.07 24 4.4 13.0 0.2 11 25 3.08 24 4.1 14.7 1.3 19 25 3.05 23 3.5 12.0 -0.9 15 26 3.06 24 4.0 15.4 -1.2 20 26 3.07 22 3.3 12.7 0.8 41 27 3.07 24 5.0 23.1 0.5 22 27 3.04 24 4.2 15.7 -1.3 44 28 3.05 24 4.4 15.4 -1.5 34 28 3.05 23 4.3 14.0 0.1 18 29 3.05 24 3.3 11.0 0.0 28 29 3.06 24 3.8 14.0 1.1 29 30 d5 3.06 24 5.4 23.1 0.6 24 30 3.07 22 4.0 15.7 0.3 25 31 3.06 22 3.9 13.4 0.4 42 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.06 0.9 4.0 16.8 0.0 39.5 All 3.06 0.9 4.3 16.2 0.0 29.4 Quiet 3.05 0.6 2.4 9.6 -0.2 38.2 Quiet 3.07 0.9 2.9 10.1 0.2 32.8 Dist. 3.07 1.0 7.0 31.1 1.1 49.8 Dist. 3.06 1.4 7.4 28.6 0.9 45.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.39 (west) is -6.39 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.63 (Mar 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.07 (Apr 17) Minimum -6.76 (Mar 20) Minimum -6.70 (Apr 16) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 5 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.06 23 3.9 14.0 -0.8 29 1 3.09 24 3.3 10.7 0.6 39 2 3.05 23 3.8 14.4 -0.3 49 2 q5 3.07 24 3.3 12.0 -1.0 45 3 3.06 24 4.0 15.4 0.4 33 3 3.06 22 3.8 13.7 -0.7 47 4 q5 3.06 21 3.3 12.7 0.2 52 4 3.05 24 4.1 14.4 -0.8 46 5 q4 3.07 24 3.2 11.4 0.2 53 5 3.07 23 3.5 13.0 1.2 59 6 3.07 24 4.4 18.0 0.5 57 6 q1 3.05 24 2.8 13.7 -1.0 46 7 q3 3.06 24 3.1 12.0 -0.6 62 7 3.08 24 3.5 12.7 1.5 43 8 3.05 24 3.3 12.7 -0.9 65 8 3.07 23 3.9 14.0 -0.6 52 9 3.08 24 3.4 11.7 1.6 44 9 3.06 24 5.1 17.4 -0.2 54 10 3.07 24 3.7 14.4 -0.1 33 10 d1 3.09 24 8.0 31.4 1.6 77 11 3.07 24 4.8 15.0 0.0 30 11 d2 3.09 23 7.1 27.1 -0.1 36 12 d3 3.09 22 5.3 24.4 1.0 34 12 d5 3.09 24 5.6 19.4 0.2 60 13 d1 3.08 24 8.1 32.1 -0.7 34 13 3.09 24 4.3 13.7 0.1 56 14 d2 3.10 23 7.8 27.7 1.5 28 14 3.06 24 4.7 15.0 -1.7 34 15 d4 3.08 24 5.2 18.4 -1.5 28 15 d4 3.06 22 5.7 19.4 -0.5 32 16 3.08 24 3.9 15.4 0.3 14 16 d3 3.09 22 5.8 23.4 1.9 33 17 3.10 23 4.9 20.1 0.7 16 17 3.08 24 4.1 15.7 -0.2 30 18 q1 3.07 23 2.9 11.4 -1.7 18 18 3.09 24 3.7 12.7 0.2 36 19 3.07 22 3.8 12.0 0.1 27 19 3.09 22 4.2 14.0 0.2 24 20 q2 3.06 24 3.1 11.4 -0.2 30 20 q3 3.09 22 3.3 11.7 -0.1 13 21 3.08 24 3.8 13.7 0.9 19 21 3.08 22 4.2 15.4 -0.7 0 22 3.07 24 4.2 14.7 -0.3 15 22 3.10 24 3.7 13.0 1.4 0 23 3.06 24 4.2 16.4 -0.7 0 23 3.08 24 3.7 14.4 -1.4 25 24 3.07 24 4.0 15.0 0.2 0 24 3.06 23 3.8 13.7 -0.9 23 25 d5 3.06 24 4.9 18.7 -0.3 24 25 q2 3.09 24 3.1 9.0 1.4 16 26 3.05 23 4.7 17.0 -0.7 25 26 3.09 24 4.5 16.0 0.0 13 27 3.07 23 4.4 16.0 1.1 26 27 3.09 23 5.3 20.4 0.1 10 28 3.06 22 4.9 16.0 -0.7 68 28 3.07 23 3.9 12.7 -0.9 11 29 3.06 21 4.0 14.4 0.5 62 29 q4 3.09 24 3.3 11.7 1.2 27 30 3.07 24 4.2 15.4 0.2 39 30 3.10 24 3.7 14.4 0.7 20 31 3.08 24 3.9 15.0 0.7 56 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.07 0.8 4.3 16.0 0.0 34.5 All 3.08 0.9 4.3 15.5 0.0 33.6 Quiet 3.06 0.1 3.1 11.8 -0.4 43.0 Quiet 3.08 1.0 3.2 11.6 0.1 29.4 Dist. 3.08 0.9 6.3 24.3 0.0 29.6 Dist. 3.08 0.8 6.4 24.1 0.6 47.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.38 (west) is -6.37 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.07 (May 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.12 (Jun 10) Minimum -6.61 (May 13) Minimum -6.64 (Jun 10) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.09 24 3.3 11.7 -0.7 26 1 q4 3.11 24 2.9 10.4 0.4 54 2 3.10 24 3.5 11.4 0.5 11 2 3.07 20 6.2 21.1 -2.3 90 3 3.10 24 3.8 14.7 0.0 0 3 d1 3.42 12 11.7 39.8 21.1 79 4 3.10 24 3.8 13.4 0.1 0 4 3.18 23 6.3 25.1 -14.4 60 5 3.09 24 4.4 15.4 -0.7 10 5 d2 3.13 24 9.6 47.5 -2.8 51 6 3.10 23 4.8 14.7 0.6 10 6 3.15 24 3.5 14.4 1.2 20 7 d3 3.07 24 6.4 24.7 -1.4 24 7 3.15 24 3.7 12.0 -0.5 49 8 d1 3.14 24 8.7 26.1 4.2 37 8 3.13 23 3.7 14.0 -0.7 38 9 3.11 24 4.8 15.0 -1.7 53 9 3.14 23 3.5 10.7 0.2 38 10 3.10 24 3.2 10.7 -0.9 16 10 d4 3.09 23 7.6 29.1 -3.0 54 11 3.10 19 3.3 10.7 0.0 20 11 3.13 23 5.2 19.0 2.5 43 12 3.10 24 4.6 14.7 -0.1 37 12 3.13 22 3.6 14.4 0.2 32 13 d2 3.09 24 6.4 20.4 -0.4 36 13 3.10 24 3.1 14.7 -1.8 19 14 3.08 23 4.0 16.7 -0.4 31 14 3.13 24 4.6 20.7 1.7 14 15 3.10 24 3.2 10.7 1.1 10 15 d3 3.09 24 7.9 32.1 -2.3 18 16 3.09 24 3.9 15.0 -0.5 10 16 3.10 24 5.6 21.1 0.9 0 17 3.10 21 3.2 14.7 0.6 31 17 q2 3.13 24 2.9 10.0 1.5 18 18 d4 3.11 23 5.6 22.1 0.5 29 18 3.12 22 3.8 11.7 -0.4 23 19 q2 3.10 23 2.9 10.7 -0.5 33 19 3.10 24 5.5 19.7 -1.1 23 20 q1 3.09 23 2.8 10.0 -0.6 35 20 3.13 24 4.6 16.7 1.8 33 21 3.10 23 4.2 14.7 0.4 17 21 3.10 24 4.7 21.4 -2.1 23 22 3.11 23 5.0 17.4 0.8 33 22 3.13 22 5.1 18.0 1.6 16 23 q4 3.08 24 3.0 11.7 -1.7 16 23 q3 3.13 24 2.9 11.0 0.2 31 24 q3 3.10 23 3.0 13.0 1.1 31 24 3.11 21 3.3 11.0 -1.4 42 25 3.13 24 4.1 13.7 1.8 21 25 3.12 24 3.7 11.7 1.0 48 26 3.09 21 5.0 23.4 -2.3 26 26 d5 3.12 23 7.6 26.4 -0.3 39 27 3.12 23 3.6 14.0 1.4 50 27 3.17 24 5.0 19.4 3.0 31 28 d5 3.13 24 5.5 19.4 1.0 36 28 q1 3.13 22 2.3 9.7 -2.4 52 29 q5 3.09 24 3.1 11.4 -2.4 42 29 3.12 23 3.3 11.7 -0.5 53 30 3.09 24 4.0 14.7 -0.1 27 30 q5 3.12 20 2.9 11.7 0.1 43 31 3.10 23 3.2 10.7 0.6 72 31 3.11 23 3.6 12.7 -0.4 37 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.10 0.9 4.2 15.1 0.0 26.8 All 3.13 3.4 4.8 18.3 0.0 37.8 Quiet 3.09 0.4 3.0 11.4 -0.8 31.4 Quiet 3.12 0.5 2.8 10.6 0.0 39.6 Dist. 3.11 1.6 6.5 22.5 0.8 32.4 Dist. 3.17 7.6 8.9 35.0 2.5 48.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.35 (west) is -6.32 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.04 (Jul 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.74 (Aug 3) Minimum -6.59 (Jul 26) Minimum -6.69 (Aug 10) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 5 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 3.12 23 2.8 8.7 0.7 26 1 3.16 23 3.9 19.7 1.0 16 2 3.14 23 3.4 14.7 1.0 24 2 3.15 24 2.8 13.4 -0.4 20 3 q5 3.12 23 3.0 10.4 -0.8 33 3 3.14 23 2.6 9.4 -0.6 20 4 3.12 23 3.8 12.7 -0.5 37 4 3.14 24 2.4 11.4 0.3 20 5 3.11 24 4.3 15.0 -0.4 35 5 d5 3.12 22 8.5 37.1 -1.7 10 6 3.11 24 6.2 21.7 0.3 21 6 3.13 24 7.3 34.1 0.6 10 7 3.12 24 4.4 15.0 0.2 21 7 3.17 24 3.7 16.7 2.5 20 8 d3 3.14 23 7.4 29.7 1.2 0 8 3.13 23 2.3 8.0 -2.0 29 9 d2 3.16 22 7.8 33.1 1.3 0 9 3.17 24 4.5 24.4 2.2 18 10 d5 3.14 23 6.2 31.7 -1.0 0 10 3.13 24 5.8 27.7 -2.4 24 11 3.13 24 4.3 17.0 -0.6 0 11 3.15 24 4.3 19.0 1.1 37 12 3.12 23 4.8 17.7 -0.7 0 12 d4 3.19 22 8.8 44.1 2.4 44 13 q4 3.13 24 2.8 11.7 0.8 0 13 3.12 23 4.0 15.4 -4.2 53 14 3.14 24 3.5 18.0 0.5 0 14 3.14 22 6.6 30.7 1.1 33 15 3.10 24 3.3 13.0 -2.8 15 15 3.15 24 2.7 11.0 0.5 42 16 3.13 23 4.7 17.7 2.2 15 16 3.14 24 3.0 12.7 -0.5 35 17 3.11 23 4.5 21.1 -1.1 14 17 q4 3.14 23 1.9 6.7 0.4 39 18 3.12 23 3.7 13.4 0.7 33 18 3.16 24 4.6 19.7 1.2 25 19 q2 3.15 24 2.6 12.4 1.4 29 19 d1 3.15 20 12.2 51.5 -0.8 16 20 d1 3.14 22 8.1 31.4 -0.7 30 20 3.19 23 5.1 25.1 2.1 0 21 3.13 23 4.9 16.7 -0.2 23 21 3.20 24 5.9 21.7 0.8 0 22 3.15 20 3.4 12.0 1.1 15 22 3.15 24 2.3 9.4 -2.9 0 23 3.14 23 3.5 13.7 -0.4 19 23 q3 3.15 23 1.7 6.7 0.1 0 24 q1 3.14 23 2.5 8.0 0.1 30 24 q2 3.16 24 1.6 6.3 0.5 0 25 3.13 24 4.0 12.7 -0.6 42 25 3.15 23 6.2 31.1 -0.4 0 26 3.15 22 4.0 14.0 0.7 33 26 d2 3.22 23 10.7 51.1 4.2 0 27 3.12 23 3.5 13.7 -1.3 37 27 3.19 24 3.1 11.7 -2.2 0 28 3.13 23 5.3 20.1 0.3 48 28 q5 3.16 23 2.1 9.0 -1.3 0 29 d4 3.16 24 6.6 28.4 2.1 34 29 q1 3.14 23 1.4 7.0 -1.2 10 30 3.14 24 3.6 17.7 -1.4 34 30 d3 3.15 23 10.0 50.1 0.5 10 31 3.19 23 7.0 26.7 2.3 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.13 0.9 4.4 17.4 0.1 21.6 All 3.16 1.4 4.8 21.6 0.1 17.1 Quiet 3.13 0.6 2.7 10.2 0.4 23.6 Quiet 3.15 0.5 1.7 7.2 -0.3 9.8 Dist. 3.15 0.7 7.2 30.9 0.6 12.8 Dist. 3.17 2.2 10.0 46.8 0.9 16.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.32 (west) is -6.29 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.94 (Sep 29) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.57 (Oct 26) Minimum -6.64 (Sep 10) Minimum -6.67 (Oct 6) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d3 3.14 24 10.3 49.5 -2.7 0 1 3.22 23 2.8 14.0 -2.5 42 2 3.16 24 6.8 33.4 0.8 0 2 3.19 21 2.8 13.0 -1.9 42 3 d4 3.18 24 9.2 52.8 1.4 0 3 3.21 23 1.6 6.7 1.3 42 4 3.19 23 6.0 21.1 0.6 11 4 3.21 24 2.3 10.7 -0.1 18 5 3.19 23 6.2 31.4 -0.2 13 5 3.20 23 1.6 6.7 -0.5 20 6 3.18 24 3.6 13.4 -0.4 39 6 q5 3.19 24 1.3 5.3 -0.7 15 7 3.20 24 5.5 26.4 1.1 40 7 q2 3.18 24 1.0 4.0 -0.2 10 8 3.17 24 3.3 16.4 -1.8 42 8 3.20 24 2.7 14.0 0.9 0 9 3.23 24 6.0 25.4 3.3 57 9 d2 3.21 24 4.1 19.0 0.9 0 10 3.18 22 3.2 16.4 -2.6 42 10 3.21 24 2.4 11.7 -0.3 0 11 3.22 24 4.5 19.7 2.0 32 11 3.20 23 1.8 8.0 -0.4 14 12 3.14 20 4.2 18.4 -4.7 34 12 3.21 21 1.5 7.7 0.5 10 13 3.15 24 4.0 13.4 0.5 35 13 3.20 23 2.6 11.0 -0.9 10 14 d1 3.26 22 12.6 54.1 7.0 36 14 3.23 22 2.9 9.4 1.8 0 15 3.18 24 2.1 7.7 -5.2 19 15 3.22 23 1.6 9.4 -0.4 0 16 d2 3.23 23 10.5 45.5 3.1 31 16 3.22 22 1.7 8.7 -0.3 0 17 3.19 23 2.2 8.0 -2.5 17 17 q1 3.20 24 0.9 3.3 -0.6 19 18 q4 3.20 24 1.1 4.7 0.5 15 18 3.21 24 1.3 5.3 0.2 19 19 q3 3.19 23 1.0 3.3 -0.2 12 19 d4 3.21 24 3.1 12.0 0.0 0 20 q1 3.19 24 0.7 2.3 -0.2 10 20 d1 3.18 24 4.6 18.0 -1.6 0 21 3.17 24 1.7 5.7 -0.8 0 21 3.18 24 2.3 8.4 0.2 14 22 3.19 24 4.3 16.7 1.0 14 22 3.18 23 2.3 9.4 0.0 0 23 3.18 24 2.6 11.0 -0.7 17 23 q3 3.21 24 1.1 5.3 1.7 15 24 q2 3.20 9 0.8 2.7 1.1 26 24 3.20 24 1.5 5.7 -0.8 0 25 3.19 24 1.7 7.0 -0.5 22 25 d3 3.21 21 3.4 16.7 0.9 0 26 3.18 22 1.7 7.0 -0.4 33 26 3.20 24 1.8 9.7 -0.9 0 27 q5 3.19 23 1.3 4.3 0.3 37 27 3.19 23 2.2 12.0 -0.3 15 28 3.21 24 6.5 24.7 1.4 42 28 3.20 23 1.6 6.7 0.6 19 29 3.20 24 2.1 9.7 -0.5 32 29 3.20 24 1.9 8.4 -0.2 16 30 d5 3.26 23 8.9 39.1 3.1 29 30 d5 3.21 24 3.1 14.4 0.8 15 31 q4 3.20 23 1.1 4.7 -1.0 42 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.19 1.7 4.5 19.7 0.1 24.6 All 3.20 0.7 2.2 9.7 -0.1 12.8 Quiet 3.19 0.2 1.0 3.5 0.3 20.0 Quiet 3.20 0.6 1.1 4.5 -0.2 20.2 Dist. 3.21 2.7 10.3 48.2 2.4 19.2 Dist. 3.21 0.8 3.7 16.0 0.2 3.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.26 (west) is -6.25 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.49 (Nov 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -6.00 (Dec 9) Minimum -6.66 (Nov 3) Minimum -6.43 (Dec 20) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 5 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.04 4.9 22.1 0.0 1.3 48.7 744 732 Feb 3.06 4.9 21.1 0.1 1.2 39.3 672 657 Mar 3.06 4.0 16.8 0.0 0.9 39.5 744 723 Apr 3.06 4.3 16.2 0.0 0.9 29.4 720 698 May 3.07 4.3 16.0 0.0 0.8 34.5 744 725 Jun 3.08 4.3 15.5 0.0 0.9 33.6 720 702 Jul 3.10 4.2 15.1 0.0 0.9 26.8 744 723 Aug 3.13 4.8 18.3 0.0 3.4 37.8 744 705 Sep 3.13 4.4 17.4 0.1 0.9 21.6 720 695 Oct 3.16 4.8 21.6 0.1 1.4 17.1 744 721 Nov 3.19 4.5 19.7 0.1 1.7 24.6 720 688 Dec 3.20 2.2 9.7 -0.1 0.7 12.8 744 721 Mean 3.11 4.3 17.5 0.0 1.2 30.5 8760 8490 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.02 1.4 5.9 -0.9 0.7 49.2 120 119 Feb 3.04 1.5 5.5 -0.3 0.2 65.4 120 117 Mar 3.05 2.4 9.6 -0.2 0.6 38.2 120 117 Apr 3.07 2.9 10.1 0.2 0.9 32.8 120 116 May 3.06 3.1 11.8 -0.4 0.1 43.0 120 116 Jun 3.08 3.2 11.6 0.1 1.0 29.4 120 118 Jul 3.09 3.0 11.4 -0.8 0.4 31.4 120 117 Aug 3.12 2.8 10.6 0.0 0.5 39.6 120 114 Sep 3.13 2.7 10.2 0.4 0.6 23.6 120 117 Oct 3.15 1.7 7.2 -0.3 0.5 9.8 120 116 Nov 3.19 1.0 3.5 0.3 0.2 20.0 120 103 Dec 3.20 1.1 4.5 -0.2 0.6 20.2 120 119 Mean 3.10 2.2 8.5 -0.2 0.5 33.5 1440 1389 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.06 10.3 44.8 0.7 1.9 47.4 120 115 Feb 3.08 10.0 45.9 1.4 1.7 36.0 120 116 Mar 3.07 7.0 31.1 1.1 1.0 49.8 120 114 Apr 3.06 7.4 28.6 0.9 1.4 45.4 120 115 May 3.08 6.3 24.3 0.0 0.9 29.6 120 117 Jun 3.08 6.4 24.1 0.6 0.8 47.6 120 115 Jul 3.11 6.5 22.5 0.8 1.6 32.4 120 119 Aug 3.17 8.9 35.0 2.5 7.6 48.2 120 106 Sep 3.15 7.2 30.9 0.6 0.7 12.8 120 114 Oct 3.17 10.0 46.8 0.9 2.2 16.0 120 110 Nov 3.21 10.3 48.2 2.4 2.7 19.2 120 116 Dec 3.21 3.7 16.0 0.2 0.8 3.0 120 117 Mean 3.12 7.8 33.2 1.0 1.9 32.3 1440 1374 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.41 -5.66 -6.82 Feb -6.39 -5.63 -6.70 Mar -6.39 -5.63 -6.76 Apr -6.39 -6.07 -6.70 May -6.38 -6.07 -6.61 Jun -6.37 -6.12 -6.64 Jul -6.35 -6.04 -6.59 Aug -6.32 -5.74 -6.69 Sep -6.32 -5.94 -6.64 Oct -6.29 -5.57 -6.67 Nov -6.26 -5.49 -6.66 Dec -6.25 -6.00 -6.43 Mean -6.34 -5.83 -6.66 Results for 1866 HELSINKI D 1866 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 19 11 9 7 -1 -6 -1 -2 -4 -10 -18 -28 -31 -29 -25 -18 -9 -4 10 6 26 37 32 30 -6 13.7 FEBRUARY 31 17 12 8 5 -6 -3 0 7 -10 -19 -35 -44 -53 -40 -46 -27 -12 0 50 20 54 54 34 -6 11.6 MARCH 15 9 17 12 13 13 12 13 7 -7 -24 -43 -56 -51 -42 -19 -10 0 18 15 30 34 18 28 -6 12.0 APRIL 18 21 16 15 21 30 41 42 37 12 -14 -45 -68 -74 -60 -44 -27 -8 12 17 19 13 6 22 -6 12.3 MAY 17 16 23 19 27 39 38 42 31 16 -13 -41 -64 -66 -56 -46 -33 -17 0 1 6 23 25 17 -6 12.2 JUNE 14 19 23 32 40 50 49 50 39 14 -11 -41 -59 -66 -58 -45 -34 -21 -14 -5 -4 1 10 16 -6 11.2 JULY 25 19 21 30 34 34 39 36 26 14 -15 -40 -57 -58 -57 -36 -24 -17 -16 -9 -5 9 15 20 -6 10.3 AUGUST 9 22 16 15 33 35 32 31 25 8 -19 -44 -63 -60 -51 -32 -17 -3 2 5 10 18 15 13 -6 9.4 SEPTEMBER 16 12 -4 13 16 19 5 7 -6 -10 -23 -36 -52 -50 -40 -12 7 11 16 24 41 15 19 15 -6 8.4 OCTOBER 24 -7 5 -5 -10 -13 -18 -13 -5 -11 -22 -38 -45 -34 -25 -23 4 22 28 40 47 39 28 23 -6 7.1 NOVEMBER 12 8 -8 -6 -18 -19 -16 -9 -7 -8 -16 -25 -34 -25 -16 -5 10 1 3 32 51 45 38 9 -6 6.0 DECEMBER 12 7 -1 -5 -4 -5 -6 -4 -5 -11 -11 -20 -23 -22 -20 -9 -13 14 7 17 36 34 20 15 -6 6.3 WINTER 21 12 7 3 0 -6 -3 -2 -1 -10 -16 -28 -33 -35 -28 -24 -16 -1 6 24 27 42 35 26 -6 10.5 EQUINOX 17 10 8 8 8 12 10 14 10 -1 -19 -38 -53 -50 -40 -25 -8 2 13 22 32 28 22 19 -6 9.7 SUMMER 16 20 20 26 36 40 40 39 30 12 -15 -42 -60 -61 -55 -38 -25 -14 -9 -3 0 9 13 16 -6 10.3 YEAR 17 12 10 11 13 14 14 16 12 -1 -17 -37 -50 -50 -41 -28 -15 -3 5 16 23 26 23 20 -6 10.0 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 1 3 -3 4 1 1 2 4 6 6 0 -12 -18 -17 -6 -8 -9 -2 -2 2 4 11 9 12 -6 14.4 FEBRUARY 33 25 3 -2 0 0 3 10 14 8 -2 -16 -36 -32 -24 -14 -12 -7 -4 2 5 14 16 7 -6 12.6 MARCH 7 11 8 13 16 14 23 26 15 -6 -23 -28 -40 -31 -23 -8 -3 -4 -2 2 10 3 1 12 -6 13.0 APRIL 2 6 6 18 25 28 38 37 32 16 -4 -34 -53 -53 -42 -29 -18 -6 2 -4 -8 0 17 9 -6 11.8 MAY 6 12 22 26 28 28 34 32 26 19 -5 -31 -45 -49 -41 -28 -14 -6 -4 -4 -4 0 2 1 -6 11.8 JUNE 15 15 12 14 16 38 51 53 41 8 -11 -29 -47 -47 -44 -34 -26 -13 -14 0 -3 0 0 -8 -6 11.2 JULY 12 12 24 30 40 36 28 25 18 5 -10 -29 -41 -45 -46 -24 -16 -11 -8 -8 -4 7 -10 10 -6 9.9 AUGUST 25 17 7 -5 -5 -9 8 10 23 14 -7 -19 -37 -45 -37 -28 2 8 1 22 20 10 11 12 -6 9.3 SEPTEMBER 11 -4 0 11 11 13 9 11 4 1 -16 -22 -38 -38 -3 -5 0 5 4 10 12 9 7 11 -6 8.4 OCTOBER 2 0 2 7 8 14 2 10 12 0 -10 -26 -34 -32 -20 -1 5 6 16 17 7 -1 10 13 -6 7.6 NOVEMBER 6 4 6 2 -7 -7 1 0 4 3 -8 -13 -22 -21 -19 -5 -1 -4 4 14 12 16 23 21 -6 6.7 DECEMBER 7 -6 -5 -7 -7 -1 1 5 4 0 -5 -11 -17 -13 -5 -3 -5 -7 -3 1 7 16 29 23 -6 6.4 WINTER 14 7 -2 -2 -2 0 2 6 8 5 -2 -13 -24 -21 -12 -8 -9 -5 -3 2 5 14 18 14 -6 11.1 EQUINOX 6 5 7 13 14 15 18 19 16 6 -11 -26 -39 -37 -25 -13 -5 -2 3 6 5 5 10 11 -6 9.9 SUMMER 17 15 14 13 17 22 29 29 27 9 -9 -26 -42 -46 -42 -29 -13 -5 -7 5 4 6 0 5 -6 10.1 YEAR 11 8 7 10 11 13 17 19 17 7 -8 -22 -35 -35 -25 -15 -8 -3 0 5 5 8 10 11 -6 10.3 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 35 44 49 18 -8 -34 -20 -28 -45 -36 -45 -58 -29 -40 -35 -13 -2 8 55 4 60 38 35 56 -6 12.4 FEBRUARY 27 39 13 -13 9 8 -6 -16 14 -29 -28 -68 -37 -73 -68-112 -56 -23 1 177 18 139 74 9 -6 9.4 MARCH 84 64 44 30 19 23 0 4 -21 -20 -35 -55 -85 -96 -72 -36 -53 -14 31 22 40 51 38 28 -6 10.5 APRIL 68 73 33 37 13 16 36 42 38 5 -36 -46 -84 -81 -95 -65 -40 -26 7 37 67 18 -37 30 -6 13.0 MAY 42 2 24 35 28 38 1 32 30 12 -18 -54 -74 -97 -69 -65 -75 -51 9 0 8 95 76 78 -6 12.8 JUNE 30 53 32 39 48 55 54 50 33 5 -22 -57 -78 -84 -75 -63 -55 -35 -19 3 1 8 26 44 -6 10.9 JULY 69 52 4 17 16 26 57 39 24 23 -22 -52 -82 -61 -81 -50 -38 -24 -32 -1 4 10 43 54 -6 10.3 AUGUST -24 31 24 14 46 50 37 45 49 26 -27 -54 -92 -64 -90 -59 -35 -6 7 3 37 47 54 -12 -6 10.2 SEPTEMBER 54 60 -21 32 16 20 -28 -3 -63 -38 -17 -46 -85 -71 -59 -1 55 36 18 34 56 -18 12 48 -6 8.1 OCTOBER 6 -33 5 -18 -57 -68 -70 -77 -58 -19 -22 -24 -57 -25 -21 -21 0 74 95 93 74 104 46 81 -6 6.3 NOVEMBER 13 3 -12 -11 -36 -44 -25 -14 -9 -9 -19 -28 -59 -18 -5 20 11 -66 -16 45 114 124 35 9 -6 5.8 DECEMBER 38 -3 10 -14 1 -5 -8 -5 -4 -16 -23 -23 -35 -38 -51 -42 -49 34 14 23 68 85 35 5 -6 6.1 WINTER 33 27 24 -3 1 -10 -11 -16 -12 -27 -32 -50 -34 -50 -51 -56 -36 6 23 68 49 87 48 23 -6 9.3 EQUINOX 45 28 12 18 -3 -3 -14 -3 -14 -12 -25 -42 -74 -65 -54 -28 -17 -8 24 39 60 62 28 46 -6 9.4 SUMMER 25 45 20 23 37 44 49 45 35 18 -24 -54 -84 -70 -82 -57 -43 -22 -15 2 14 22 41 29 -6 10.5 YEAR 36 32 17 13 7 7 2 5 -2 -9 -27 -48 -67 -63 -61 -43 -29 -8 14 36 45 58 36 35 -6 9.6 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 6 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q5 3.21 24 1.6 7.7 0.4 31 1 3.24 21 6.3 24.1 1.5 19 2 d5 3.23 23 4.0 16.0 1.6 42 2 3.20 23 3.4 17.4 -1.9 14 3 d3 3.28 23 5.3 20.4 3.0 29 3 3.22 24 2.9 14.0 0.9 16 4 q2 3.22 22 0.9 4.0 -3.7 35 4 q2 3.22 24 1.9 9.7 0.3 26 5 q1 3.21 24 0.7 3.0 -0.6 41 5 3.20 23 3.0 13.0 -1.4 34 6 3.21 23 1.8 7.4 0.2 40 6 d4 3.26 23 8.8 32.1 3.4 41 7 3.22 23 2.5 12.0 0.4 32 7 d3 3.28 24 8.9 38.1 1.2 31 8 d4 3.23 24 5.1 20.1 0.7 16 8 3.22 21 4.9 21.7 -3.4 27 9 d2 3.23 23 6.0 29.7 -0.2 10 9 q5 3.25 24 2.5 13.0 1.5 15 10 3.23 24 3.6 12.4 -0.1 13 10 q4 3.23 23 2.2 10.4 -0.6 25 11 3.24 24 3.9 15.0 0.6 16 11 3.22 24 4.3 21.4 -1.2 48 12 3.23 24 2.8 12.0 -0.4 21 12 3.26 24 6.6 24.4 2.5 58 13 3.22 24 3.6 17.0 -0.5 22 13 3.26 24 7.9 35.4 0.2 54 14 3.22 23 2.3 9.7 -0.4 15 14 3.25 24 5.1 19.0 -0.4 45 15 3.22 24 2.7 8.0 0.4 47 15 q3 3.25 24 2.0 8.0 0.0 49 16 3.21 24 2.2 9.4 -0.7 33 16 3.23 24 2.6 7.0 -1.2 55 17 3.21 24 2.7 14.7 0.3 43 17 3.26 24 4.4 20.7 1.8 58 18 3.21 24 2.2 10.4 -0.1 49 18 q1 3.24 23 1.5 5.7 -1.6 53 19 3.23 24 2.7 9.7 1.3 49 19 3.28 23 5.5 20.7 2.5 103 20 3.23 23 2.7 9.0 -0.1 51 20 3.25 24 3.1 13.4 -1.9 118 21 d1 3.25 24 7.6 31.7 1.2 34 21 d2 3.32 19 10.3 43.4 4.5 31 22 q3 3.20 24 1.0 3.0 -3.2 29 22 3.30 24 3.0 10.7 -1.2 57 23 3.22 24 2.9 12.4 1.4 34 23 d5 3.31 24 8.5 33.8 0.4 22 24 q4 3.21 24 1.0 3.7 -0.5 36 24 3.30 24 7.5 27.1 -0.8 14 25 3.22 24 3.6 18.0 0.6 42 25 d1 3.30 24 12.8 58.5 -0.1 0 26 3.22 23 2.9 12.7 -0.3 38 26 3.27 23 3.6 12.4 -1.8 13 27 3.21 22 3.0 11.7 -0.6 22 27 3.28 24 3.7 14.7 0.9 14 28 3.22 24 2.7 10.4 0.8 23 28 3.27 24 4.3 22.4 -0.9 35 29 3.21 24 2.8 15.0 -0.4 27 30 3.21 23 2.4 12.4 -0.4 30 31 3.21 23 1.9 7.0 0.3 29 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.22 0.9 2.9 12.4 0.0 31.6 All 3.26 1.9 5.1 21.2 0.1 38.4 Quiet 3.21 0.4 1.0 4.3 -1.5 34.4 Quiet 3.24 0.6 2.0 9.4 -0.1 33.6 Dist. 3.25 1.2 5.6 23.6 1.2 26.2 Dist. 3.29 1.4 9.9 41.2 1.9 25.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.23 (west) is -6.19 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.88 (Jan 21) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.66 (Feb 25) Minimum -6.42 (Jan 9) Minimum -6.64 (Feb 25) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.27 23 4.2 16.0 0.2 21 1 d2 3.21 24 6.4 21.7 -3.7 9 2 3.24 23 2.9 11.7 -2.3 11 2 3.25 24 5.1 21.1 2.6 11 3 3.26 23 4.0 24.1 1.5 10 3 3.25 24 4.9 27.1 -0.3 13 4 q2 3.26 24 1.9 7.0 -0.4 21 4 d3 3.21 24 6.3 24.7 -2.2 13 5 3.25 24 3.2 15.7 -0.5 9 5 d5 3.20 21 5.3 17.7 -0.4 14 6 d2 3.27 24 7.4 31.1 1.3 9 6 3.24 20 4.9 21.1 2.4 19 7 d3 3.28 22 7.0 28.4 0.7 11 7 3.24 21 4.8 21.4 -0.5 23 8 3.26 24 3.4 13.0 -1.1 11 8 d1 3.27 22 6.8 31.7 2.2 22 9 3.24 23 3.5 14.7 -1.2 9 9 3.24 24 3.6 13.0 -1.7 24 10 d5 3.26 22 5.2 21.7 1.0 15 10 q2 3.25 23 2.8 10.4 0.3 35 11 3.25 24 2.9 9.7 -0.7 27 11 3.24 23 4.6 18.0 -0.4 36 12 3.23 24 2.5 9.7 -1.0 33 12 3.23 23 4.9 19.4 -1.0 34 13 q3 3.23 24 1.9 6.3 0.1 33 13 3.25 24 3.2 12.4 1.5 24 14 q5 3.21 24 2.3 8.7 -1.4 37 14 3.26 24 3.4 12.4 0.4 24 15 q1 3.22 22 1.7 5.7 0.6 45 15 3.25 24 3.8 13.0 -0.3 12 16 3.25 24 5.1 19.0 1.9 22 16 3.23 24 5.1 18.4 -1.4 14 17 3.25 24 4.3 17.7 -0.2 21 17 3.25 24 4.1 17.4 0.9 16 18 3.27 22 5.0 18.7 1.5 22 18 d4 3.27 24 5.3 18.4 1.3 15 19 d1 3.30 24 10.0 45.1 1.8 21 19 3.27 23 4.9 18.7 0.3 14 20 3.24 23 3.4 13.4 -4.0 21 20 3.25 23 4.7 15.4 -1.2 14 21 3.25 24 4.3 22.7 1.0 31 21 3.25 24 3.6 15.0 -0.3 10 22 3.26 24 2.6 11.4 0.2 28 22 3.24 23 3.3 9.7 -0.5 10 23 d4 3.24 23 6.8 34.1 -1.1 26 23 3.25 23 3.2 13.0 0.5 15 24 3.24 20 3.0 12.7 0.3 57 24 q3 3.25 23 2.9 10.0 0.0 18 25 3.23 23 3.2 12.0 -0.9 35 25 3.23 24 3.0 10.4 -1.0 20 26 3.24 24 2.5 9.0 0.5 42 26 q5 3.24 23 2.9 10.4 0.7 25 27 3.23 22 4.2 15.7 -0.2 36 27 3.23 22 4.6 15.0 -0.6 23 28 3.24 24 3.9 16.0 0.7 39 28 q1 3.25 24 2.2 8.0 1.3 21 29 3.24 24 2.5 8.4 -0.5 36 29 q4 3.26 24 2.9 10.0 0.6 0 30 q4 3.24 24 2.2 8.0 0.3 12 30 3.25 24 3.9 12.4 -0.8 0 31 3.27 23 5.1 22.4 1.7 10 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.25 1.1 3.9 16.5 0.0 24.5 All 3.24 1.0 4.2 16.2 0.0 17.6 Quiet 3.23 1.0 2.0 7.2 -0.2 29.6 Quiet 3.25 0.4 2.7 9.8 0.6 19.8 Dist. 3.27 1.3 7.3 32.1 0.7 16.4 Dist. 3.23 1.9 6.0 22.9 -0.5 14.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.20 (west) is -6.21 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.58 (Mar 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.85 (Apr 8) Minimum -6.40 (Mar 7) Minimum -6.51 (Apr 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 6 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d2 3.27 24 6.0 24.1 1.2 0 1 3.25 22 3.3 11.4 -1.3 23 2 3.26 24 5.3 20.1 -0.4 0 2 3.24 24 3.9 13.4 -0.4 15 3 d3 3.20 24 5.9 25.4 -3.8 0 3 3.26 24 4.3 15.0 1.0 16 4 3.25 24 4.2 20.1 2.9 11 4 3.25 23 3.9 13.0 -0.5 12 5 3.24 24 3.5 11.7 -0.6 0 5 3.25 23 3.7 14.4 0.2 18 6 q2 3.25 23 2.4 8.4 0.5 0 6 3.26 21 4.1 12.7 0.1 15 7 3.25 23 2.8 10.0 0.4 0 7 q1 3.26 23 2.8 10.4 0.1 19 8 q3 3.24 23 2.6 8.4 -0.7 12 8 3.26 21 3.4 11.7 0.3 17 9 3.24 24 3.0 11.0 -0.1 18 9 3.28 24 3.4 11.7 1.2 14 10 3.24 23 3.6 12.4 0.0 18 10 3.25 24 3.6 12.0 -2.0 18 11 3.25 23 2.7 10.0 0.3 27 11 d3 3.25 24 5.2 19.0 0.2 11 12 3.23 22 4.2 16.4 -1.0 22 12 d2 3.29 24 5.3 21.4 2.3 10 13 d1 3.24 23 7.4 26.7 0.8 22 13 d1 3.29 24 6.5 25.7 -0.1 0 14 d4 3.26 22 5.8 24.4 1.0 22 14 3.27 24 3.5 12.4 -1.2 0 15 3.24 23 3.1 11.0 -1.2 20 15 d4 3.24 24 4.8 16.7 -1.5 0 16 3.24 24 3.7 12.7 0.0 22 16 3.26 23 4.1 16.4 0.8 22 17 3.24 24 3.1 10.0 0.1 25 17 3.26 23 4.4 15.4 0.2 18 18 3.22 22 5.1 16.4 -1.4 13 18 3.24 24 3.5 14.0 -1.1 16 19 d5 3.21 24 5.5 19.4 -0.5 11 19 q4 3.26 23 3.2 10.7 0.9 16 20 3.25 23 2.7 9.7 2.2 22 20 q5 3.27 24 3.2 12.0 0.4 13 21 q1 3.26 24 2.3 8.7 0.7 22 21 q3 3.26 24 3.2 11.4 -0.2 13 22 3.24 24 4.0 14.7 -1.0 10 22 3.26 23 3.8 15.0 -0.5 22 23 q4 3.26 24 2.7 9.0 1.1 10 23 3.29 24 4.0 12.4 1.8 30 24 q5 3.26 23 2.7 11.4 -0.3 10 24 3.28 24 4.0 15.0 -0.5 31 25 3.26 22 3.0 9.4 0.3 10 25 3.29 23 4.1 12.4 0.5 15 26 3.26 22 3.2 11.7 0.0 11 26 3.27 24 4.2 14.4 -0.9 12 27 3.25 24 3.5 12.4 -0.3 10 27 3.27 24 3.7 12.0 -0.1 10 28 3.25 23 4.9 17.4 -0.5 11 28 3.26 24 3.8 11.7 -0.5 23 29 3.25 23 4.6 16.0 0.2 10 29 d5 3.26 24 4.6 14.4 0.3 38 30 3.27 23 4.0 13.7 1.5 11 30 q2 3.27 22 3.0 11.4 0.1 29 31 3.27 17 3.5 11.4 -0.1 21 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.25 1.0 3.9 14.3 0.0 12.9 All 3.26 0.8 4.0 14.0 0.0 16.5 Quiet 3.25 0.4 2.5 9.2 0.2 10.8 Quiet 3.26 0.2 3.1 11.2 0.3 18.0 Dist. 3.24 1.6 6.1 24.0 -0.2 11.0 Dist. 3.27 1.1 5.3 19.5 0.2 11.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.20 (west) is -6.19 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.91 (May 1) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.89 (Jun 13) Minimum -6.45 (May 19) Minimum -6.37 (Jun 11) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.26 22 3.0 9.7 -0.6 31 1 3.23 18 4.0 11.4 -3.0 0 2 3.27 24 4.3 14.7 0.7 25 2 3.29 23 3.5 11.4 3.8 0 3 3.27 24 4.1 13.4 -0.3 22 3 3.30 24 2.8 9.7 0.5 0 4 d1 3.30 22 7.0 27.4 1.6 22 4 q3 3.31 24 2.7 9.7 0.3 0 5 d5 3.26 24 4.8 19.0 -1.8 13 5 d5 3.27 23 5.0 15.7 -2.1 14 6 3.28 23 3.7 13.0 1.0 11 6 d4 3.33 23 5.2 17.4 3.4 16 7 3.27 24 3.6 13.0 -0.4 10 7 3.32 22 3.2 11.7 -0.3 27 8 3.27 24 3.3 10.7 -0.2 10 8 3.28 24 3.3 11.0 -2.6 30 9 3.26 24 3.5 11.7 -0.7 10 9 3.28 23 3.9 12.4 -0.1 14 10 d3 3.26 24 5.3 22.4 0.2 0 10 3.28 24 3.3 12.0 -0.2 18 11 3.26 24 3.1 10.7 0.0 10 11 3.31 24 4.9 19.4 1.9 13 12 3.28 24 4.0 14.4 1.2 11 12 3.25 24 4.0 14.7 -3.4 10 13 d2 3.27 24 5.4 21.4 -0.6 10 13 3.29 24 3.5 13.7 2.1 10 14 3.31 24 4.3 17.7 2.0 11 14 q4 3.28 23 2.8 11.0 -0.6 10 15 d4 3.28 22 5.1 15.0 -1.6 10 15 3.28 24 4.0 16.7 0.4 0 16 3.27 23 3.7 13.0 -0.8 10 16 3.29 24 3.1 11.7 0.2 22 17 q5 3.28 24 2.8 12.7 1.1 11 17 3.29 24 3.2 11.0 0.0 18 18 3.28 24 3.3 13.4 0.0 10 18 3.29 24 4.2 22.4 0.1 21 19 3.28 21 3.0 9.7 -0.4 10 19 q2 3.28 23 2.4 9.7 -0.3 19 20 q3 3.28 24 2.7 9.7 0.4 10 20 3.30 24 4.0 17.4 1.2 16 21 3.28 23 4.0 15.4 -0.2 10 21 q5 3.30 23 2.8 12.0 -0.4 13 22 3.27 22 4.2 12.7 -0.4 10 22 q1 3.31 22 2.0 7.7 0.5 13 23 3.28 22 3.3 10.4 0.3 10 23 d2 3.25 23 6.9 31.1 -3.1 20 24 3.29 24 3.1 11.0 0.8 0 24 d3 3.29 21 6.1 28.1 1.9 21 25 q1 3.27 24 2.3 8.7 -0.9 0 25 3.33 23 4.5 15.7 2.5 10 26 3.26 23 3.6 14.0 -0.8 0 26 3.31 23 3.4 12.4 -1.2 10 27 q4 3.30 22 2.8 9.4 2.3 0 27 3.32 22 4.0 14.7 0.6 10 28 q2 3.29 21 2.6 8.7 -0.7 0 28 3.31 22 3.7 14.0 -0.5 10 29 3.29 24 3.4 11.7 0.1 0 29 3.33 24 3.0 10.7 1.3 10 30 3.28 24 3.9 14.4 -0.5 0 30 d1 3.26 22 7.1 28.7 -4.2 10 31 3.28 23 3.6 13.4 0.1 0 31 3.33 24 4.9 16.7 4.1 10 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.28 0.7 3.8 13.6 0.0 9.3 All 3.29 1.4 3.9 14.9 0.1 12.7 Quiet 3.29 0.5 2.6 9.8 0.4 4.2 Quiet 3.29 0.7 2.5 10.0 -0.1 11.0 Dist. 3.28 0.7 5.5 21.1 -0.5 11.0 Dist. 3.28 1.6 6.1 24.2 -0.8 16.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.17 (west) is -6.16 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.86 (Jul 4) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.91 (Aug 18) Minimum -6.35 (Jul 13) Minimum -6.53 (Aug 30) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 6 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.29 22 3.1 13.0 -2.3 10 1 q4 3.31 23 1.9 6.3 -0.2 22 2 3.29 21 3.0 9.7 -0.4 10 2 3.34 21 6.1 25.7 1.9 12 3 q4 3.30 23 2.0 7.4 0.9 10 3 3.33 23 4.4 23.4 -0.3 13 4 3.30 24 3.0 12.4 0.2 10 4 d1 3.38 23 13.4 59.5 3.0 10 5 3.31 23 2.7 9.0 0.3 0 5 3.37 24 6.2 28.7 -1.0 13 6 q3 3.29 23 2.0 8.0 -0.8 0 6 3.33 23 3.8 15.7 -2.5 11 7 3.31 23 4.3 16.4 0.7 0 7 3.32 23 6.7 31.4 -0.2 11 8 3.30 22 4.1 17.0 -0.2 0 8 3.33 23 4.6 17.7 0.7 0 9 d4 3.31 23 6.1 23.1 0.5 0 9 3.34 20 5.6 24.1 0.2 0 10 3.32 24 4.3 17.4 0.4 0 10 d3 3.31 22 8.2 34.4 -1.8 0 11 3.29 23 2.8 11.0 -1.9 0 11 d4 3.33 24 8.0 37.4 1.3 0 12 3.27 24 5.5 25.7 -0.9 0 12 d2 3.36 23 9.9 50.8 2.1 0 13 d3 3.31 20 6.5 29.7 2.5 0 13 3.33 22 3.4 11.0 -1.9 10 14 3.29 21 2.7 10.7 -1.3 0 14 3.32 23 4.2 18.4 -0.7 16 15 d2 3.29 23 6.8 34.1 0.1 0 15 3.32 20 3.0 12.7 0.2 9 16 3.31 23 3.6 12.4 1.1 0 16 3.32 22 2.7 11.4 0.0 10 17 3.31 23 4.6 21.1 0.2 0 17 3.31 24 3.6 16.4 -0.8 31 18 d5 3.33 21 5.6 26.4 0.8 10 18 3.33 24 4.7 20.1 1.3 30 19 3.35 24 4.6 21.7 1.2 10 19 3.33 24 3.4 13.4 -0.3 21 20 3.31 24 2.7 10.4 -2.5 10 20 q3 3.32 22 1.7 6.7 -0.4 32 21 3.31 22 3.4 11.4 0.3 10 21 q2 3.32 22 1.7 8.0 0.1 31 22 q5 3.32 23 2.2 7.4 0.4 10 22 q1 3.32 20 1.7 6.3 -0.4 30 23 3.32 23 2.3 7.4 0.1 10 23 3.32 21 3.0 13.4 0.0 14 24 3.34 23 2.3 8.4 1.2 10 24 3.32 20 2.6 10.4 0.1 14 25 3.30 23 4.8 22.4 -2.0 10 25 3.35 21 2.4 8.0 1.9 9 26 d1 3.30 22 7.3 37.8 0.0 16 26 3.35 24 2.8 14.7 -0.2 16 27 3.33 22 3.2 10.0 1.3 10 27 q5 3.35 24 2.1 7.7 0.1 10 28 q1 3.33 22 1.8 7.0 0.0 21 28 3.32 24 2.3 7.7 -1.5 9 29 3.33 22 2.4 6.7 0.2 29 29 3.32 22 3.0 15.7 -0.4 23 30 q2 3.31 20 1.9 6.0 -1.0 24 30 3.30 22 5.2 18.4 -0.8 16 31 d5 3.34 24 7.6 32.4 2.3 13 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.31 1.0 3.7 15.4 0.0 7.3 All 3.33 1.1 4.5 19.6 0.1 14.1 Quiet 3.31 0.7 2.0 7.2 -0.1 13.0 Quiet 3.32 0.8 1.8 7.0 -0.2 25.0 Dist. 3.31 0.7 6.5 30.2 0.8 5.2 Dist. 3.35 1.6 9.4 42.9 1.4 4.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.14 (west) is -6.12 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.85 (Sep 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.37 (Oct 12) Minimum -6.59 (Sep 15) Minimum -6.49 (Oct 10) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.37 23 5.9 27.7 1.9 13 1 3.35 24 1.7 7.7 -0.6 10 2 d1 3.35 23 8.5 44.1 -1.0 15 2 3.35 22 2.8 14.7 -0.1 0 3 d5 3.36 23 5.9 32.8 0.4 12 3 3.31 24 3.7 14.4 -2.0 0 4 3.34 23 4.4 21.1 -1.4 0 4 q4 3.33 23 1.5 5.7 1.3 0 5 q5 3.35 23 1.7 7.0 0.4 0 5 3.35 23 2.9 12.0 1.0 0 6 3.36 23 3.8 13.4 0.8 0 6 3.35 23 2.7 11.7 -0.3 0 7 3.35 24 2.4 8.0 -0.6 0 7 3.34 24 1.6 5.7 -0.4 0 8 3.36 22 3.3 14.7 0.4 0 8 3.34 22 2.0 9.4 -0.2 0 9 d4 3.37 24 6.2 30.1 0.8 0 9 3.34 22 1.6 7.7 0.3 0 10 3.37 23 5.8 29.4 0.0 0 10 3.33 23 1.9 7.7 -0.7 0 11 3.36 24 4.9 17.0 -0.3 0 11 d3 3.37 22 4.3 17.4 2.2 0 12 3.36 24 1.8 8.4 -0.4 0 12 3.34 24 1.9 9.0 -1.6 0 13 3.35 23 1.7 7.4 -0.7 0 13 3.34 23 1.9 9.0 0.0 0 14 3.34 20 3.9 15.7 -0.1 0 14 3.34 21 1.7 6.7 0.1 0 15 3.34 24 3.0 16.0 -0.3 0 15 d5 3.33 21 3.7 16.7 -0.7 0 16 3.34 23 3.9 16.7 0.2 0 16 d2 3.34 23 5.2 23.7 0.7 0 17 q2 3.33 23 1.2 4.3 -0.4 0 17 d4 3.37 21 4.3 16.4 1.5 0 18 q3 3.33 24 1.4 5.3 0.0 0 18 3.35 22 3.6 15.0 -0.7 0 19 d2 3.35 23 7.5 36.8 1.0 19 19 3.35 24 2.8 12.4 -0.2 0 20 3.36 23 5.5 25.1 0.5 19 20 3.34 22 2.1 12.0 -0.4 0 21 3.35 23 3.9 18.0 -0.3 20 21 q3 3.35 23 1.5 6.7 0.4 0 22 q4 3.34 23 1.6 6.0 -0.9 32 22 q2 3.34 23 1.0 4.0 -0.6 0 23 3.33 24 1.7 8.0 -0.5 32 23 q1 3.34 24 0.9 3.7 0.2 0 24 q1 3.34 24 1.2 4.7 0.4 32 24 q5 3.35 23 1.5 6.3 0.1 0 25 3.34 23 1.9 8.7 0.0 17 25 d1 3.35 23 5.8 30.1 0.6 11 26 d3 3.31 22 7.3 36.1 -1.5 19 26 3.36 23 2.1 10.4 0.1 12 27 3.37 23 2.2 10.0 3.3 11 27 3.36 24 2.0 11.0 0.1 0 28 3.34 24 2.3 9.7 -1.7 11 28 3.34 21 1.8 6.7 -1.2 14 29 3.36 23 5.6 27.1 1.2 10 29 3.35 24 2.0 8.0 0.7 0 30 3.36 24 3.5 14.4 0.1 9 30 3.34 23 1.6 8.0 -0.5 0 31 3.34 23 2.2 11.0 0.0 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.35 0.8 3.8 17.5 0.0 9.0 All 3.34 0.6 2.5 11.0 0.0 1.5 Quiet 3.34 0.2 1.4 5.5 -0.1 12.8 Quiet 3.34 0.3 1.3 5.3 0.3 0.0 Dist. 3.35 1.2 7.1 36.0 -0.1 13.0 Dist. 3.35 0.9 4.7 20.9 0.8 2.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.10 (west) is -6.11 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.60 (Nov 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.70 (Dec 25) Minimum -6.51 (Nov 26) Minimum -6.30 (Dec 16) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 6 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.22 2.9 12.4 0.0 0.9 31.6 744 730 Feb 3.26 5.1 21.2 0.1 1.9 38.4 672 654 Mar 3.25 3.9 16.5 0.0 1.1 24.5 744 722 Apr 3.24 4.2 16.2 0.0 1.0 17.6 720 697 May 3.25 3.9 14.3 0.0 1.0 12.9 744 715 Jun 3.26 4.0 14.0 0.0 0.8 16.5 720 702 Jul 3.28 3.8 13.6 0.0 0.7 9.3 744 721 Aug 3.29 3.9 14.9 0.1 1.4 12.7 744 715 Sep 3.31 3.7 15.4 0.0 1.0 7.3 720 676 Oct 3.33 4.5 19.6 0.1 1.1 14.1 744 697 Nov 3.35 3.8 17.5 0.0 0.8 9.0 720 695 Dec 3.34 2.5 11.0 0.0 0.6 1.5 744 707 Mean 3.28 3.8 15.6 0.0 1.0 16.3 8760 8431 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.21 1.0 4.3 -1.5 0.4 34.4 120 118 Feb 3.24 2.0 9.4 -0.1 0.6 33.6 120 118 Mar 3.23 2.0 7.2 -0.2 1.0 29.6 120 118 Apr 3.25 2.7 9.8 0.6 0.4 19.8 120 117 May 3.25 2.5 9.2 0.2 0.4 10.8 120 117 Jun 3.26 3.1 11.2 0.3 0.2 18.0 120 116 Jul 3.29 2.6 9.8 0.4 0.5 4.2 120 115 Aug 3.29 2.5 10.0 -0.1 0.7 11.0 120 115 Sep 3.31 2.0 7.2 -0.1 0.7 13.0 120 111 Oct 3.32 1.8 7.0 -0.2 0.8 25.0 120 111 Nov 3.34 1.4 5.5 -0.1 0.2 12.8 120 117 Dec 3.34 1.3 5.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 120 116 Mean 3.28 2.1 8.0 0.0 0.5 17.7 1440 1389 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.25 5.6 23.6 1.2 1.2 26.2 120 117 Feb 3.29 9.9 41.2 1.9 1.4 25.0 120 114 Mar 3.27 7.3 32.1 0.7 1.3 16.4 120 115 Apr 3.23 6.0 22.9 -0.5 1.9 14.6 120 115 May 3.24 6.1 24.0 -0.2 1.6 11.0 120 117 Jun 3.27 5.3 19.5 0.2 1.1 11.8 120 120 Jul 3.28 5.5 21.1 -0.5 0.7 11.0 120 116 Aug 3.28 6.1 24.2 -0.8 1.6 16.2 120 112 Sep 3.31 6.5 30.2 0.8 0.7 5.2 120 109 Oct 3.35 9.4 42.9 1.4 1.6 4.6 120 116 Nov 3.35 7.1 36.0 -0.1 1.2 13.0 120 115 Dec 3.35 4.7 20.9 0.8 0.9 2.2 120 110 Mean 3.29 6.6 28.2 0.4 1.3 13.1 1440 1376 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.23 -5.88 -6.42 Feb -6.19 -5.66 -6.64 Mar -6.20 -5.58 -6.40 Apr -6.21 -5.85 -6.51 May -6.20 -5.91 -6.45 Jun -6.19 -5.89 -6.37 Jul -6.17 -5.86 -6.35 Aug -6.16 -5.91 -6.53 Sep -6.14 -5.85 -6.59 Oct -6.12 -5.37 -6.49 Nov -6.10 -5.60 -6.51 Dec -6.11 -5.70 -6.30 Mean -6.17 -5.75 -6.46 Results for 1867 HELSINKI D 1867 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 12 5 -2 2 1 -3 -5 -1 -1 -7 -16 -19 -23 -19 -10 -10 -4 3 7 21 23 29 13 11 -6 5.9 FEBRUARY 21 12 -3 -3 1 -2 -8 3 6 -2 -16 -29 -39 -38 -31 -24 -12 0 1 20 39 43 31 28 -6 4.7 MARCH 22 17 11 12 6 5 4 19 14 6 -18 -44 -59 -61 -53 -34 -16 -3 14 32 34 34 26 24 -6 4.2 APRIL 10 12 18 17 25 29 35 37 31 9 -22 -49 -65 -65 -50 -37 -14 -3 6 9 7 25 21 8 -6 4.2 MAY 16 30 28 30 27 42 41 41 27 7 -24 -49 -61 -61 -46 -33 -18 -9 -7 -1 1 7 12 6 -6 3.6 JUNE 17 20 33 32 34 31 35 40 32 15 -12 -40 -55 -63 -58 -39 -22 -13 -5 -5 -1 1 8 12 -6 2.9 JULY 19 18 23 29 34 46 53 47 34 19 -10 -43 -59 -66 -61 -43 -25 -16 -1 -5 -4 2 3 17 -6 1.4 AUGUST 9 13 22 20 28 34 36 32 21 4 -21 -46 -64 -70 -51 -28 -12 1 3 6 17 24 18 14 -6 0.4 SEPTEMBER 24 13 8 24 -7 -14 0 16 12 0 -28 -42 -54 -47 -36 -14 -2 1 15 12 31 27 27 37 -5 58.8 OCTOBER 9 10 6 13 0 1 -3 -7 -4 -14 -24 -38 -42 -37 -32 -20 9 18 11 26 38 32 25 28 -5 57.8 NOVEMBER 25 6 9 -6 -5 -2 -5 -4 -3 -4 -17 -26 -31 -29 -13 -11 -9 4 10 9 23 37 30 17 -5 57.3 DECEMBER 13 6 5 -4 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 -6 -13 -18 -21 -20 -14 -10 0 -3 3 10 12 29 26 20 -5 56.6 WINTER 15 8 0 -2 1 -2 -5 0 1 -5 -15 -22 -28 -26 -18 -15 -5 0 4 17 25 34 23 20 -6 2.4 EQUINOX 18 15 13 15 8 10 12 17 13 1 -22 -41 -52 -50 -38 -25 -8 1 8 15 22 27 24 20 -6 1.0 SUMMER 15 17 26 27 32 37 41 40 29 13 -14 -43 -59 -66 -57 -37 -20 -9 -1 -1 4 9 10 14 -6 1.6 YEAR 17 14 13 14 12 14 15 19 14 2 -18 -37 -47 -48 -38 -25 -10 -1 5 11 19 24 20 19 -6 1.5 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 1 -3 0 2 -3 1 3 1 0 -4 -10 -13 -8 -3 -2 0 0 9 4 7 9 8 6 -6 6.6 FEBRUARY 3 12 3 0 0 4 5 9 13 7 -4 -17 -26 -28 -21 -9 -8 -5 0 11 12 15 11 7 -6 5.4 MARCH -9 -10 12 17 10 17 4 5 14 2 -11 -29 -39 -33 -24 -21 -7 9 4 15 16 16 22 16 -6 5.3 APRIL 4 11 12 17 16 15 35 41 38 12 -8 -29 -45 -46 -37 -27 -17 -5 -11 -7 -3 13 9 11 -6 4.2 MAY 10 15 18 29 36 34 39 37 23 -4 -15 -33 -48 -44 -33 -25 -17 -4 -7 -7 -4 2 3 7 -6 3.6 JUNE 7 6 14 19 21 30 31 31 25 1 -15 -30 -39 -42 -35 -15 -8 -5 -4 -6 3 -2 2 7 -6 3.8 JULY 8 17 19 29 25 33 35 37 29 17 -5 -29 -45 -53 -41 -36 -21 -10 -8 -8 -8 -5 6 11 -6 1.4 AUGUST 14 17 3 9 17 21 28 16 14 7 -8 -34 -52 -50 -40 -30 4 8 5 4 6 16 4 12 -6 0.1 SEPTEMBER 23 9 -1 20 -5 -6 9 18 15 -3 -32 -31 -43 -20 -32 -11 -7 12 9 11 12 21 11 7 -5 59.6 OCTOBER 19 13 17 20 -2 3 4 1 4 -12 -18 -26 -27 -26 -31 -15 -10 3 -3 2 27 7 16 23 -5 58.4 NOVEMBER 5 0 1 0 -1 0 4 3 7 3 -9 -16 -18 -16 -7 -5 -3 -2 7 5 12 10 12 5 -5 58.0 DECEMBER 4 2 -4 -3 0 -1 1 4 6 2 -4 -7 -12 -11 -4 2 -4 -6 3 2 8 10 10 9 -5 57.1 WINTER 6 5 -1 -1 1 0 2 5 7 3 -4 -11 -17 -16 -9 -3 -4 -4 4 6 9 11 10 7 -6 3.0 EQUINOX 9 6 10 17 9 11 16 18 17 0 -16 -27 -37 -31 -27 -17 -10 2 0 3 10 12 12 12 -6 1.5 SUMMER 10 13 12 19 21 28 31 28 23 8 -9 -31 -45 -48 -39 -27 -8 -2 -2 -3 0 3 4 10 -6 1.8 YEAR 9 8 8 13 10 12 17 18 16 3 -11 -24 -33 -31 -25 -16 -8 0 1 3 8 10 10 10 -6 2.0 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 23 11 14 13 -2 -12 -35 -25 -23 -27 -38 -38 -41 -35 -7 -27 -13 33 9 68 51 71 2 17 -6 5.0 FEBRUARY 50 26 -5 1 -9 -29 -92 -35 -22 -37 -40 -47 -58 -64 -45 -55 -24 5 3 79 134 110 80 84 -6 2.4 MARCH 104 76 0 23 4 -34 -33 -15 -24 -29 -36 -62 -80 -85 -85 -61 -31 -26 58 73 78 41 61 81 -6 1.9 APRIL 16 11 16 19 14 24 22 29 30 10 -25 -55 -80 -85 -68 -80 -23 -6 36 58 27 80 56 -30 -6 3.5 MAY 43 48 37 52 20 100 55 54 26 7 -34 -69 -85 -95 -78 -39 -14 -13 -8 -4 -18 8 17 -3 -6 3.5 JUNE 60 58 74 40 42 18 40 61 32 15 -9 -52 -67 -84 -91 -75 -41 -23 -20 -15 6 -6 2 47 -6 2.3 JULY 21 -4 16 27 40 58 88 57 50 25 -5 -43 -66 -84 -76 -58 -48 -29 5 0 -5 3 11 6 -6 1.5 AUGUST 8 13 53 42 51 42 30 42 18 -8 -52 -73 -97-109 -70 -42 -34 7 6 12 32 58 30 30 -5 59.7 SEPTEMBER 58 25 30 64 -4-103 -45 -7 -13 -7 -33 -48 -66 -71 -39 -13 -22 -10 34 19 44 41 59 117 -5 57.8 OCTOBER -2 28 -6 16 -6 -13 -24 -16 2 -28 -35 -48 -60 -31 -54 -42 40 41 -11 52 78 59 22 37 -5 55.5 NOVEMBER 64 19 20 -19 -31 -22 -23 -18 -20 -25 -26 -42 -46 -58 -12 11 3 11 39 23 43 94 41 -18 -5 56.1 DECEMBER 27 5 8 -15 2 -2 -8 -13 -3 -15 -15 -30 -34 -35 -26 -27 6 -4 19 17 7 76 37 33 -5 56.1 WINTER 33 14 6 0 -3 -14 -45 -24 -16 -26 -31 -38 -44 -45 -26 -36 -10 11 10 55 64 86 40 45 -6 1.2 EQUINOX 47 35 16 26 -1 -8 -8 5 0 -12 -32 -54 -70 -71 -56 -37 -8 -1 25 37 42 54 43 31 -5 59.7 SUMMER 30 22 48 36 44 39 53 53 33 11 -22 -56 -77 -92 -79 -58 -41 -15 -3 -1 11 18 14 28 -6 1.2 YEAR 39 26 21 21 10 2 -2 9 4 -10 -29 -51 -65 -70 -55 -43 -17 -1 14 31 39 53 34 33 -6 0.4 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 7 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 3.34 24 0.8 3.7 0.1 0 1 3.36 24 2.3 9.7 -0.2 0 2 q1 3.34 24 0.7 2.7 0.0 0 2 3.34 22 2.3 10.0 -0.7 0 3 q5 3.33 23 0.8 3.0 -0.5 0 3 3.34 24 2.7 13.4 -0.2 0 4 3.34 24 2.1 8.4 0.5 0 4 q2 3.37 23 1.4 5.7 1.7 0 5 q2 3.34 21 0.7 3.0 -0.3 0 5 3.35 19 2.2 8.7 -0.9 10 6 3.34 24 1.4 5.0 0.2 0 6 q4 3.36 24 1.7 7.0 0.1 0 7 d4 3.36 24 4.0 17.4 1.2 0 7 3.36 20 2.4 11.0 0.2 0 8 3.35 24 2.0 10.7 -0.9 0 8 d1 3.39 22 9.4 35.8 2.1 0 9 3.35 21 1.9 9.7 0.5 0 9 d3 3.41 24 7.5 32.8 0.7 0 10 3.35 24 1.0 4.3 -0.4 0 10 3.37 24 4.5 20.4 -1.9 0 11 3.35 24 1.7 6.7 -0.1 0 11 d2 3.46 22 8.1 25.1 5.1 0 12 d5 3.35 22 3.9 16.0 0.1 0 12 d5 3.41 23 7.0 29.1 -2.7 0 13 d3 3.37 22 4.4 14.7 1.4 0 13 d4 3.40 23 7.0 25.4 -0.7 0 14 d2 3.37 22 4.4 17.4 0.0 0 14 3.39 24 3.3 15.0 -0.8 0 15 3.37 22 2.4 9.4 -0.2 0 15 3.39 23 2.6 10.0 0.0 0 16 3.36 22 2.4 10.4 -0.6 0 16 3.37 20 2.6 9.4 -0.8 0 17 d1 3.38 23 5.8 23.7 1.5 0 17 3.38 23 2.9 11.4 0.4 0 18 3.37 22 3.3 12.4 -0.5 0 18 3.37 24 2.1 7.0 -0.8 0 19 3.37 24 2.4 11.0 -0.3 0 19 3.35 24 2.1 7.0 -1.3 0 20 3.35 23 2.2 7.4 -1.2 0 20 3.36 22 2.6 10.7 1.0 10 21 3.34 23 1.2 5.0 -0.3 0 21 q5 3.35 23 1.8 6.0 -0.5 0 22 3.34 24 1.4 5.7 -0.1 0 22 q3 3.36 23 1.7 8.0 0.6 0 23 3.35 23 1.3 4.7 0.4 0 23 3.37 23 1.9 9.0 0.3 0 24 3.35 23 1.0 5.0 0.2 0 24 q1 3.35 23 1.3 4.7 -0.8 0 25 3.36 23 1.4 5.7 0.4 0 25 3.36 24 2.5 10.7 0.1 0 26 3.35 23 1.3 6.3 -0.6 0 26 3.35 23 2.6 9.0 -0.1 0 27 q3 3.35 24 0.7 2.3 0.0 0 27 3.35 23 2.2 9.0 -0.3 0 28 3.35 20 0.9 3.7 -0.1 0 28 3.36 23 2.1 7.7 0.4 0 29 3.34 23 1.4 5.0 -0.7 0 30 3.37 22 2.3 8.0 1.8 0 31 3.36 21 1.2 5.0 -0.5 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.35 0.7 2.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 All 3.37 1.5 3.3 13.2 0.0 0.7 Quiet 3.34 0.3 0.7 2.9 -0.1 0.0 Quiet 3.36 0.4 1.6 6.3 0.2 0.0 Dist. 3.37 0.7 4.5 17.8 0.8 0.0 Dist. 3.42 1.4 7.8 29.6 0.9 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.10 (west) is -6.08 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.77 (Jan 17) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.61 (Feb 8) Minimum -6.25 (Jan 8) Minimum -6.30 (Feb 10) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.38 24 3.7 15.4 1.2 0 1 3.37 22 3.3 11.7 -0.1 12 2 q1 3.36 23 2.1 9.0 -1.3 0 2 q2 3.39 22 2.4 9.0 1.0 0 3 q3 3.35 24 2.2 8.4 -0.4 11 3 q5 3.38 19 2.8 10.4 -0.1 13 4 3.37 19 4.7 20.4 1.4 10 4 d2 3.40 23 5.7 23.7 1.0 21 5 q4 3.37 21 2.3 10.0 -0.2 15 5 d3 3.42 22 5.5 26.7 1.1 26 6 d1 3.43 23 10.5 41.1 3.7 10 6 3.36 23 4.4 14.4 -3.4 17 7 d2 3.38 21 10.5 55.8 -3.3 0 7 d1 3.40 23 5.9 28.1 2.3 15 8 d3 3.42 24 9.1 38.4 2.5 0 8 3.38 22 3.9 14.4 -1.1 16 9 3.38 23 2.7 10.4 -2.4 0 9 d4 3.35 20 5.1 17.0 -2.0 13 10 3.37 20 4.3 20.4 -0.4 0 10 3.38 22 3.0 10.7 1.9 10 11 d4 3.43 23 7.1 32.1 3.4 0 11 3.39 24 4.1 16.7 0.8 0 12 3.38 20 4.3 17.4 -2.9 0 12 3.39 23 3.7 13.0 -0.2 0 13 q2 3.37 22 2.2 8.7 -1.0 0 13 3.39 21 2.9 11.0 0.2 0 14 3.36 21 4.1 18.0 -0.5 0 14 3.38 23 2.9 11.0 -0.6 0 15 3.39 22 3.5 16.7 1.9 12 15 3.37 22 3.5 12.4 -0.6 0 16 3.39 23 4.0 16.7 -0.1 16 16 3.38 21 2.9 11.0 0.1 0 17 3.36 22 2.5 9.4 -1.3 16 17 3.37 23 3.7 14.0 -0.5 0 18 3.38 24 3.6 15.0 1.1 16 18 d5 3.39 24 4.6 18.0 1.2 0 19 d5 3.41 22 6.0 29.7 1.6 25 19 3.38 23 3.6 11.7 -0.4 10 20 3.37 23 3.5 12.0 -2.5 16 20 3.39 22 3.6 12.4 0.5 0 21 3.37 22 3.3 14.4 0.4 21 21 3.38 24 3.6 12.7 -0.5 0 22 3.38 24 2.7 10.0 0.1 17 22 q3 3.38 23 2.5 9.4 0.1 0 23 3.36 23 2.7 10.4 -1.1 22 23 3.37 21 3.6 14.4 -1.1 0 24 3.37 24 2.8 10.4 1.0 17 24 3.36 21 3.4 12.0 -0.4 0 25 3.39 24 3.4 13.4 1.0 15 25 q1 3.36 23 2.4 8.7 0.0 0 26 3.36 21 4.0 13.7 -2.1 12 26 3.35 24 3.5 16.0 -0.8 0 27 q5 3.37 21 2.3 8.7 0.9 10 27 3.39 23 2.8 11.7 2.6 0 28 3.38 23 4.9 23.7 0.4 0 28 q4 3.39 24 2.7 9.7 0.3 0 29 3.38 22 3.5 14.4 0.2 10 29 3.38 22 2.8 9.7 -0.8 0 30 3.38 23 3.4 13.4 0.2 0 30 3.37 21 4.2 14.7 -0.4 0 31 3.37 24 3.4 14.4 -0.6 14 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.38 1.2 4.2 17.8 0.0 9.2 All 3.38 0.9 3.6 13.9 0.0 5.1 Quiet 3.36 0.5 2.2 9.0 -0.4 7.2 Quiet 3.38 0.7 2.6 9.4 0.3 2.6 Dist. 3.41 1.2 8.6 39.4 1.6 7.0 Dist. 3.39 1.4 5.3 22.7 0.7 15.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.07 (west) is -6.07 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.33 (Mar 7) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.71 (Apr 5) Minimum -6.26 (Mar 7) Minimum -6.30 (Apr 26) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 7 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.40 22 4.1 13.7 1.7 0 1 d2 3.38 23 5.6 24.4 0.3 10 2 3.37 24 4.9 17.0 -1.8 0 2 d1 3.43 24 7.6 34.4 2.7 10 3 3.39 23 3.3 14.7 1.2 0 3 q5 3.38 22 2.4 7.4 -2.8 10 4 d4 3.38 23 5.3 19.4 -0.7 0 4 3.35 22 3.0 11.4 -2.0 14 5 d3 3.40 23 5.6 19.7 1.5 0 5 3.36 24 2.5 9.4 0.6 0 6 3.39 22 3.9 12.7 -0.6 0 6 q1 3.36 22 2.0 7.0 -0.2 0 7 3.39 21 3.2 11.7 -0.3 0 7 3.38 22 3.6 15.0 1.5 0 8 d2 3.35 22 6.1 22.7 -2.4 0 8 3.39 22 3.1 11.4 0.7 0 9 3.38 22 3.5 11.4 2.1 0 9 d5 3.38 24 5.1 15.7 -0.7 0 10 q5 3.38 23 2.8 10.0 -0.1 0 10 q4 3.40 24 2.3 8.7 1.0 0 11 3.39 20 2.9 10.7 0.5 0 11 3.41 24 2.4 7.0 0.7 0 12 3.39 20 3.0 11.0 0.1 0 12 q3 3.39 23 2.3 8.0 -1.1 0 13 q4 3.39 23 2.8 10.4 0.2 0 13 3.40 23 2.4 9.4 0.2 0 14 3.37 21 2.8 9.4 -1.5 0 14 q2 3.39 23 2.2 7.4 -0.4 0 15 3.41 22 3.4 12.4 2.5 0 15 3.40 24 3.2 12.4 0.7 0 16 q2 3.39 22 2.5 9.4 -1.2 0 16 3.40 22 4.1 14.0 -0.1 0 17 3.38 24 3.6 13.0 -0.4 0 17 3.39 23 3.7 13.4 -1.0 0 18 3.39 24 3.5 13.0 0.4 0 18 3.40 22 3.0 10.7 1.1 0 19 3.38 22 4.4 15.0 -0.6 0 19 3.40 24 3.8 13.7 0.0 0 20 d5 3.40 23 5.2 17.7 1.1 0 20 3.40 24 3.9 14.0 -0.3 0 21 3.39 23 4.1 13.0 -0.4 0 21 3.40 22 2.7 10.0 0.0 0 22 3.39 23 3.0 11.0 0.1 0 22 d3 3.43 23 5.5 26.1 1.8 0 23 3.38 23 3.1 10.0 -0.8 0 23 d4 3.43 22 5.4 17.0 -0.2 0 24 3.37 23 3.6 17.0 -0.4 0 24 3.44 23 4.6 15.7 0.7 0 25 q3 3.39 24 2.5 9.0 0.9 13 25 3.41 23 4.6 16.7 -1.4 0 26 q1 3.39 20 2.5 8.4 0.3 11 26 3.42 22 2.9 10.4 0.4 0 27 3.40 21 3.3 10.0 0.3 19 27 3.43 24 3.5 13.0 0.5 0 28 d1 3.41 23 6.8 33.4 1.0 12 28 3.42 21 3.3 11.7 -0.6 0 29 3.40 24 3.7 15.7 -1.2 13 29 3.42 22 4.0 14.0 0.2 0 30 3.41 21 3.6 13.0 0.9 11 30 3.42 23 3.9 13.7 -0.1 0 31 3.38 23 3.8 13.0 -1.9 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.39 0.8 3.8 13.8 0.0 2.9 All 3.40 1.3 3.6 13.4 0.1 1.5 Quiet 3.39 0.3 2.6 9.4 0.0 4.8 Quiet 3.38 0.9 2.2 7.7 -0.7 2.0 Dist. 3.39 1.4 5.8 22.6 0.1 2.4 Dist. 3.41 1.3 5.8 23.5 0.8 4.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.06 (west) is -6.05 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.67 (May 28) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.68 (Jun 2) Minimum -6.33 (May 8) Minimum -6.26 (Jun 2) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.41 24 3.6 12.0 -0.7 16 1 3.45 23 3.2 11.0 0.0 0 2 3.41 24 3.9 14.0 0.0 16 2 3.44 20 3.2 12.4 -0.3 0 3 3.40 22 4.4 15.0 -0.4 14 3 3.43 24 3.2 11.7 -0.9 0 4 d3 3.41 23 5.0 18.0 0.6 14 4 3.43 24 3.4 12.4 -0.1 0 5 3.44 23 3.7 13.4 1.7 10 5 3.44 24 4.2 15.7 0.7 0 6 3.42 23 4.2 15.4 -1.5 14 6 3.43 23 3.1 11.4 -0.5 0 7 3.39 24 4.4 15.4 -1.8 0 7 3.44 24 3.8 17.0 0.3 0 8 q1 3.43 23 2.7 8.7 2.8 0 8 3.43 23 4.3 15.7 -0.3 0 9 q2 3.43 24 2.8 9.7 -0.3 0 9 3.44 23 3.1 10.4 0.6 0 10 q5 3.41 24 3.0 11.4 -0.9 0 10 3.44 23 3.2 10.7 0.2 0 11 q3 3.43 24 2.9 11.0 0.8 0 11 3.45 21 3.1 13.4 0.5 0 12 d5 3.42 24 4.5 17.4 -0.7 0 12 q4 3.44 24 2.8 9.7 -0.6 0 13 d4 3.42 24 4.7 15.4 0.5 10 13 d5 3.41 24 4.7 15.4 -2.2 0 14 q4 3.43 24 2.9 10.4 0.4 10 14 3.44 24 3.3 11.4 2.2 0 15 3.44 22 3.9 13.0 0.6 10 15 q1 3.45 24 2.2 8.4 0.4 10 16 3.44 23 3.9 15.4 -0.2 10 16 3.45 23 2.9 10.7 -0.3 15 17 3.43 24 3.8 13.0 -0.6 10 17 3.44 24 3.1 11.0 -0.2 10 18 3.44 22 4.1 13.0 0.6 10 18 d2 3.46 24 5.9 21.7 1.3 19 19 3.44 24 3.8 13.4 0.0 10 19 d1 3.50 22 6.7 24.7 2.0 11 20 3.42 24 3.9 13.7 -0.8 0 20 3.43 23 3.5 12.0 -4.2 11 21 d1 3.43 23 6.1 28.7 0.6 0 21 q5 3.45 24 2.8 10.7 1.4 10 22 3.44 24 4.2 14.0 0.5 0 22 d3 3.47 24 5.3 21.1 1.4 22 23 3.44 23 4.1 12.4 -0.4 0 23 d4 3.44 23 5.0 21.1 -2.0 13 24 3.45 24 3.8 13.0 0.8 0 24 q3 3.44 23 2.8 12.0 0.0 15 25 3.44 23 3.2 10.0 -0.4 0 25 3.43 24 2.9 10.4 -0.3 12 26 3.43 24 3.4 11.0 -0.6 0 26 3.45 22 3.5 11.7 0.8 0 27 3.45 22 3.8 13.0 0.8 0 27 3.45 23 3.7 18.0 0.2 0 28 3.41 23 3.7 12.7 -2.2 0 28 q2 3.46 24 2.7 10.7 0.2 0 29 d2 3.43 23 5.3 20.7 1.5 0 29 3.44 23 3.2 11.0 -1.0 0 30 3.42 21 4.2 17.0 -1.1 0 30 3.44 24 3.2 10.7 0.1 0 31 3.45 24 4.1 14.7 1.7 0 31 3.46 24 3.5 13.0 1.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.43 0.9 3.9 14.1 0.0 5.0 All 3.44 0.9 3.6 13.5 0.0 4.8 Quiet 3.43 0.4 2.8 10.2 0.6 2.0 Quiet 3.45 0.4 2.7 10.3 0.3 7.0 Dist. 3.42 0.5 5.1 20.1 0.5 4.8 Dist. 3.46 1.8 5.5 20.8 0.1 13.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -6.02 (west) is -6.01 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.65 (Jul 21) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.75 (Aug 22) Minimum -6.22 (Jul 12) Minimum -6.21 (Aug 23) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 7 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.46 22 5.4 25.4 0.0 0 1 3.47 22 2.8 10.7 0.0 16 2 3.43 24 3.6 15.0 -1.5 0 2 d1 3.51 24 7.9 36.1 2.6 10 3 q1 3.45 24 2.5 9.0 0.7 0 3 d3 3.53 22 7.1 31.1 1.2 19 4 q5 3.44 24 3.1 11.0 -0.5 0 4 3.50 24 4.7 20.1 -2.1 15 5 3.44 22 4.0 15.4 0.0 0 5 3.48 22 3.6 14.4 -1.0 35 6 3.44 24 4.3 15.4 0.1 0 6 3.43 22 4.0 14.4 -3.1 54 7 3.43 24 5.5 20.1 -0.4 0 7 3.47 24 2.8 11.7 2.7 38 8 3.48 23 3.6 18.4 2.5 0 8 3.39 22 5.0 15.4 -5.2 32 9 3.47 23 3.8 17.4 -0.7 19 9 3.46 23 2.4 8.4 4.5 37 10 q4 3.45 24 2.9 10.4 -0.7 20 10 d4 3.58 23 6.6 32.8 7.0 31 11 3.46 23 3.1 14.0 0.6 15 11 3.50 23 4.2 12.7 -4.8 33 12 3.46 24 3.1 12.0 -0.3 17 12 q3 3.48 23 2.1 8.7 -1.4 17 13 d5 3.49 24 6.0 27.4 1.8 22 13 q1 3.48 22 1.7 6.0 0.2 15 14 3.50 22 5.7 27.1 0.7 34 14 3.48 23 2.6 9.7 -0.2 11 15 3.46 20 3.4 10.0 -2.7 31 15 q4 3.47 24 2.1 10.4 -0.3 10 16 3.47 24 3.2 11.0 0.6 25 16 3.49 22 3.7 15.0 1.3 18 17 3.47 22 3.4 13.4 0.5 25 17 3.49 24 4.9 21.7 -0.1 10 18 d2 3.42 23 8.7 41.8 -3.3 31 18 3.50 23 4.2 20.4 0.5 16 19 3.49 24 3.8 18.4 4.3 19 19 3.48 23 3.0 13.4 -0.9 0 20 3.50 24 4.9 20.7 0.5 16 20 d2 3.51 23 7.1 32.1 1.7 0 21 d4 3.50 23 6.4 33.1 0.3 10 21 3.47 24 3.3 13.7 -2.2 0 22 3.48 23 4.8 22.7 -1.5 0 22 3.47 23 2.9 16.0 -0.3 0 23 q3 3.48 22 2.9 12.0 -0.1 0 23 3.49 22 3.0 12.7 1.3 0 24 3.47 23 3.8 19.7 -0.5 0 24 3.50 22 4.3 21.7 0.7 0 25 3.49 23 5.4 29.7 1.3 0 25 3.48 24 3.9 16.0 -1.1 0 26 d1 3.47 21 9.1 36.1 -1.6 0 26 3.50 24 3.5 15.4 0.9 0 27 d3 3.55 23 8.1 30.4 5.2 0 27 q2 3.47 23 2.0 8.0 -1.5 0 28 3.51 24 3.9 13.7 -2.6 0 28 q5 3.48 24 2.4 10.0 0.2 0 29 3.47 21 4.5 26.1 -2.3 0 29 3.50 23 3.0 11.0 1.4 0 30 q2 3.47 22 2.7 14.4 0.0 11 30 d5 3.49 23 6.4 27.7 -0.5 0 31 3.53 23 4.7 18.0 1.9 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.47 1.6 4.5 19.7 0.0 9.8 All 3.49 1.9 3.9 16.6 0.1 13.5 Quiet 3.46 0.9 2.8 11.4 -0.1 6.2 Quiet 3.48 0.2 2.1 8.6 -0.6 8.4 Dist. 3.49 2.6 7.7 33.8 0.5 12.6 Dist. 3.53 1.7 7.0 31.9 2.4 12.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.98 (west) is -5.96 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.53 (Sep 21) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.43 (Oct 10) Minimum -6.48 (Sep 18) Minimum -6.20 (Oct 8) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 3.52 23 4.1 16.4 -0.7 0 1 3.50 24 2.1 8.7 0.0 32 2 3.48 20 2.7 10.7 -2.2 0 2 d5 3.51 24 2.6 11.0 0.8 31 3 3.49 24 2.2 9.4 0.2 10 3 3.51 23 2.4 11.0 -0.2 54 4 3.50 24 3.2 15.7 0.9 16 4 3.51 24 1.9 8.7 -0.3 29 5 3.50 23 2.8 13.0 0.2 16 5 3.50 22 1.6 6.7 -0.4 22 6 3.48 23 1.8 6.7 -1.1 10 6 3.51 23 1.2 3.7 0.4 16 7 3.49 23 1.5 6.0 0.2 10 7 3.50 24 1.9 8.4 -0.2 16 8 3.48 24 1.2 3.7 -0.5 10 8 q3 3.49 23 0.8 3.0 -0.5 16 9 3.49 23 1.7 6.7 0.3 10 9 3.50 23 1.4 6.0 0.6 10 10 3.48 24 1.2 6.0 -0.2 10 10 d3 3.51 23 3.5 15.0 0.5 10 11 q3 3.48 21 1.1 3.3 -0.4 10 11 q5 3.50 21 0.9 3.3 -0.9 14 12 q4 3.48 23 1.2 4.0 0.3 10 12 q4 3.50 23 0.8 3.0 0.1 0 13 3.47 22 2.7 12.4 -0.5 16 13 3.49 24 1.6 6.3 -0.4 0 14 q2 3.49 22 1.0 4.7 1.1 10 14 d2 3.51 22 3.6 15.0 0.9 0 15 3.50 22 4.0 21.1 0.6 10 15 3.50 24 1.8 8.0 -0.3 0 16 d4 3.49 24 4.2 21.1 -0.5 16 16 3.50 24 1.3 4.3 0.0 0 17 3.48 24 2.9 13.4 -0.6 0 17 3.50 23 1.0 3.7 -0.1 0 18 3.50 24 2.8 13.7 1.4 0 18 3.50 22 1.5 7.0 0.2 0 19 q5 3.48 22 1.2 4.0 -1.4 0 19 q2 3.50 23 0.8 3.7 0.0 19 20 q1 3.49 23 0.9 5.0 0.4 0 20 q1 3.50 24 0.7 3.0 -0.1 16 21 3.49 23 2.8 12.0 -0.1 0 21 3.51 22 2.5 12.0 0.3 14 22 3.51 24 3.0 11.0 1.2 0 22 3.52 24 1.8 7.7 0.8 39 23 3.50 24 1.9 9.0 -0.4 0 23 3.52 23 1.1 5.3 0.1 79 24 3.51 23 3.6 16.7 0.7 10 24 3.52 22 1.7 8.0 -0.1 52 25 d1 3.52 22 6.8 23.4 0.6 10 25 3.52 21 1.7 6.7 -0.1 61 26 d3 3.51 22 4.8 19.0 -0.6 10 26 3.51 24 0.9 3.7 -0.4 27 27 d2 3.53 23 6.0 22.7 1.1 16 27 3.50 23 1.7 7.4 -0.7 78 28 3.50 23 2.0 9.0 -1.7 21 28 d1 3.51 23 3.7 14.7 0.8 57 29 3.50 22 2.4 12.7 0.1 22 29 d4 3.53 24 3.0 12.0 1.0 36 30 3.50 23 2.0 7.7 -0.2 34 30 3.52 23 2.0 7.4 -0.9 27 31 3.52 24 2.1 9.7 0.4 27 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.49 0.8 2.7 11.3 -0.1 9.6 All 3.51 0.5 1.8 7.6 0.0 25.2 Quiet 3.48 0.3 1.1 4.2 0.0 6.0 Quiet 3.50 0.2 0.8 3.2 -0.3 13.0 Dist. 3.51 0.7 5.2 20.5 0.0 10.4 Dist. 3.52 0.5 3.3 13.6 0.8 26.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.96 (west) is -5.94 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.65 (Nov 25) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.76 (Dec 10) Minimum -6.10 (Nov 17) Minimum -6.05 (Dec 14) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 7 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.35 2.0 8.2 0.0 0.7 0.0 744 708 Feb 3.37 3.3 13.2 0.0 1.5 0.7 672 639 Mar 3.38 4.2 17.8 0.0 1.2 9.2 744 695 Apr 3.38 3.6 13.9 0.0 0.9 5.1 720 670 May 3.39 3.8 13.8 0.0 0.8 2.9 744 694 Jun 3.40 3.6 13.4 0.1 1.3 1.5 720 686 Jul 3.43 3.9 14.1 0.0 0.9 5.0 744 723 Aug 3.44 3.6 13.5 0.0 0.9 4.8 744 722 Sep 3.47 4.5 19.7 0.0 1.6 9.8 720 689 Oct 3.49 3.9 16.6 0.1 1.9 13.5 744 713 Nov 3.49 2.7 11.3 -0.1 0.8 9.6 720 687 Dec 3.51 1.8 7.6 0.0 0.5 25.2 744 716 Mean 3.43 3.4 13.6 0.0 1.1 7.3 8760 8342 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.34 0.7 2.9 -0.1 0.3 0.0 120 116 Feb 3.36 1.6 6.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 120 116 Mar 3.36 2.2 9.0 -0.4 0.5 7.2 120 111 Apr 3.38 2.6 9.4 0.3 0.7 2.6 120 111 May 3.39 2.6 9.4 0.0 0.3 4.8 120 112 Jun 3.38 2.2 7.7 -0.7 0.9 2.0 120 114 Jul 3.43 2.8 10.2 0.6 0.4 2.0 120 119 Aug 3.45 2.7 10.3 0.3 0.4 7.0 120 119 Sep 3.46 2.8 11.4 -0.1 0.9 6.2 120 116 Oct 3.48 2.1 8.6 -0.6 0.2 8.4 120 116 Nov 3.48 1.1 4.2 0.0 0.3 6.0 120 111 Dec 3.50 0.8 3.2 -0.3 0.2 13.0 120 114 Mean 3.42 2.0 7.7 -0.1 0.5 4.9 1440 1375 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.37 4.5 17.8 0.8 0.7 0.0 120 113 Feb 3.42 7.8 29.6 0.9 1.4 0.0 120 114 Mar 3.41 8.6 39.4 1.6 1.2 7.0 120 113 Apr 3.39 5.3 22.7 0.7 1.4 15.0 120 112 May 3.39 5.8 22.6 0.1 1.4 2.4 120 114 Jun 3.41 5.8 23.5 0.8 1.3 4.0 120 116 Jul 3.42 5.1 20.1 0.5 0.5 4.8 120 117 Aug 3.46 5.5 20.8 0.1 1.8 13.0 120 117 Sep 3.49 7.7 33.8 0.5 2.6 12.6 120 114 Oct 3.53 7.0 31.9 2.4 1.7 12.0 120 115 Nov 3.51 5.2 20.5 0.0 0.7 10.4 120 114 Dec 3.52 3.3 13.6 0.8 0.5 26.8 120 116 Mean 3.44 6.0 24.7 0.8 1.3 9.0 1440 1375 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -6.10 -5.77 -6.25 Feb -6.08 -5.61 -6.30 Mar -6.07 -5.33 -6.26 Apr -6.07 -5.71 -6.30 May -6.06 -5.67 -6.33 Jun -6.05 -5.68 -6.26 Jul -6.02 -5.65 -6.22 Aug -6.01 -5.75 -6.21 Sep -5.98 -5.53 -6.48 Oct -5.96 -5.43 -6.20 Nov -5.96 -5.65 -6.10 Dec -5.94 -5.76 -6.05 Mean -6.03 -5.63 -6.25 Results for 1868 HELSINKI D 1868 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 17 11 4 7 -6 1 -3 1 2 -4 -12 -20 -28 -25 -20 -15 -10 -7 -3 8 20 22 30 33 -5 55.8 FEBRUARY 16 16 11 11 6 1 2 5 3 -1 -12 -24 -32 -33 -24 -20 -17 -3 -1 8 16 25 17 23 -5 55.3 MARCH 12 11 15 15 14 9 12 18 17 7 -20 -39 -53 -46 -40 -17 -23 -14 6 13 17 30 24 19 -5 55.0 APRIL 16 31 30 27 26 24 29 38 30 13 -15 -46 -68 -81 -68 -56 -25 -6 -7 3 20 23 27 27 -5 54.7 MAY 20 23 23 33 35 36 35 31 25 5 -23 -51 -68 -66 -54 -39 -20 -9 -3 1 7 11 15 22 -5 53.9 JUNE 23 19 29 36 46 50 53 46 33 15 -16 -47 -66 -69 -62 -47 -32 -20 -17 -9 3 6 9 7 -5 52.7 JULY 19 21 26 36 39 42 46 50 31 16 -10 -38 -64 -71 -63 -54 -49 -19 -13 5 7 9 17 13 -5 51.8 AUGUST 22 23 27 18 36 38 42 40 27 4 -27 -58 -73 -73 -62 -40 -12 -2 -2 6 12 5 19 27 -5 51.0 SEPTEMBER 13 11 27 25 18 16 14 5 0 -11 -34 -54 -60 -52 -45 -23 -10 0 19 22 21 28 39 26 -5 49.5 OCTOBER 29 33 31 24 6 -1 -3 -10 -1 -5 -24 -45 -43 -53 -41 -30 -5 -9 6 12 31 25 38 41 -5 48.1 NOVEMBER 19 13 10 10 9 -3 -1 -1 -2 -3 -15 -26 -30 -36 -30 -21 -16 4 6 11 15 29 30 35 -5 48.1 DECEMBER 21 14 15 3 3 -2 -3 0 -3 -5 -14 -19 -26 -34 -24 -21 -15 -5 -4 13 14 27 29 26 -5 47.5 WINTER 18 14 10 7 1 0 -1 2 1 -3 -13 -21 -29 -31 -23 -19 -14 -5 -3 10 17 25 25 27 -5 52.9 EQUINOX 18 20 23 22 18 14 14 14 12 1 -22 -44 -54 -56 -46 -31 -17 -6 5 10 19 24 29 28 -5 51.6 SUMMER 21 21 27 30 40 43 47 45 30 12 -18 -48 -68 -71 -62 -47 -31 -14 -11 1 7 7 15 16 -5 51.8 YEAR 20 19 21 21 20 18 19 19 14 3 -18 -38 -50 -53 -44 -31 -19 -7 -1 8 16 21 25 25 -5 52.0 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 13 7 3 -3 -2 -2 -2 2 8 4 -1 -10 -16 -14 -8 -5 -4 -6 -2 -2 4 9 8 6 -5 56.1 FEBRUARY 6 8 -1 4 12 9 11 13 9 0 -15 -19 -21 -25 -21 -8 -4 1 -2 -1 7 12 12 11 -5 56.0 MARCH 4 10 8 12 15 11 15 17 14 3 -13 -24 -31 -31 -21 -11 -3 -3 -3 9 2 12 10 10 -5 55.4 APRIL 5 20 29 26 22 4 20 35 24 9 -12 -33 -51 -55 -51 -18 -13 -9 -9 5 4 8 12 19 -5 56.2 MAY 6 5 9 18 23 24 23 26 23 19 4 -21 -42 -49 -39 -29 -13 2 4 1 1 3 3 4 -5 54.8 JUNE 16 26 28 39 35 38 42 40 38 10 -5 -27 -55 -56 -46 -31 -16 -18 -16 -18 -15 -15 8 7 -5 52.8 JULY 19 24 12 19 33 29 28 53 38 20 -10 -32 -47 -53 -57 -39 -26 -17 4 4 -5 2 9 2 -5 51.2 AUGUST 11 -9 -1 -5 16 21 45 47 27 10 -13 -39 -51 -56 -50 -31 -12 3 7 3 23 13 29 22 -5 51.3 SEPTEMBER 4 23 21 2 17 19 25 42 17 5 -12 -25 -34 -23 -19 -21 -17 -13 -8 -5 -6 -2 9 1 -5 49.7 OCTOBER 15 14 25 5 13 15 14 22 22 16 0 -14 -28 -36 -33 -23 -20 -15 -12 -9 -4 2 12 20 -5 48.8 NOVEMBER 14 5 6 1 8 7 10 9 9 9 -2 -13 -23 -20 -13 -13 -11 -7 -7 -1 2 10 8 5 -5 48.3 DECEMBER 12 6 9 4 4 1 4 6 4 3 -6 -15 -18 -23 -12 -17 -12 -2 -2 13 10 10 13 6 -5 47.6 WINTER 10 7 4 2 5 3 4 7 7 2 -7 -15 -18 -21 -14 -10 -7 -2 -2 3 7 10 11 8 -5 53.2 EQUINOX 8 13 16 11 16 13 18 25 18 10 -6 -22 -35 -36 -29 -19 -13 -8 -6 0 0 6 9 10 -5 52.2 SUMMER 15 14 13 18 28 29 38 47 34 13 -9 -33 -51 -55 -51 -34 -18 -11 -2 -4 1 0 15 10 -5 51.8 YEAR 10 11 12 10 16 14 19 25 19 8 -8 -23 -35 -37 -31 -21 -13 -8 -4 -1 1 5 11 9 -5 52.3 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 15 14 11 10 -38 -9 -14 -4 -1 -13 -19 -24 -35 -27 -33 -25 -25 -9 1 10 38 47 66 72 -5 55.0 FEBRUARY 46 38 38 40 11 -37 -35 -19 -27 -19 -13 -30 -40 -24 -29 -21 -28 29 -15 12 31 58 -21 53 -5 55.8 MARCH 20 22 19 28 -6 -29 -25 -2 8 5 -39 -69 -87 -5 -33 23 -50 -50 -18 26 35 92 65 73 -5 54.6 APRIL 61 131 139 87 57 32 -11 20 5 -19 -53 -84-111-133-121-151 -50 -19 -36 -17 59 90 89 45 -5 54.0 MAY 46 66 47 46 39 24 18 13 16 -11 -46 -75 -98 -97 -92 -75 -33 -18 -11 12 48 64 45 63 -5 54.4 JUNE 30 32 38 33 45 46 73 70 38 40 -8 -47 -77 -88 -78 -57 -39 -32 -20 -18 -6 5 5 9 -5 52.4 JULY 39 26 19 24 -1 37 35 68 -5 -4 -19 -44 -72 -88 -57 -73 -98 13 -10 58 51 27 40 23 -5 53.3 AUGUST 50 68 46 -20 22 12 25 18 -2 -14 -47 -77 -96 -73 -88 -59 -24 -4 6 52 26 8 62 97 -5 50.4 SEPTEMBER 39 -2 35 35 -4 -25 -23 -53 -38 -38 -68 -61 -77 -28 -74 -29 -8 8 97 72 68 76 67 34 -5 48.1 OCTOBER 76 97 -10 33 17 -6 -61 -96 -72 -53 -59 -62 -48 -61 -58 -35 16 -21 35 33 99 26 120 82 -5 46.6 NOVEMBER 9 -1 -11 3 -2 -9 -36 -21 -22 -30 -37 -37 -38 -54 -51 -5 -33 37 32 57 23 71 68 85 -5 46.5 DECEMBER 14 12 36 22 12 -16 -15 -7 -19 -21 -26 -37 -41 -59 -35 -25 -1 -7 10 7 26 47 67 47 -5 47.2 WINTER 25 21 28 24 -5 -21 -21 -10 -16 -18 -19 -30 -39 -37 -32 -24 -18 4 -1 10 32 51 37 57 -5 52.7 EQUINOX 42 52 37 39 17 -2 -23 -23 -17 -24 -50 -65 -77 -63 -72 -45 -26 -11 17 31 55 70 76 64 -5 50.7 SUMMER 40 42 34 12 22 32 44 52 10 7 -25 -56 -82 -83 -74 -63 -54 -8 -8 31 24 13 36 43 -5 52.0 YEAR 37 42 34 28 12 1 -6 -1 -10 -15 -36 -54 -69 -62 -62 -45 -31 -6 6 25 41 51 56 57 -5 51.5 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 8 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.52 24 2.0 7.0 -0.2 20 1 3.53 24 2.5 11.4 0.3 10 2 3.52 23 1.2 5.3 0.2 14 2 3.53 24 2.2 9.4 -0.5 19 3 q4 3.50 23 1.1 4.3 -0.9 18 3 d4 3.50 24 4.8 23.7 -1.3 21 4 3.51 24 1.5 6.0 0.3 18 4 3.52 22 2.7 11.4 0.7 11 5 3.51 23 1.5 5.0 0.0 19 5 3.53 24 3.2 16.0 0.7 16 6 d5 3.52 22 3.4 16.0 0.5 25 6 d1 3.55 24 6.3 21.1 1.4 10 7 q3 3.52 24 1.1 4.7 0.0 35 7 3.55 22 3.2 13.7 -0.1 10 8 q2 3.51 24 0.9 4.3 -0.1 45 8 d3 3.50 21 4.9 17.0 -2.8 10 9 3.52 24 1.3 7.0 0.1 60 9 3.55 23 3.2 11.4 2.9 0 10 q1 3.51 24 0.6 2.7 -0.4 45 10 q4 3.54 23 1.5 5.0 -0.5 21 11 3.51 23 2.8 13.4 0.1 40 11 3.53 24 1.6 7.0 -0.7 14 12 3.51 22 2.8 11.4 0.2 17 12 3.54 23 2.5 11.0 0.5 16 13 d4 3.54 23 3.5 15.0 1.5 20 13 3.53 22 2.1 9.4 -0.5 10 14 3.52 24 1.4 5.0 -1.1 36 14 3.52 24 1.5 5.7 -0.8 0 15 3.51 24 1.4 5.0 -0.9 15 15 q1 3.52 24 1.1 4.3 0.0 0 16 3.51 22 3.2 13.4 0.2 0 16 q5 3.50 24 1.5 5.7 -1.1 0 17 3.52 23 1.3 5.0 0.7 0 17 q2 3.51 24 1.1 3.7 0.7 10 18 3.52 23 1.7 7.7 -0.2 0 18 q3 3.51 24 1.4 4.7 -0.3 37 19 q5 3.53 24 1.2 6.3 0.5 0 19 3.51 23 2.0 8.7 -0.2 34 20 3.52 23 1.8 7.7 -0.6 0 20 d2 3.51 22 5.1 26.1 0.1 34 21 3.52 23 2.3 9.4 0.0 0 21 3.54 22 2.8 9.7 1.9 34 22 3.51 24 2.4 8.4 -0.3 0 22 3.54 22 2.8 13.0 -0.1 25 23 d1 3.53 24 5.9 27.1 0.9 0 23 3.54 20 1.8 7.0 0.3 12 24 d2 3.57 23 4.1 18.4 2.6 0 24 3.53 23 1.8 6.7 -0.7 16 25 3.53 24 2.8 10.7 -2.2 0 25 d5 3.53 24 3.6 14.4 -0.3 26 26 d3 3.52 24 4.0 21.1 -0.4 0 26 3.56 23 3.3 16.4 1.9 0 27 3.52 24 2.7 10.4 0.0 15 27 3.53 23 1.8 6.7 -1.8 23 28 3.52 23 2.0 6.7 -0.2 0 28 3.53 23 1.6 5.7 0.1 22 29 3.53 24 2.8 9.7 0.7 0 29 3.52 23 2.1 8.4 -0.2 15 30 3.53 23 2.2 8.7 0.0 22 31 3.53 22 1.9 7.0 -0.3 18 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.52 0.7 2.2 9.3 0.0 15.5 All 3.53 0.9 2.6 10.8 0.0 15.7 Quiet 3.51 0.4 1.0 4.5 -0.2 28.6 Quiet 3.52 0.9 1.3 4.7 -0.2 13.6 Dist. 3.54 1.1 4.2 19.5 1.0 9.0 Dist. 3.52 1.1 4.9 20.5 -0.6 20.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.93 (west) is -5.92 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.58 (Jan 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.69 (Feb 6) Minimum -6.15 (Jan 26) Minimum -6.21 (Feb 20) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.55 23 3.2 11.0 1.5 27 1 3.50 23 4.8 21.7 -3.2 51 2 q5 3.53 23 2.0 7.7 -1.0 17 2 d1 3.53 22 12.3 52.5 1.8 44 3 3.52 22 2.7 10.4 -0.7 20 3 3.56 23 4.8 22.1 2.2 45 4 3.53 24 2.1 7.4 1.0 19 4 3.55 23 3.7 14.0 -0.6 51 5 d5 3.53 24 5.5 20.4 -0.5 26 5 3.56 23 3.6 13.0 0.4 54 6 3.53 22 4.8 15.0 0.4 34 6 3.55 23 3.2 12.7 -0.8 53 7 3.53 23 4.2 15.7 0.0 0 7 3.53 24 3.4 14.7 -0.8 44 8 q3 3.53 24 1.7 6.0 -0.3 0 8 3.53 23 4.6 16.4 0.0 35 9 q1 3.53 23 1.0 3.7 0.2 14 9 3.54 24 3.6 13.4 0.2 18 10 3.53 23 2.6 8.7 -0.2 17 10 3.56 23 5.1 23.1 1.5 19 11 3.53 22 3.1 10.7 0.3 30 11 3.54 22 3.8 17.4 -1.4 27 12 3.52 23 2.1 8.0 -1.0 17 12 3.54 24 3.6 12.4 -0.2 37 13 q2 3.52 21 1.7 5.7 0.2 30 13 3.54 22 4.3 19.0 0.4 42 14 q4 3.53 24 1.8 7.7 0.3 30 14 d5 3.56 23 6.1 22.4 1.2 46 15 3.52 23 2.2 8.7 -0.5 44 15 3.54 22 5.0 18.4 -1.4 46 16 3.53 24 2.4 9.0 0.8 50 16 3.53 24 4.1 14.4 -0.4 72 17 3.55 23 3.7 16.0 1.1 50 17 q3 3.53 22 2.9 11.0 0.0 43 18 3.53 23 2.7 9.0 -0.9 25 18 3.53 24 3.4 11.7 -0.2 51 19 3.51 23 3.6 11.7 -1.2 24 19 d3 3.54 24 8.9 30.4 0.3 55 20 d2 3.52 22 7.4 34.1 0.7 43 20 3.56 23 4.7 18.7 1.3 27 21 3.54 21 3.1 11.7 0.7 30 21 q1 3.51 24 2.7 11.0 -3.0 23 22 3.54 23 3.7 15.4 0.3 0 22 3.51 23 3.8 14.0 -0.1 37 23 d1 3.58 21 8.0 28.1 2.1 11 23 q4 3.51 23 3.0 11.0 0.1 33 24 d3 3.51 23 7.2 34.1 -3.7 16 24 3.52 23 3.3 10.7 0.8 16 25 3.54 24 3.6 13.7 1.5 24 25 q5 3.50 22 3.1 10.4 -1.0 10 26 3.53 24 2.7 10.7 -0.3 30 26 q2 3.51 23 2.8 12.0 0.3 18 27 3.53 24 2.7 9.7 -0.4 24 27 d4 3.53 22 8.9 31.1 1.4 18 28 3.54 23 2.9 10.0 0.6 39 28 3.58 24 4.3 17.4 2.5 14 29 3.53 24 2.7 9.0 -0.2 42 29 3.54 23 4.8 19.4 -2.2 36 30 d4 3.54 18 5.5 26.1 0.4 43 30 d2 3.58 22 11.2 42.4 2.4 34 31 3.55 23 4.5 19.0 0.4 44 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.53 0.7 3.4 13.4 0.0 26.5 All 3.54 1.3 4.8 18.6 0.1 36.6 Quiet 3.53 0.2 1.6 6.1 -0.1 18.2 Quiet 3.51 0.7 2.9 11.1 -0.7 25.4 Dist. 3.54 1.3 6.7 28.5 -0.2 27.8 Dist. 3.55 1.2 9.5 35.8 1.4 39.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.92 (west) is -5.91 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.61 (Mar 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.39 (Apr 30) Minimum -6.19 (Mar 24) Minimum -6.49 (Apr 2) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 8 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.54 23 3.6 13.7 -2.4 22 1 q3 3.57 23 3.4 12.0 -0.2 71 2 q1 3.53 22 1.6 6.3 -0.7 19 2 3.55 22 4.0 16.4 -1.2 62 3 3.54 24 2.9 10.7 0.6 10 3 3.54 24 4.3 16.0 -0.5 40 4 q2 3.53 24 2.1 7.4 -0.7 30 4 3.59 23 3.9 13.4 2.9 45 5 q5 3.54 23 2.7 9.7 0.6 32 5 3.55 23 5.3 17.7 -2.3 30 6 q3 3.55 23 2.2 8.7 0.6 33 6 d2 3.58 23 5.6 18.4 1.8 16 7 3.52 24 3.3 11.0 -1.6 21 7 3.57 22 4.0 14.0 -0.7 24 8 3.54 22 3.5 11.7 0.9 37 8 d1 3.61 21 5.8 23.1 2.4 56 9 q4 3.54 23 2.6 9.7 0.4 37 9 3.59 24 4.2 14.0 -1.3 17 10 3.56 24 4.9 17.7 1.0 51 10 d5 3.56 23 5.3 17.0 -1.7 29 11 d4 3.56 23 5.4 21.1 0.0 61 11 d4 3.57 24 5.5 25.1 0.8 0 12 3.58 24 4.7 21.1 1.1 30 12 q2 3.58 24 3.3 12.4 0.5 0 13 3.56 21 3.3 11.4 -0.9 26 13 3.58 24 3.9 13.0 0.1 11 14 3.57 18 3.7 13.0 0.8 16 14 3.54 24 4.2 13.4 -2.4 10 15 d5 3.56 23 4.9 18.7 -0.8 16 15 3.57 24 4.4 14.4 1.8 10 16 3.55 23 3.9 14.7 -0.6 12 16 q4 3.56 24 3.4 14.0 -0.9 22 17 3.57 23 3.2 10.7 1.1 29 17 3.58 23 4.2 14.4 1.6 27 18 3.56 23 3.2 11.0 -0.5 35 18 3.58 22 4.9 16.7 -0.3 28 19 3.54 24 4.2 13.7 -1.5 41 19 3.57 24 4.5 16.0 -0.6 37 20 d1 3.51 23 8.4 32.1 -1.5 34 20 3.59 23 4.9 15.7 1.0 30 21 3.57 23 3.6 12.7 3.8 34 21 3.57 24 4.4 15.0 -1.0 10 22 3.56 23 3.9 14.7 -0.5 26 22 3.59 23 4.0 14.0 1.0 33 23 3.57 23 3.6 11.7 0.1 16 23 3.57 23 4.6 15.7 -0.7 30 24 d2 3.54 23 7.4 28.7 -1.8 0 24 d3 3.55 24 5.6 19.0 -1.4 31 25 3.57 22 3.8 12.4 2.3 0 25 3.57 24 4.2 14.0 1.0 43 26 3.56 22 4.7 17.0 -0.6 0 26 3.56 23 3.7 15.7 -0.1 35 27 d3 3.54 24 5.9 21.7 -1.6 19 27 q5 3.58 24 3.5 12.0 0.6 27 28 3.55 23 3.4 12.4 0.7 32 28 3.56 24 3.8 13.0 -0.6 57 29 3.56 23 3.9 16.4 0.9 16 29 q1 3.57 23 3.1 11.7 0.3 45 30 3.55 23 2.9 11.4 -0.9 50 30 3.55 23 3.7 20.4 -1.0 56 31 3.57 24 3.1 11.0 1.2 42 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.55 1.0 3.9 14.3 0.0 26.7 All 3.57 0.9 4.3 15.6 0.0 31.1 Quiet 3.54 0.5 2.3 8.4 0.0 30.2 Quiet 3.57 0.5 3.4 12.4 0.1 33.0 Dist. 3.54 1.1 6.4 24.5 -1.1 26.0 Dist. 3.58 1.2 5.6 20.5 0.4 26.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.90 (west) is -5.88 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.65 (May 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.59 (Jun 8) Minimum -6.26 (May 20) Minimum -6.12 (Jun 30) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.57 23 4.4 15.4 1.3 39 1 3.59 23 3.6 14.4 0.2 37 2 3.57 23 4.4 16.0 -0.1 48 2 3.59 21 3.9 14.0 -0.2 42 3 3.56 22 4.5 17.4 -0.5 43 3 3.59 22 4.3 13.7 -0.2 17 4 3.57 23 5.0 17.4 0.6 33 4 3.58 24 5.1 19.7 -0.1 19 5 3.59 24 4.8 16.7 1.3 0 5 q3 3.56 24 3.2 9.0 -1.5 33 6 3.58 24 4.6 15.0 -0.8 0 6 q1 3.60 24 2.9 11.0 2.7 19 7 3.59 24 3.9 12.0 0.5 0 7 q2 3.59 23 3.1 11.0 -1.1 23 8 3.60 24 5.2 17.4 0.4 0 8 3.60 24 4.0 14.0 1.1 26 9 d3 3.57 24 7.3 26.7 -1.4 0 9 3.58 22 5.2 16.4 -1.2 26 10 d1 3.58 24 8.2 37.1 0.3 0 10 d4 3.59 24 6.2 25.7 0.3 33 11 d5 3.53 24 5.3 20.7 -3.0 0 11 3.60 23 4.8 15.0 0.4 21 12 3.60 21 3.5 13.7 4.6 0 12 3.60 24 4.6 18.4 0.3 15 13 q1 3.59 22 3.0 10.7 -0.5 0 13 q4 3.62 23 3.5 12.0 1.1 22 14 3.61 24 4.2 15.0 1.1 0 14 3.62 22 4.1 16.4 0.0 35 15 d4 3.55 24 5.9 26.7 -3.7 10 15 3.58 22 4.4 14.7 -2.4 62 16 3.60 23 3.7 13.0 2.8 15 16 3.61 24 4.0 14.7 1.6 50 17 3.59 24 4.3 15.4 -0.5 33 17 3.61 22 4.8 17.0 -0.2 31 18 q3 3.61 24 3.3 12.7 0.9 43 18 3.59 23 4.4 15.7 -1.3 60 19 d2 3.58 21 7.8 35.4 -1.4 54 19 3.59 24 4.9 16.7 0.5 55 20 3.59 23 5.0 17.0 0.6 47 20 d3 3.62 22 6.2 25.7 1.5 57 21 3.58 24 4.9 15.4 -0.5 58 21 3.62 24 4.8 16.7 0.0 45 22 3.60 23 4.3 14.4 0.7 58 22 d2 3.61 22 6.3 30.4 -0.5 42 23 q4 3.59 23 3.3 13.0 -0.3 38 23 q5 3.61 23 3.6 14.0 -0.1 31 24 3.59 24 4.8 15.0 0.1 64 24 3.60 24 3.9 14.0 -0.5 30 25 3.60 22 4.4 14.0 0.2 64 25 3.60 23 3.9 13.7 0.2 45 26 q2 3.59 23 3.3 10.0 -0.2 68 26 3.58 24 3.6 14.4 -1.5 35 27 3.58 21 4.5 15.4 -1.0 56 27 3.59 24 4.1 14.4 0.7 74 28 3.61 24 3.9 14.7 1.8 30 28 3.62 23 4.8 18.0 1.6 37 29 q5 3.59 22 3.4 11.0 -0.7 36 29 3.61 24 3.9 16.4 -0.8 22 30 3.58 23 3.5 14.0 -0.6 34 30 d1 3.62 24 10.8 55.5 0.6 8 31 3.59 23 3.9 13.4 0.5 27 31 d5 3.60 22 5.7 24.1 -0.9 14 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.59 1.0 4.6 16.8 0.1 29.0 All 3.60 0.9 4.6 17.6 0.0 34.4 Quiet 3.60 0.3 3.3 11.5 -0.2 37.0 Quiet 3.60 1.3 3.3 11.4 0.2 25.6 Dist. 3.56 1.2 6.9 29.3 -1.8 12.8 Dist. 3.61 0.6 7.0 32.3 0.2 30.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.86 (west) is -5.85 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.53 (Jul 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.18 (Aug 30) Minimum -6.20 (Jul 10) Minimum -6.10 (Aug 30) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 8 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q5 3.61 23 3.1 14.4 0.8 0 1 d3 3.65 24 8.8 48.5 -1.5 64 2 3.63 24 4.5 19.0 0.7 31 2 q3 3.63 22 2.2 10.4 -0.6 42 3 3.62 24 3.5 12.4 -0.6 43 3 3.65 23 4.2 15.7 0.7 35 4 3.61 23 3.2 11.0 -0.2 23 4 3.63 24 2.8 10.4 -1.0 46 5 3.62 24 5.2 21.1 0.4 48 5 3.65 24 3.0 10.7 0.9 29 6 3.65 24 5.3 20.1 1.9 50 6 3.63 22 3.8 16.0 -1.1 49 7 3.60 23 4.8 16.0 -3.1 57 7 3.62 23 4.3 18.0 -0.2 49 8 3.62 24 4.6 15.4 1.0 50 8 3.64 21 5.7 23.1 1.0 41 9 3.59 21 3.7 13.4 -1.4 60 9 3.65 23 3.4 12.7 0.5 30 10 q2 3.63 24 2.3 9.4 1.9 72 10 q4 3.63 22 2.3 9.4 -0.7 29 11 3.62 23 3.4 11.7 -0.2 80 11 3.63 24 2.6 13.0 -0.1 66 12 3.61 23 3.2 12.0 -0.9 70 12 q1 3.64 23 2.0 7.4 0.1 52 13 3.60 24 3.6 13.0 -0.2 82 13 q2 3.64 23 2.1 7.7 0.2 51 14 q3 3.61 23 2.6 9.4 0.5 62 14 3.64 23 4.7 17.7 0.3 33 15 3.61 24 4.4 14.7 0.0 73 15 q5 3.64 23 2.3 10.0 -0.3 33 16 d3 3.68 24 6.5 25.7 3.9 67 16 3.66 24 4.7 20.1 1.1 34 17 q1 3.63 24 2.2 7.4 -2.8 54 17 3.64 24 5.3 19.7 -1.2 31 18 q4 3.63 23 3.1 10.0 -0.2 31 18 3.65 22 3.7 13.4 0.6 37 19 d5 3.64 22 6.1 20.7 0.6 36 19 d1 3.70 23 9.6 36.1 3.2 57 20 d2 3.67 23 7.6 30.4 2.0 40 20 3.66 22 6.9 30.1 -2.2 64 21 3.62 24 4.7 14.4 -2.7 30 21 3.62 24 2.9 11.0 -2.4 71 22 3.64 24 5.2 20.1 1.1 36 22 d2 3.67 22 8.9 34.1 3.1 69 23 3.61 24 3.1 13.0 -2.1 34 23 d5 3.67 23 7.5 31.7 -0.1 84 24 3.62 23 3.2 11.0 0.6 43 24 3.69 22 7.4 33.8 1.1 52 25 3.62 24 3.2 13.0 -0.1 35 25 d4 3.67 20 8.5 25.7 -1.3 58 26 3.60 24 5.7 24.4 -0.8 33 26 3.66 23 5.9 26.4 -0.8 76 27 d1 3.63 23 8.4 38.1 1.8 42 27 3.63 22 4.3 19.7 -1.5 99 28 d4 3.65 23 6.3 28.7 0.9 30 28 3.68 23 5.2 23.4 2.7 141 29 3.61 24 3.7 12.7 -1.9 49 29 3.66 23 2.9 12.4 -0.9 99 30 3.67 22 6.1 20.1 3.1 54 30 3.63 23 3.7 15.4 -1.7 147 31 3.65 23 3.6 14.0 0.8 142 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.62 1.2 4.4 16.8 0.1 47.2 All 3.65 1.1 4.7 19.3 0.0 61.6 Quiet 3.62 0.5 2.7 10.1 0.0 43.8 Quiet 3.64 0.1 2.2 9.0 -0.3 41.4 Dist. 3.65 1.1 7.0 28.7 1.8 43.0 Dist. 3.67 1.0 8.7 35.2 0.7 66.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.83 (west) is -5.80 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.38 (Sep 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.36 (Oct 1) Minimum -6.07 (Sep 26) Minimum -6.17 (Oct 1) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.64 24 1.6 6.0 -0.6 137 1 3.64 23 2.6 13.4 -0.8 43 2 3.64 22 1.8 7.0 0.0 115 2 3.65 24 1.8 7.0 0.8 33 3 q4 3.64 23 1.4 4.3 0.3 111 3 q3 3.65 21 1.3 5.7 0.1 51 4 3.63 23 1.8 6.0 -0.7 52 4 q1 3.64 21 1.0 3.7 -0.8 51 5 3.64 23 2.3 8.4 0.7 72 5 3.62 23 2.6 10.0 -1.1 34 6 3.63 23 2.6 8.0 -0.9 55 6 d3 3.67 24 3.7 15.7 3.2 34 7 3.64 23 1.6 7.0 0.7 52 7 d4 3.64 22 3.6 13.4 -1.8 41 8 3.63 24 1.8 6.7 -0.5 49 8 3.65 23 1.8 7.0 0.6 73 9 d4 3.64 22 4.0 18.4 0.7 46 9 3.65 22 1.5 6.3 0.1 97 10 3.64 24 1.9 7.7 0.0 43 10 3.65 23 1.8 7.4 -0.4 121 11 q5 3.64 21 1.4 4.3 -0.2 40 11 3.63 24 3.0 11.0 -0.7 97 12 q3 3.65 20 1.1 4.7 0.4 36 12 3.66 24 1.6 5.7 1.4 100 13 q2 3.64 22 1.0 4.3 -0.6 42 13 d1 3.67 22 5.2 21.7 0.5 92 14 3.64 24 1.6 5.3 -0.1 36 14 3.68 24 3.1 13.4 0.7 73 15 3.61 20 3.3 12.7 -1.7 60 15 3.67 24 2.3 9.0 -0.4 72 16 d3 3.68 23 5.1 21.4 4.0 61 16 q5 3.67 23 1.3 4.0 0.2 56 17 3.64 23 3.3 12.7 -2.2 58 17 3.67 22 3.3 16.7 0.0 15 18 3.65 24 3.5 17.4 0.5 62 18 d2 3.67 24 4.7 18.0 -0.5 15 19 d1 3.70 23 7.7 28.4 2.9 82 19 3.67 22 2.6 13.7 0.1 12 20 d5 3.68 21 4.0 15.7 -1.1 43 20 d5 3.66 24 3.6 16.4 -0.2 30 21 3.65 23 3.9 19.4 -1.6 58 21 3.67 23 2.8 12.4 0.3 82 22 3.66 22 3.7 14.7 0.4 41 22 q4 3.67 24 1.3 5.3 -0.2 71 23 3.65 22 2.5 12.4 -0.3 41 23 3.65 24 2.6 11.7 -0.6 79 24 3.65 24 3.6 13.7 -0.2 67 24 3.67 23 2.0 7.4 0.9 101 25 3.66 24 3.9 18.7 0.7 54 25 3.65 22 2.6 11.4 -1.0 79 26 d2 3.69 22 5.3 17.7 1.9 58 26 3.67 23 2.8 11.7 0.8 79 27 3.66 24 1.8 8.7 -2.2 55 27 3.66 23 1.7 7.0 -0.5 90 28 3.64 22 2.6 10.0 -0.9 52 28 3.66 23 2.9 11.7 0.2 89 29 q1 3.65 24 0.9 3.7 0.3 49 29 q2 3.65 24 1.2 4.3 -0.5 136 30 3.65 20 3.2 12.0 0.1 46 30 3.66 24 2.2 9.0 0.5 103 31 3.66 24 1.6 6.0 -0.2 47 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.65 1.1 2.8 11.3 0.0 59.1 All 3.66 0.8 2.4 10.2 0.0 67.6 Quiet 3.64 0.2 1.2 4.3 0.1 55.6 Quiet 3.66 0.7 1.2 4.6 -0.2 73.0 Dist. 3.68 1.1 5.2 20.3 1.7 58.0 Dist. 3.66 0.6 4.2 17.0 0.2 42.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.80 (west) is -5.79 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.42 (Nov 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.56 (Dec 17) Minimum -5.99 (Nov 21) Minimum -5.94 (Dec 13) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 8 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.52 2.2 9.3 0.0 0.7 15.5 744 724 Feb 3.53 2.6 10.8 0.0 0.9 15.7 696 668 Mar 3.53 3.4 13.4 0.0 0.7 26.5 744 707 Apr 3.54 4.8 18.6 0.1 1.3 36.6 720 690 May 3.55 3.9 14.3 0.0 1.0 26.7 744 710 Jun 3.57 4.3 15.6 0.0 0.9 31.1 720 699 Jul 3.59 4.6 16.8 0.1 1.0 29.0 744 717 Aug 3.60 4.6 17.6 0.0 0.9 34.4 744 717 Sep 3.62 4.4 16.8 0.1 1.2 47.2 720 702 Oct 3.65 4.7 19.3 0.0 1.1 61.6 744 707 Nov 3.65 2.8 11.3 0.0 1.1 59.1 720 679 Dec 3.66 2.4 10.2 0.0 0.8 67.6 744 716 Mean 3.58 3.7 14.5 0.0 1.0 37.6 8784 8436 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.51 1.0 4.5 -0.2 0.4 28.6 120 119 Feb 3.52 1.3 4.7 -0.2 0.9 13.6 120 119 Mar 3.53 1.6 6.1 -0.1 0.2 18.2 120 115 Apr 3.51 2.9 11.1 -0.7 0.7 25.4 120 114 May 3.54 2.3 8.4 0.0 0.5 30.2 120 115 Jun 3.57 3.4 12.4 0.1 0.5 33.0 120 118 Jul 3.60 3.3 11.5 -0.2 0.3 37.0 120 114 Aug 3.60 3.3 11.4 0.2 1.3 25.6 120 117 Sep 3.62 2.7 10.1 0.0 0.5 43.8 120 117 Oct 3.64 2.2 9.0 -0.3 0.1 41.4 120 113 Nov 3.64 1.2 4.3 0.1 0.2 55.6 120 110 Dec 3.66 1.2 4.6 -0.2 0.7 73.0 120 113 Mean 3.58 2.2 8.2 -0.1 0.5 35.5 1440 1384 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.54 4.2 19.5 1.0 1.1 9.0 120 116 Feb 3.52 4.9 20.5 -0.6 1.1 20.2 120 115 Mar 3.54 6.7 28.5 -0.2 1.3 27.8 120 108 Apr 3.55 9.5 35.8 1.4 1.2 39.4 120 113 May 3.54 6.4 24.5 -1.1 1.1 26.0 120 116 Jun 3.58 5.6 20.5 0.4 1.2 26.4 120 115 Jul 3.56 6.9 29.3 -1.8 1.2 12.8 120 117 Aug 3.61 7.0 32.3 0.2 0.6 30.8 120 114 Sep 3.65 7.0 28.7 1.8 1.1 43.0 120 115 Oct 3.67 8.7 35.2 0.7 1.0 66.4 120 112 Nov 3.68 5.2 20.3 1.7 1.1 58.0 120 111 Dec 3.66 4.2 17.0 0.2 0.6 42.4 120 116 Mean 3.59 6.4 26.0 0.3 1.1 33.5 1440 1368 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -5.93 -5.58 -6.15 Feb -5.92 -5.69 -6.21 Mar -5.92 -5.61 -6.19 Apr -5.91 -5.39 -6.49 May -5.90 -5.65 -6.26 Jun -5.88 -5.59 -6.12 Jul -5.86 -5.53 -6.20 Aug -5.85 -5.18 -6.10 Sep -5.83 -5.38 -6.07 Oct -5.80 -5.36 -6.17 Nov -5.80 -5.42 -5.99 Dec -5.79 -5.56 -5.94 Mean -5.87 -5.50 -6.16 Results for 1869 HELSINKI D 1869 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 22 16 5 0 0 -3 -6 -7 -4 -4 -12 -21 -29 -24 -32 -18 -4 -4 2 10 20 23 33 26 -5 46.7 FEBRUARY 24 16 16 12 7 -1 -1 -2 1 -2 -16 -26 -33 -43 -35 -14 -13 -11 4 23 22 24 23 23 -5 46.5 MARCH 16 13 13 23 19 7 13 24 24 7 -16 -44 -66 -64 -63 -25 -15 -6 15 14 26 29 26 36 -5 46.1 APRIL 28 4 30 31 37 35 42 51 41 18 -10 -43 -77 -82 -81 -76 -50 -10 14 22 17 9 41 6 -5 45.1 MAY 7 36 32 40 54 70 59 51 27 2 -29 -61 -78 -70 -59 -44 -30 -23 -8 -3 9 2 -2 26 -5 43.1 JUNE 22 29 31 40 56 76 75 65 49 24 -14 -54 -80 -87 -82 -63 -50 -21 -21 -16 -5 2 19 13 -5 42.3 JULY 30 19 33 49 60 63 60 58 49 22 -11 -49 -71 -79 -77 -59 -36 -22 -16 -16 -11 -12 -4 13 -5 41.9 AUGUST 30 44 40 34 36 44 48 43 32 7 -32 -61 -81 -84 -66 -38 -20 -7 8 1 -3 2 12 19 -5 41.2 SEPTEMBER 14 32 28 21 17 12 23 40 19 5 -24 -47 -71 -69 -61 -40 -8 -4 -6 15 25 27 26 25 -5 39.6 OCTOBER 22 14 8 19 7 3 8 12 14 2 -19 -38 -53 -61 -49 -33 -19 -7 4 21 3 42 38 51 -5 37.2 NOVEMBER 21 11 14 2 3 4 2 2 8 6 -8 -23 -32 -41 -36 -25 -14 -8 -1 5 24 28 24 29 -5 37.0 DECEMBER 25 17 23 6 0 -8 -9 -5 -2 -8 -14 -21 -31 -25 -20 -18 -4 -1 9 10 16 23 32 13 -5 37.2 WINTER 24 16 15 6 2 -4 -5 -5 -2 -5 -14 -23 -31 -31 -29 -17 -7 -5 5 14 19 23 29 21 -5 43.5 EQUINOX 18 18 21 23 23 22 25 30 22 7 -18 -43 -63 -65 -58 -41 -23 -10 3 12 17 23 26 29 -5 41.4 SUMMER 27 31 35 41 51 61 61 55 43 18 -19 -55 -77 -83 -75 -53 -35 -17 -10 -10 -6 -3 9 15 -5 41.8 YEAR 22 21 23 23 25 25 26 28 22 7 -17 -41 -58 -61 -55 -38 -22 -10 0 7 12 17 22 23 -5 42.0 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 7 -4 -1 -6 -2 -3 2 7 9 6 -4 -11 -15 -14 -11 -9 1 1 3 10 9 -1 14 -5 46.7 FEBRUARY 13 -19 10 17 14 7 -4 5 -6 1 -6 -9 -21 -16 -11 -6 -5 -3 -1 2 11 13 8 0 -5 47.9 MARCH 17 18 17 11 13 12 7 12 17 11 -2 -23 -41 -39 -35 -17 -4 -13 -5 -9 -7 15 20 22 -5 46.7 APRIL 15 11 3 19 37 42 40 38 31 11 -24 -47 -69 -68 -45 -29 -12 2 4 12 3 6 6 6 -5 45.1 MAY -2 4 20 27 42 51 53 49 29 -3 -32 -52 -65 -60 -40 -12 -1 6 2 -3 -3 0 -1 1 -5 43.4 JUNE 8 18 24 17 48 52 38 22 38 33 -8 -51 -65 -59 -58 -47 -27 3 -3 -5 -2 0 13 16 -5 42.5 JULY 9 25 22 32 49 50 46 58 47 22 -4 -37 -52 -59 -51 -41 -27 -15 -19 -19 -13 -18 -13 7 -5 41.3 AUGUST 19 14 19 22 34 33 36 39 29 15 -18 -42 -62 -62 -53 -28 -14 -7 -10 -5 -5 7 16 23 -5 40.8 SEPTEMBER -5 5 2 15 13 25 35 37 25 6 -15 -39 -60 -60 -16 -20 1 40 0 -1 13 8 -2 5 -5 40.2 OCTOBER 5 9 8 7 2 4 9 14 10 4 -17 -25 -32 -39 -32 -3 0 2 6 14 7 4 8 26 -5 37.3 NOVEMBER 13 1 3 3 1 7 10 13 18 17 1 -14 -25 -25 -26 -13 -9 -7 1 0 7 11 5 14 -5 37.4 DECEMBER 8 9 3 -6 -1 -2 2 4 3 -2 -6 0 -12 -10 -10 -14 0 -4 -2 0 4 9 10 8 -5 37.7 WINTER 10 -1 3 3 2 1 -2 4 1 3 -2 -4 -15 -14 -12 -10 -5 -2 -1 2 8 10 6 7 -5 44.1 EQUINOX 7 8 9 14 18 24 26 27 22 8 -15 -33 -49 -49 -32 -16 -4 5 1 2 3 7 6 12 -5 41.7 SUMMER 12 19 22 24 44 45 40 40 38 23 -10 -43 -60 -60 -54 -39 -23 -6 -11 -10 -7 -4 5 15 -5 41.5 YEAR 10 9 11 14 21 24 23 25 21 11 -10 -28 -42 -42 -32 -20 -8 1 -2 0 3 6 6 12 -5 42.3 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 57 25 14 7 8 -8 -10 -34 -23 -36 -28 -30 -50 -24 -57 -30 20 -8 0 17 34 32 72 61 -5 45.8 FEBRUARY 50 5 50 44 10 -17 -17 -29 -14 0 -22 -39 -47 -93 -62 -45 -27 -32 33 70 86 52 23 27 -5 46.3 MARCH 104 48 16 40 7 -36 -1 19 5 -9 -27 -61 -88 -86-122 5 -49 -13 55 9 38 49 34 73 -5 46.3 APRIL 57 11 133 78 27 49 30 78 70 41 14 -41 -82 -87-145-209-169 -42 55 42 5 -40 171 -48 -5 45.4 MAY -32 127 97 56 51 92 35 37 12 -16 -50 -85-115 -81-103 -89 -83 -81 -5 -2 64 31 -3 144 -5 41.3 JUNE 65 67 22 38 38 102 89 69 62 31 3 -47 -77-102-100 -85-111 -56 -67 -39 -12 3 70 29 -5 42.3 JULY 76 43 48 68 76 79 78 78 64 37 -1 -39 -77-109-116-119 -91 -57 -22 -25 -26 -17 26 14 -5 42.1 AUGUST 75 132 61 48 35 61 52 23 31 1 -62 -92-125-128 -87 -72 -40 -25 32 24 0 -1 29 39 -5 40.8 SEPTEMBER 15 48 36 46 33 37 25 38 27 -10 -40 -64 -88-109-104 -80 -42 -50 -27 -4 125 69 54 66 -5 38.9 OCTOBER 27 25 24 43 19 -2 -3 -5 1 -20 -44 -81 -83-106 -78 -76 -35 -23 7 42 -36 102 100 207 -5 36.0 NOVEMBER 33 14 13 -2 0 -8 -19 -13 -13 -16 -23 -46 -48 -67 -48 -46 2 -18 24 7 33 62 68 103 -5 35.5 DECEMBER 83 30 55 6 -19 -69 -64 -30 -14 -28 -35 -41 -51 -32 -24 -44 -4 58 44 63 24 58 49 -2 -5 36.5 WINTER 63 20 40 19 0 -31 -30 -31 -17 -21 -28 -37 -49 -50 -48 -40 -4 6 26 50 48 47 48 29 -5 42.9 EQUINOX 34 46 53 44 23 22 11 26 17 -5 -28 -63 -84 -89-100 -83 -63 -38 18 16 38 46 71 91 -5 40.6 SUMMER 72 81 44 51 50 81 73 57 52 23 -20 -59 -93-113-101 -92 -81 -46 -19 -13 -13 -5 42 27 -5 41.7 YEAR 51 48 47 39 23 23 16 19 17 -2 -27 -56 -78 -86 -88 -75 -53 -29 10 17 28 33 57 59 -5 41.4 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 9 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.65 22 2.0 7.4 -0.4 91 1 3.68 23 2.1 7.0 0.4 91 2 d5 3.67 22 4.9 18.7 0.7 109 2 q3 3.67 20 1.5 6.0 -0.4 119 3 3.65 22 2.1 9.0 -0.8 111 3 d1 3.63 24 9.5 43.1 -2.1 97 4 3.65 23 2.6 10.4 -0.1 91 4 d2 3.69 24 6.0 28.4 3.7 127 5 3.66 24 2.1 9.7 0.7 106 5 d5 3.71 22 4.4 15.7 1.1 84 6 3.66 23 3.8 18.0 0.1 69 6 3.71 23 3.4 14.4 -0.4 76 7 d2 3.69 22 5.1 18.7 1.4 62 7 3.71 23 3.6 14.7 0.2 63 8 3.68 24 2.9 11.4 -0.5 55 8 3.69 24 2.6 9.7 -1.4 42 9 q3 3.67 24 1.2 5.0 -0.9 45 9 3.70 23 3.8 14.0 1.0 24 10 d3 3.67 23 5.0 20.1 0.5 40 10 d4 3.70 24 4.4 21.7 0.1 16 11 3.68 24 2.7 9.0 0.6 46 11 3.68 22 3.3 15.7 -1.4 40 12 3.67 24 2.8 11.0 -0.8 84 12 3.70 24 3.9 16.0 1.3 70 13 3.67 24 3.1 15.4 0.0 89 13 3.69 24 2.6 12.0 -1.0 64 14 q4 3.67 23 1.2 6.3 -0.3 84 14 3.68 24 2.1 8.0 -0.3 93 15 3.67 21 2.1 7.7 0.2 83 15 3.69 22 2.5 12.7 0.8 76 16 3.66 23 1.5 6.3 -0.8 74 16 3.66 23 2.5 11.0 -2.0 73 17 3.65 24 2.8 12.4 -0.3 57 17 3.67 24 2.0 9.0 0.6 55 18 3.67 23 2.7 11.0 1.2 41 18 3.68 24 2.3 12.7 0.4 51 19 q5 3.67 22 1.4 6.0 0.0 26 19 3.65 24 2.5 10.4 -1.3 51 20 3.64 22 4.7 23.7 -2.0 30 20 q5 3.66 23 1.7 7.7 0.2 49 21 d4 3.70 24 4.9 19.4 3.5 34 21 3.66 24 2.0 9.7 0.0 59 22 3.67 24 1.5 6.0 -1.4 20 22 q4 3.64 24 1.5 7.7 -1.1 50 23 q1 3.68 23 0.9 4.0 0.1 19 23 3.66 23 3.4 15.0 1.5 40 24 3.69 23 3.5 13.0 0.8 20 24 d3 3.65 23 5.6 31.4 -0.6 30 25 3.65 23 3.7 15.7 -2.0 51 25 3.66 21 2.7 11.4 0.1 21 26 3.65 24 2.2 8.7 0.0 34 26 3.67 24 1.9 9.0 0.7 44 27 3.70 24 3.9 15.0 2.7 37 27 q1 3.65 24 0.9 3.3 -1.1 37 28 d1 3.71 23 5.6 25.1 0.6 52 28 q2 3.65 23 1.2 4.3 0.1 34 29 q2 3.68 23 0.9 3.3 -1.6 67 30 3.68 24 2.2 8.7 0.0 71 31 3.67 23 1.6 7.0 -0.7 91 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.67 0.9 2.8 11.7 0.0 60.9 All 3.67 1.3 3.1 13.6 0.0 59.9 Quiet 3.67 0.4 1.1 4.9 -0.5 48.2 Quiet 3.65 0.6 1.4 5.8 -0.5 57.8 Dist. 3.69 0.9 5.1 20.4 1.3 59.4 Dist. 3.68 1.8 6.0 28.1 0.4 70.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.78 (west) is -5.78 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.45 (Jan 28) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.45 (Feb 24) Minimum -6.07 (Jan 20) Minimum -6.26 (Feb 3) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 3.66 23 2.5 9.7 0.8 37 1 3.70 24 5.8 24.7 0.0 34 2 3.69 23 3.8 17.4 1.4 40 2 d4 3.70 23 9.2 45.1 -0.2 14 3 d5 3.66 24 7.0 35.4 -1.6 37 3 d2 3.77 21 12.5 54.5 4.6 13 4 3.68 23 3.6 14.0 1.2 43 4 3.72 24 5.0 20.4 -3.2 22 5 q2 3.68 24 2.4 9.7 -0.2 71 5 3.68 22 6.9 24.7 -2.3 29 6 q1 3.67 23 1.5 7.0 -0.2 69 6 3.72 24 5.9 26.1 2.4 10 7 3.67 24 4.4 19.4 -0.1 28 7 3.70 22 4.0 15.7 -1.5 0 8 3.66 22 3.3 13.0 -0.5 67 8 d5 3.70 24 8.3 34.4 0.4 13 9 d4 3.68 23 7.4 32.1 1.0 25 9 3.70 21 5.1 20.7 -0.6 25 10 d2 3.71 23 8.8 37.4 1.9 40 10 3.69 22 4.4 14.7 -0.4 31 11 3.67 23 3.1 12.0 -2.8 46 11 3.65 22 5.3 22.1 -2.6 39 12 3.70 23 3.9 18.0 2.0 85 12 3.68 23 5.0 19.0 2.2 48 13 3.70 22 4.3 18.7 0.2 108 13 3.70 24 6.4 29.1 1.2 42 14 q3 3.66 24 2.5 9.4 -2.5 113 14 3.69 21 4.0 14.4 -1.0 61 15 3.69 22 3.3 11.7 1.6 75 15 d1 3.62 24 17.4 92.6 -3.8 42 16 3.69 24 3.2 11.7 0.1 36 16 d3 3.66 19 12.4 49.8 2.3 45 17 3.67 23 3.6 13.7 -1.0 73 17 3.70 22 6.5 32.8 2.3 40 18 d1 3.66 24 9.0 36.4 -0.5 59 18 3.71 22 3.6 13.7 0.9 66 19 3.70 24 3.4 12.4 2.0 67 19 q1 3.70 23 3.0 10.7 -0.8 47 20 3.71 23 3.2 14.0 0.6 93 20 3.71 24 3.7 14.7 0.8 34 21 3.68 24 3.1 10.4 -2.0 97 21 q4 3.69 22 3.5 13.4 -1.6 66 22 3.69 24 3.0 10.0 0.7 42 22 3.70 23 4.0 12.0 0.9 36 23 q5 3.68 24 2.9 11.0 -0.3 36 23 3.70 22 3.7 13.0 -0.4 16 24 3.69 23 3.2 11.7 0.4 28 24 q2 3.69 24 3.3 11.4 -0.2 18 25 3.66 23 3.4 13.4 -1.9 23 25 q3 3.70 22 3.5 12.0 0.4 18 26 3.69 24 4.1 17.7 1.7 18 26 3.72 23 4.2 18.7 1.0 54 27 3.71 22 6.9 28.1 1.5 21 27 3.70 24 5.5 20.1 -1.0 61 28 3.69 22 5.6 19.7 -1.4 38 28 q5 3.71 23 3.6 12.7 0.5 86 29 d3 3.68 22 7.8 27.7 -0.5 34 29 3.68 24 5.0 19.0 -1.7 109 30 3.68 22 4.5 16.0 0.2 49 30 3.71 24 4.3 18.0 1.8 111 31 3.70 23 4.8 13.7 1.1 36 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.68 0.9 4.3 17.2 0.1 52.7 All 3.70 1.5 5.8 24.3 0.0 41.0 Quiet 3.67 0.5 2.4 9.4 -0.5 65.2 Quiet 3.70 0.4 3.4 12.0 -0.3 47.0 Dist. 3.68 1.1 8.0 33.8 0.1 39.0 Dist. 3.69 3.0 12.0 55.3 0.7 25.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.77 (west) is -5.75 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.31 (Mar 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.96 (Apr 15) Minimum -6.05 (Mar 3) Minimum -6.50 (Apr 15) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 9 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.71 24 3.9 13.0 -0.1 99 1 3.73 21 4.4 15.7 0.5 112 2 3.72 23 3.5 12.4 0.4 124 2 3.74 24 6.1 20.7 0.6 152 3 3.72 23 3.7 13.0 0.3 120 3 3.73 23 6.4 20.7 -0.2 159 4 3.72 24 5.6 21.1 0.0 113 4 3.74 24 4.5 15.4 0.4 136 5 3.70 24 4.9 21.7 -1.3 139 5 d5 3.76 24 6.7 25.1 1.5 192 6 3.73 24 4.1 17.7 1.7 124 6 3.75 24 5.7 21.4 -0.8 172 7 3.72 24 4.1 16.4 -0.5 157 7 d1 3.72 24 9.0 39.8 -1.8 124 8 d3 3.69 22 7.1 22.7 -1.7 139 8 3.78 23 4.1 15.7 3.3 115 9 d5 3.73 20 6.3 21.4 2.2 136 9 3.76 24 5.3 18.0 -0.7 126 10 3.74 23 5.5 25.7 0.6 154 10 3.74 21 4.9 17.7 -1.7 127 11 3.72 23 6.1 24.4 -0.8 151 11 3.74 24 5.8 20.1 0.3 101 12 3.75 23 4.3 18.4 1.9 158 12 q5 3.73 22 4.1 14.7 -0.5 92 13 d1 3.79 20 19.1 93.2 2.1 157 13 q4 3.74 23 3.8 13.4 0.1 59 14 d2 3.83 24 10.3 50.5 2.1 163 14 3.75 23 5.2 19.4 1.0 67 15 3.76 23 4.7 17.4 -3.8 142 15 3.75 22 5.5 18.0 -0.3 80 16 3.74 24 4.2 17.4 -1.3 104 16 q2 3.74 24 3.7 13.0 -0.4 55 17 3.76 24 3.6 13.0 1.3 76 17 q1 3.75 24 3.6 13.4 0.3 73 18 3.73 24 5.0 18.0 -1.9 83 18 3.76 24 4.8 16.7 0.7 88 19 q4 3.72 23 3.4 12.4 -0.9 44 19 q3 3.74 23 3.8 13.0 -0.9 86 20 3.71 22 3.7 13.7 -0.3 24 20 3.74 21 5.0 17.0 0.1 80 21 q3 3.73 24 3.3 13.4 1.2 37 21 3.74 21 5.5 19.0 -0.3 129 22 q1 3.73 22 3.1 11.4 -0.1 34 22 3.74 23 5.3 18.4 0.0 112 23 q5 3.72 23 3.4 13.0 -0.6 19 23 3.72 24 6.3 21.1 -1.1 136 24 3.72 23 3.6 13.7 -0.1 48 24 d3 3.74 24 7.8 26.7 0.9 139 25 q2 3.74 23 3.3 11.4 1.2 47 25 d4 3.73 23 7.5 29.4 -0.4 135 26 3.71 23 3.8 13.4 -1.6 61 26 3.76 24 4.4 16.4 1.7 105 27 3.72 22 5.4 19.4 0.4 118 27 3.75 23 4.4 15.0 -0.6 83 28 3.69 24 5.5 18.4 -1.7 100 28 3.74 24 5.6 20.4 -0.1 88 29 3.76 23 6.1 19.4 4.2 121 29 3.75 24 5.4 18.7 0.5 73 30 3.74 23 6.2 20.1 -0.9 115 30 d2 3.77 23 8.7 26.1 1.3 55 31 d4 3.72 23 6.3 21.4 -1.6 115 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.73 1.6 5.3 20.6 0.0 103.9 All 3.74 0.8 5.4 19.3 0.1 108.4 Quiet 3.73 0.5 3.3 12.3 0.1 36.2 Quiet 3.74 0.3 3.8 13.5 -0.3 73.0 Dist. 3.75 3.0 9.8 41.8 0.6 142.0 Dist. 3.75 1.2 7.9 29.4 0.3 129.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.72 (west) is -5.71 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.50 (May 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.32 (Jun 7) Minimum -6.05 (May 13) Minimum -6.06 (Jun 25) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 3.75 24 5.9 23.4 -1.0 77 1 3.76 21 4.9 19.4 1.3 39 2 q5 3.78 24 4.1 12.4 1.4 58 2 3.76 23 4.1 14.7 0.1 45 3 d3 3.74 23 6.0 21.1 -2.4 55 3 3.76 24 5.3 17.0 -0.1 67 4 3.73 24 4.2 18.0 -0.3 42 4 3.74 24 4.4 15.7 -1.1 48 5 3.76 23 4.8 15.4 1.5 75 5 3.74 24 4.4 18.4 0.0 43 6 3.75 24 4.3 15.0 -0.2 75 6 3.75 22 4.5 14.0 0.1 19 7 3.77 23 5.4 18.7 0.7 70 7 d1 3.83 24 14.2 61.5 5.1 43 8 3.73 24 4.8 16.4 -2.1 62 8 3.76 24 4.9 18.4 -4.0 50 9 3.75 24 4.7 15.7 1.4 54 9 3.77 23 4.6 15.0 0.4 57 10 3.74 23 4.1 14.7 -0.8 45 10 d5 3.78 24 5.8 25.1 0.5 68 11 3.77 24 4.6 16.0 1.7 14 11 3.76 21 4.0 18.0 -1.1 104 12 3.75 23 4.1 16.4 -1.1 10 12 3.75 24 5.0 17.4 -0.8 137 13 3.75 23 4.2 14.7 -0.2 31 13 q4 3.78 24 3.3 11.0 1.8 121 14 q4 3.75 23 4.0 14.4 0.5 0 14 3.75 23 4.7 16.7 -1.8 117 15 q1 3.75 22 3.3 12.4 0.0 25 15 3.75 23 4.8 17.0 0.2 169 16 q2 3.76 24 3.8 15.0 0.3 57 16 d3 3.75 24 6.3 24.7 -0.1 154 17 d2 3.72 24 8.0 26.7 -2.2 99 17 d4 3.71 22 6.2 20.1 -2.3 148 18 3.75 21 5.4 25.7 1.4 64 18 3.77 23 4.3 15.0 3.4 76 19 d1 3.77 23 9.2 32.8 1.3 108 19 3.77 24 4.0 13.0 0.4 119 20 3.76 23 5.4 18.0 -0.3 142 20 3.77 24 5.5 20.7 -0.2 101 21 3.74 24 4.5 17.0 -1.2 110 21 3.77 24 5.7 25.1 -0.3 124 22 3.74 24 5.4 21.4 -0.4 106 22 q3 3.75 24 3.3 11.0 -0.7 73 23 3.73 24 4.9 17.0 -0.3 71 23 q5 3.78 24 3.4 12.7 1.4 99 24 3.76 24 5.5 17.7 1.9 67 24 d2 3.77 22 7.1 29.7 -0.2 78 25 d4 3.74 22 6.0 19.4 -1.2 16 25 3.76 23 4.8 22.4 -1.1 71 26 3.74 22 4.5 15.7 -0.4 33 26 3.76 23 4.4 13.7 0.5 74 27 q3 3.76 23 3.9 13.4 1.4 73 27 3.75 24 4.3 14.7 -0.6 69 28 3.77 24 4.6 13.7 0.6 58 28 3.78 24 5.3 18.0 1.4 76 29 3.76 23 4.5 15.7 -0.6 52 29 q2 3.76 24 3.2 10.4 -0.8 34 30 3.74 24 5.2 18.4 -0.9 36 30 q1 3.78 23 3.2 11.4 0.8 23 31 3.74 24 5.1 18.4 0.0 51 31 3.75 21 5.1 16.7 -1.3 22 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.75 0.8 5.0 17.8 -0.1 59.2 All 3.76 1.1 5.0 18.7 0.0 79.6 Quiet 3.76 0.5 3.8 13.5 0.7 42.6 Quiet 3.77 0.5 3.2 11.3 0.5 70.0 Dist. 3.74 0.9 7.0 24.7 -1.1 71.0 Dist. 3.77 2.4 7.9 32.2 0.6 98.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.70 (west) is -5.69 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.42 (Jul 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.87 (Aug 7) Minimum -5.97 (Jul 19) Minimum -5.95 (Aug 17) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 9 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.76 24 4.3 15.7 0.5 48 1 3.85 23 4.4 21.1 0.0 88 2 3.74 24 6.4 26.1 -0.8 56 2 q5 3.84 23 2.6 10.7 -0.9 65 3 3.76 21 6.4 25.4 0.9 76 3 3.82 24 5.3 20.1 -0.9 73 4 3.73 22 5.7 25.7 -1.5 73 4 3.82 24 3.4 13.4 -0.3 91 5 d1 3.81 23 8.8 33.1 4.2 115 5 3.83 23 3.1 12.7 0.7 110 6 3.79 23 6.1 22.4 -1.1 94 6 d2 3.85 23 10.3 53.8 1.5 94 7 q3 3.79 24 2.9 12.0 0.2 142 7 3.83 24 4.6 17.7 -1.2 93 8 3.76 19 3.9 14.7 -1.9 126 8 3.82 22 2.6 8.7 -0.6 66 9 3.77 24 4.2 15.4 1.0 157 9 3.83 23 2.8 10.4 0.1 69 10 d2 3.75 22 7.8 29.7 -1.3 139 10 3.83 23 2.7 9.4 0.5 62 11 d3 3.77 22 7.6 27.1 1.3 99 11 3.83 24 2.8 9.7 -0.1 65 12 d5 3.82 22 6.8 27.4 2.8 82 12 3.84 21 3.7 15.0 0.3 52 13 3.81 24 4.2 15.0 -0.8 91 13 3.82 23 4.1 15.7 -1.1 70 14 3.78 23 5.6 23.4 -1.8 54 14 3.81 21 3.3 10.4 -0.4 70 15 3.81 23 5.1 19.7 2.0 81 15 q3 3.83 24 2.2 9.0 1.1 85 16 3.78 21 4.3 16.4 -2.1 91 16 q4 3.81 20 2.4 8.0 -0.9 88 17 q4 3.78 24 3.5 16.0 0.4 102 17 q2 3.82 24 1.8 6.3 0.5 54 18 q5 3.79 20 3.6 15.0 0.2 51 18 q1 3.83 24 1.2 5.3 0.5 73 19 q2 3.78 24 2.8 9.7 -0.3 70 19 3.81 23 3.2 9.7 -1.5 34 20 q1 3.76 24 2.8 10.4 -1.1 67 20 3.83 24 3.1 11.7 1.2 34 21 3.78 22 3.6 12.0 1.2 26 21 3.80 24 3.5 16.0 -1.5 34 22 3.83 23 6.3 21.7 2.8 16 22 3.81 24 5.0 22.7 0.6 34 23 3.79 22 4.0 17.0 -2.4 36 23 d4 3.80 23 8.1 31.4 -0.5 56 24 3.81 24 4.1 15.4 1.3 47 24 d3 3.88 24 8.4 28.1 4.5 37 25 3.80 23 4.3 16.0 -0.9 56 25 d1 3.84 23 10.7 55.8 -2.2 19 26 3.78 24 3.6 16.0 -1.2 99 26 3.84 22 6.8 26.4 -0.2 19 27 d4 3.83 24 7.0 32.4 3.4 99 27 3.82 24 2.9 16.7 -0.8 19 28 3.86 22 6.3 28.7 1.4 86 28 3.81 22 4.8 21.4 -0.6 19 29 3.78 21 5.7 17.4 -4.4 78 29 3.82 22 3.2 12.7 0.7 52 30 3.85 21 4.1 14.0 3.8 62 30 3.82 23 2.8 10.4 -0.2 55 31 d5 3.88 24 7.6 32.1 3.4 59 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.79 1.7 5.1 19.7 0.2 80.6 All 3.83 1.1 4.3 17.8 0.1 59.3 Quiet 3.78 0.6 3.1 12.6 -0.1 86.4 Quiet 3.83 0.4 2.0 7.9 0.1 73.0 Dist 3.80 1.8 7.6 29.9 2.1 106.8 Dist. 3.85 1.7 9.0 40.2 1.3 53.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.66 (west) is -5.62 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.24 (Sep 27) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.92 (Oct 6) Minimum -5.99 (Sep 4) Minimum -6.20 (Oct 25) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.83 23 3.2 15.0 -3.1 94 1 3.82 23 2.1 9.0 -0.9 133 2 3.83 22 2.6 11.0 0.1 63 2 3.83 21 1.8 6.3 0.1 130 3 3.83 24 2.9 13.4 0.2 60 3 3.83 19 2.7 11.7 0.5 100 4 3.83 24 2.2 11.0 -0.4 55 4 d5 3.83 24 5.9 30.1 -0.2 70 5 3.82 23 1.7 6.0 -0.1 69 5 d3 3.82 23 7.0 29.4 -0.8 85 6 3.83 24 2.1 7.0 0.2 67 6 d4 3.86 22 6.8 32.1 2.7 100 7 3.82 24 2.7 9.0 -0.2 66 7 3.86 23 1.9 9.0 -0.4 125 8 3.82 23 2.9 12.4 -0.4 44 8 3.83 23 1.9 7.0 -1.8 116 9 d2 3.88 24 7.0 27.1 3.7 70 9 3.83 23 1.9 9.0 0.4 97 10 d4 3.87 23 5.2 20.7 -0.7 37 10 3.83 24 3.7 18.4 -0.2 91 11 3.82 23 2.9 12.4 -2.7 52 11 d1 3.86 23 8.3 40.1 1.6 187 12 3.84 22 4.2 16.7 0.8 70 12 3.84 23 4.2 23.4 -0.8 156 13 3.84 19 2.1 8.4 0.4 80 13 3.84 24 1.5 6.0 -0.1 160 14 q3 3.83 24 1.6 5.7 -1.0 91 14 d2 3.86 24 7.3 34.4 1.0 88 15 3.81 24 2.5 9.4 -0.8 100 15 3.83 23 3.9 16.7 -1.5 124 16 3.82 24 1.8 5.7 0.6 109 16 3.85 22 2.9 14.0 0.8 132 17 d1 3.82 23 7.1 35.1 0.0 53 17 q4 3.83 22 1.2 5.3 -1.0 157 18 3.82 23 2.3 7.7 -0.5 123 18 q1 3.82 23 0.5 2.3 -0.4 130 19 3.84 23 1.9 7.7 1.2 94 19 q3 3.82 21 0.9 3.7 0.1 100 20 q2 3.83 23 1.3 4.7 -0.6 53 20 q2 3.82 22 0.8 2.7 -0.4 93 21 3.83 22 3.1 15.0 0.0 69 21 3.81 24 1.6 6.0 -0.5 118 22 3.84 24 4.9 26.7 0.8 70 22 3.83 22 2.1 8.7 1.4 88 23 3.84 23 2.0 7.4 -0.3 70 23 3.83 22 1.8 6.7 0.1 82 24 q4 3.83 23 1.6 6.3 -0.2 135 24 3.82 21 1.6 5.0 -1.1 70 25 d3 3.85 21 5.3 22.1 0.8 120 25 3.81 21 1.5 5.3 -0.1 63 26 d5 3.87 24 5.1 18.4 1.2 100 26 q5 3.81 20 1.2 4.7 -0.5 60 27 q1 3.83 22 1.1 3.7 -2.3 90 27 3.82 21 3.2 12.7 0.6 52 28 q5 3.82 24 1.7 6.3 -0.5 80 28 3.83 24 1.9 9.7 0.9 62 29 3.82 23 2.2 6.7 -0.2 70 29 3.82 23 2.1 9.7 -0.6 73 30 3.84 22 3.1 13.4 1.7 88 30 3.82 24 1.9 6.0 -0.2 112 31 3.82 22 1.8 9.4 0.4 81 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.83 0.9 3.0 12.4 -0.1 78.1 All 3.83 0.8 2.8 12.7 0.0 104.4 Quiet 3.83 0.2 1.4 5.3 -0.9 89.8 Quiet 3.82 0.5 0.9 3.7 -0.4 108.0 Dist. 3.86 1.2 5.9 24.7 1.0 76.0 Dist. 3.84 1.1 7.1 33.2 0.9 106.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.62 (west) is -5.62 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.21 (Nov 17) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.13 (Dec 11) Minimum -5.79 (Nov 17) Minimum -5.91 (Dec 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 6 9 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.67 2.8 11.7 0.0 0.9 60.9 744 717 Feb 3.67 3.1 13.6 0.0 1.3 59.9 672 650 Mar 3.68 4.3 17.2 0.1 0.9 52.7 744 717 Apr 3.70 5.8 24.3 0.0 1.5 41.0 720 682 May 3.73 5.3 20.6 0.0 1.6 103.9 744 714 Jun 3.74 5.4 19.3 0.1 0.8 108.4 720 695 Jul 3.75 5.0 17.8 -0.1 0.8 59.2 744 724 Aug 3.76 5.0 18.7 0.0 1.1 79.6 744 721 Sep 3.79 5.1 19.7 0.2 1.7 80.6 720 679 Oct 3.83 4.3 17.8 0.1 1.1 59.3 744 715 Nov 3.83 3.0 12.4 -0.1 0.9 78.1 720 690 Dec 3.83 2.8 12.7 0.0 0.8 104.4 744 696 Mean 3.75 4.3 17.1 0.0 1.1 74.0 8760 8400 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.67 1.1 4.9 -0.5 0.4 48.2 120 115 Feb 3.65 1.4 5.8 -0.5 0.6 57.8 120 114 Mar 3.67 2.4 9.4 -0.5 0.5 65.2 120 118 Apr 3.70 3.4 12.0 -0.3 0.4 47.0 120 114 May 3.73 3.3 12.3 0.1 0.5 36.2 120 115 Jun 3.74 3.8 13.5 -0.3 0.3 73.0 120 116 Jul 3.76 3.8 13.5 0.7 0.5 42.6 120 116 Aug 3.77 3.2 11.3 0.5 0.5 70.0 120 119 Sep 3.78 3.1 12.6 -0.1 0.6 86.4 120 116 Oct 3.83 2.0 7.9 0.1 0.4 73.0 120 115 Nov 3.83 1.4 5.3 -0.9 0.2 89.8 120 116 Dec 3.82 0.9 3.7 -0.4 0.5 108.0 120 108 Mean 3.75 2.5 9.3 -0.2 0.5 66.4 1440 1382 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.69 5.1 20.4 1.3 0.9 59.4 120 114 Feb 3.68 6.0 28.1 0.4 1.8 70.8 120 117 Mar 3.68 8.0 33.8 0.1 1.1 39.0 120 116 Apr 3.69 12.0 55.3 0.7 3.0 25.4 120 111 May 3.75 9.8 41.8 0.6 3.0 142.0 120 109 Jun 3.75 7.9 29.4 0.3 1.2 129.0 120 118 Jul 3.74 7.0 24.7 -1.1 0.9 71.0 120 116 Aug 3.77 7.9 32.2 0.6 2.4 98.2 120 116 Sep 3.80 7.6 29.9 2.1 1.8 106.8 120 113 Oct 3.85 9.0 40.2 1.3 1.7 53.0 120 117 Nov 3.86 5.9 24.7 1.0 1.2 76.0 120 115 Dec 3.84 7.1 33.2 0.9 1.1 106.0 120 116 Mean 3.76 7.8 32.8 0.7 1.7 81.4 1440 1378 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -5.78 -5.45 -6.07 Feb -5.78 -5.45 -6.26 Mar -5.77 -5.31 -6.05 Apr -5.75 -4.96 -6.50 May -5.72 -4.50 -6.05 Jun -5.71 -5.32 -6.06 Jul -5.70 -5.42 -5.97 Aug -5.69 -4.87 -5.95 Sep -5.66 -5.24 -5.99 Oct -5.62 -4.92 -6.20 Nov -5.62 -5.21 -5.79 Dec -5.62 -5.13 -5.91 Mean -5.70 -5.15 -6.07 Results for 1870 HELSINKI D 1870 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 37 26 22 13 -1 -6 1 3 -1 -8 -2 -25 -32 -43 -26 -29 -27 -22 -10 26 9 14 44 39 -5 35.8 FEBRUARY 25 22 23 30 17 16 10 19 15 2 -17 -36 -49 -55 -44 -36 -38 -24 12 7 12 33 30 26 -5 35.5 MARCH 39 37 38 27 23 29 38 41 38 16 -25 -56 -78 -84 -63 -44 -28 -34 -15 -4 10 31 31 27 -5 35.0 APRIL 27 43 17 23 39 54 66 67 59 34 -16 -58 -98-106 -82 -57 -32 -9 -13 4 3 8 10 20 -5 34.4 MAY 23 32 37 51 56 67 66 79 71 41 -12 -62 -95-105 -83 -70 -44 -29 -14 -13 -18 3 -2 8 -5 34.2 JUNE 14 10 11 41 49 62 69 77 62 35 0 -42 -75 -82 -72 -69 -42 -22 -2 -11 -15 0 -7 -2 -5 34.6 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER 15 46 37 50 -22 -5 20 38 43 16 -10 -48 -70 -81 -65 -47 -31 -16 8 5 57 22 53 -7 -5 29.9 OCTOBER 27 22 41 31 31 15 24 33 44 41 11 -25 -56 -59 -80 -49 -67 -43 -26 -12 -12 28 56 31 -5 28.9 NOVEMBER 61 45 22 17 7 10 7 10 27 14 1 -27 -38 -60 -60 -43 -53 -39 -20 -7 7 19 49 62 -5 28.8 DECEMBER 35 15 2 7 5 4 -3 -3 7 5 -5 -17 -37 -34 -30 -30 -35 -46 -11 8 27 49 52 39 -5 28.2 WINTER 32 21 16 17 7 5 3 6 7 0 -8 -26 -39 -44 -33 -32 -33 -31 -3 14 16 32 42 35 -5 33.2 EQUINOX 32 38 32 33 22 28 37 45 47 27 -9 -46 -73 -83 -72 -52 -43 -28 -13 -5 8 19 33 24 -5 31.9 SUMMER 14 10 11 41 49 62 69 77 62 35 0 -42 -75 -82 -72 -69 -42 -22 -2 -11 -15 0 -7 -2 -5 34.6 YEAR 30 29 25 29 20 24 30 36 36 19 -8 -40 -63 -71 -61 -48 -40 -29 -10 0 8 20 31 24 -5 32.5 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 17 7 -1 3 5 3 7 9 4 2 0 -6 -18 -19 -18 -10 -11 -9 -5 0 11 8 10 5 -5 36.0 FEBRUARY 14 3 7 4 6 13 17 26 25 18 -6 -26 -35 -35 -30 -14 -14 -12 0 3 -2 16 4 8 -5 35.9 MARCH 17 -10 14 28 3 34 35 45 35 12 -22 -29 -53 -45 -43 -14 -7 -11 4 -3 -4 2 12 10 -5 36.4 APRIL 17 -18 -4 17 21 25 50 55 53 28 -12 -42 -74 -70 -51 -24 -6 16 14 12 4 3 4 -13 -5 33.8 MAY 4 5 20 31 38 41 55 68 57 34 3 -41 -66 -70 -60 -31 -24 -7 -3 -9 -4 -7 -18 -6 -5 34.7 JUNE 1 10 18 34 28 47 47 62 54 35 -1 -31 -52 -69 -64 -49 -44 -10 -1 0 -10 2 -8 -4 -5 34.3 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER -9 23 25 23 8 36 52 38 33 -4 -16 -33 -47 -43 -38 -22 -21 -17 0 -17 1 -10 19 18 -5 29.8 OCTOBER 6 17 4 11 13 10 14 37 52 44 15 -5 -32 -45 -38 -32 -11 -9 -10 -1 -9 -4 -11 -7 -5 29.0 NOVEMBER 24 7 10 12 10 12 6 14 21 24 5 -9 -23 -31 -21 -24 -26 -29 -5 -5 2 8 8 10 -5 29.0 DECEMBER 21 2 4 2 5 10 10 13 18 9 5 -11 -15 -18 -17 -16 -9 -19 -14 -10 -1 10 13 15 -5 28.5 WINTER 17 4 3 3 5 9 11 16 16 10 0 -14 -23 -24 -22 -13 -11 -13 -6 -2 3 11 9 9 -5 33.5 EQUINOX 10 4 12 20 16 26 35 43 42 23 -5 -27 -49 -51 -42 -25 -16 -10 0 -4 -2 -1 2 2 -5 32.1 SUMMER 1 10 18 34 28 47 47 62 54 35 -1 -31 -52 -69 -64 -49 -44 -10 -1 0 -10 2 -8 -4 -5 34.3 YEAR 11 4 9 16 13 22 29 36 35 20 -3 -24 -42 -45 -38 -24 -18 -11 -2 -3 -2 2 3 3 -5 32.7 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 96 55 47 49 -6 -36 -16 -14 -12 -24 38 -42 -48-118 -49 -53 -36 -36 -13 50 -13 11 81 88 -5 36.1 FEBRUARY 52 42 109 55 29 20 -11 35 7 -13 -12 -47 -86-106 -78 -92-142 -63 61 30 25 74 56 58 -5 34.6 MARCH 77 76 71 34 53 37 20 5 29 3 -35 -61 -95-100 -75 -55 -75-105 -26 -9 40 88 53 50 -5 35.6 APRIL 49 81 33 17 17 62 104 99 92 61 5 -68-139-158-117 -86 -74 -52 -17 -24 7 40 29 41 -5 34.3 MAY 78 94 131 91 117 113 97 105 83 55 -19 -70-157-157-121-169-130-102-107 -32 -38 76 17 43 -5 34.9 JUNE 45 7 -14 50 71 82 88 90 62 23 7 -47 -94 -98 -76 -96 -51 -37 9 -25 -25 18 -3 6 -5 34.8 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER 31 95 68 96 -91 -72 -54 28 61 38 14 -55 -80-115 -58-105 -57 -35 46 -6 133 72 127 -77 -5 28.6 OCTOBER 76 67 148 87 100 0 42 60 61 36 13 -16 -65 -37-176 -41-248-149-116 -54-120 58 196 85 -5 29.9 NOVEMBER 146 111 65 56 0 5 -9 -28 11 -44 -9 -53 -48-104-116 -90-178 -74 -46 9 22 61 149 154 -5 27.3 DECEMBER 72 64 4 1 6 -18 -15 -43 -2 -4 -19 -31 -75 -57 -24 -39 -91-161 -39 17 48 190 149 66 -5 27.2 WINTER 73 54 53 35 10 -11 -14 -7 -2 -14 2 -40 -70 -94 -50 -61 -90 -87 3 32 20 92 95 71 -5 32.6 EQUINOX 76 87 86 64 33 24 33 45 56 25 -5 -54 -97-112-111 -91-127 -86 -44 -19 7 66 95 49 -5 31.8 SUMMER 45 7 -14 50 71 82 88 90 62 23 7 -47 -94 -98 -76 -96 -51 -37 9 -25 -25 18 -3 6 -5 34.8 YEAR 72 69 66 53 29 19 24 33 39 13 -2 -49 -89-105 -89 -83-109 -82 -25 -5 7 69 85 51 -5 32.3 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 0 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d4 3.82 23 6.7 30.4 0.3 88 1 d2 3.86 22 11.4 48.8 -2.1 94 2 3.86 23 4.2 19.0 2.0 88 2 d3 3.92 24 7.9 32.4 3.1 89 3 d1 3.84 23 12.1 64.5 -1.0 87 3 3.87 23 2.4 9.7 -2.9 119 4 3.90 22 3.5 12.4 3.7 85 4 3.88 23 3.8 15.0 0.8 94 5 3.88 23 4.5 19.7 -1.7 79 5 q2 3.85 22 2.0 8.4 -1.7 147 6 3.85 24 2.1 9.0 -1.3 79 6 3.87 22 4.5 19.7 0.9 115 7 3.84 23 3.1 13.7 -0.6 76 7 3.84 24 3.8 19.0 -1.5 100 8 3.88 24 5.8 24.7 2.1 55 8 q1 3.85 24 1.9 7.0 0.7 108 9 3.85 23 4.7 25.1 -1.7 94 9 d4 3.86 23 6.5 30.7 0.7 100 10 3.83 21 2.5 8.4 -0.9 76 10 3.84 24 3.4 12.0 -1.7 99 11 3.85 23 2.8 12.7 1.0 121 11 3.86 24 3.8 15.7 1.4 139 12 q5 3.85 24 1.4 6.7 0.1 82 12 d1 3.83 22 12.4 53.1 -1.8 95 13 q3 3.84 22 1.3 7.7 -0.4 86 13 3.88 24 3.0 12.7 2.9 102 14 3.86 23 1.9 7.4 1.0 58 14 3.87 24 4.4 19.4 -0.2 190 15 q1 3.85 23 1.2 4.7 -0.5 100 15 3.85 24 2.5 10.7 -1.7 141 16 q2 3.86 23 1.2 4.7 0.2 90 16 q5 3.84 22 2.3 9.0 0.0 166 17 3.85 23 1.5 5.0 -0.5 79 17 3.86 22 3.2 15.0 0.9 190 18 3.84 24 1.7 6.7 -0.7 79 18 q3 3.84 23 2.1 7.0 -1.0 181 19 q4 3.84 22 1.4 4.7 0.4 78 19 3.85 23 2.3 9.0 0.7 163 20 3.84 24 1.5 5.3 -0.3 77 20 3.85 23 3.9 12.7 -0.2 156 21 3.83 24 4.8 22.1 -0.4 76 21 3.84 24 2.7 8.7 -1.0 110 22 3.83 23 3.7 17.7 -0.2 76 22 3.86 24 4.0 15.7 1.3 82 23 3.87 22 6.2 31.1 2.8 74 23 d5 3.88 23 5.7 22.4 1.5 67 24 3.86 23 3.1 14.0 -0.6 75 24 3.85 24 5.4 25.1 -1.7 52 25 3.85 24 1.9 7.0 -0.7 61 25 q4 3.86 22 2.1 7.0 0.3 50 26 3.82 21 2.7 9.4 -1.9 61 26 3.86 24 2.5 9.0 0.0 55 27 d2 3.82 23 7.1 24.7 -0.1 60 27 3.85 22 3.0 12.0 -0.2 76 28 3.85 23 5.3 16.4 2.0 58 28 3.84 23 3.7 11.7 -1.1 138 29 d5 3.86 20 6.4 23.7 0.3 82 30 3.89 20 5.7 21.1 1.9 54 31 d3 3.90 23 6.8 24.7 0.8 61 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.85 1.3 3.8 16.3 0.2 77.3 All 3.86 1.1 4.2 17.1 -0.1 114.9 Quiet 3.85 0.3 1.3 5.7 -0.1 87.2 Quiet 3.85 0.3 2.1 7.7 -0.4 130.4 Dist. 3.85 1.8 7.8 33.6 0.1 75.6 Dist. 3.87 1.7 8.8 37.5 0.3 89.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.60 (west) is -5.59 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.09 (Jan 3) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.11 (Feb 2) Minimum -6.16 (Jan 3) Minimum -6.05 (Feb 12) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.88 24 4.8 19.7 2.4 143 1 3.88 24 5.3 17.0 -0.7 192 2 d5 3.87 24 6.5 26.4 -0.7 195 2 q4 3.85 23 4.4 17.0 -1.8 190 3 3.85 22 4.0 17.4 -0.8 150 3 3.86 23 6.3 26.7 0.6 196 4 3.85 23 3.7 11.7 0.0 163 4 3.85 22 4.8 19.4 -0.4 202 5 3.86 23 4.6 21.7 0.3 204 5 d1 3.79 23 13.9 58.8 -3.8 205 6 3.84 24 4.7 19.4 -1.1 169 6 q2 3.90 22 3.6 15.0 6.4 217 7 q2 3.83 23 2.9 12.4 -0.9 187 7 3.87 23 5.0 19.4 -1.8 235 8 d3 3.81 24 7.3 21.1 -1.0 109 8 q1 3.96 23 3.3 14.0 5.3 256 9 d4 3.88 22 6.9 32.1 4.0 152 9 d4 3.90 22 7.2 23.1 -3.2 241 10 3.86 23 4.0 15.7 -1.1 135 10 d2 3.90 23 8.2 32.4 -0.2 165 11 q4 3.84 22 3.3 13.0 -1.1 136 11 q5 3.86 24 4.6 17.4 -2.1 163 12 3.85 24 6.0 22.4 0.4 139 12 3.84 23 4.9 20.4 -1.7 118 13 3.89 22 6.2 21.4 2.7 136 13 3.87 23 4.8 22.1 1.8 130 14 3.87 24 3.7 17.0 -1.2 130 14 3.85 18 5.0 16.0 -0.9 169 15 3.87 24 4.1 20.1 0.2 176 15 3.88 24 5.6 19.0 1.7 109 16 q3 3.87 21 3.3 11.0 -0.4 164 16 3.83 23 6.3 21.1 -2.8 70 17 q1 3.84 24 2.8 11.0 -1.4 150 17 3.86 20 6.5 20.7 1.7 79 18 3.84 23 3.8 14.4 0.0 130 18 3.86 23 6.2 21.4 -0.1 88 19 q5 3.84 23 3.3 11.4 0.1 115 19 3.90 22 5.5 20.1 2.1 88 20 3.91 24 5.6 19.4 3.9 142 20 3.88 23 5.6 19.4 -1.0 115 21 3.87 22 5.8 22.4 -2.4 126 21 3.89 20 7.0 26.7 0.7 154 22 d2 3.85 23 8.3 30.4 -0.8 136 22 3.88 23 5.6 18.4 -0.6 190 23 3.90 23 5.5 19.7 2.8 144 23 3.88 24 5.9 18.4 0.1 172 24 3.90 23 5.9 21.7 0.0 157 24 3.92 24 5.8 24.4 2.2 166 25 3.88 22 4.9 17.4 -1.0 187 25 3.90 23 6.5 27.1 -0.8 157 26 3.89 24 6.1 21.7 0.4 180 26 3.86 23 4.8 17.4 -2.8 160 27 3.89 24 5.9 23.4 -0.2 180 27 q3 3.88 23 3.7 15.4 1.1 154 28 d1 3.87 24 8.5 33.4 -1.1 183 28 d5 3.89 23 7.0 30.1 0.6 141 29 3.88 24 4.6 17.0 0.5 188 29 d3 3.90 23 7.7 29.1 0.8 126 30 3.87 23 5.5 19.4 -0.6 189 30 3.88 24 6.5 23.7 -1.3 151 31 3.89 22 5.1 21.7 1.7 189 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.87 1.4 5.1 19.6 0.1 157.5 All 3.88 1.8 5.9 22.4 0.0 160.0 Quiet 3.84 0.8 3.1 11.8 -0.8 150.4 Quiet 3.89 2.2 3.9 15.8 1.8 196.0 Dist. 3.85 1.4 7.5 28.7 0.1 155.0 Dist. 3.88 2.6 8.8 34.7 -1.1 175.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.58 (west) is -5.57 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.27 (Mar 9) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.22 (Apr 5) Minimum -5.91 (Mar 28) Minimum -6.20 (Apr 5) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 0 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d3 3.91 22 8.5 27.1 1.7 139 1 d3 3.88 23 5.3 21.7 -0.2 124 2 3.85 21 5.2 19.0 -3.7 131 2 3.89 22 4.8 15.4 0.5 130 3 q4 3.87 21 4.1 15.7 1.1 139 3 d5 3.87 19 5.1 17.4 -1.1 127 4 q1 3.87 22 3.5 13.0 0.4 139 4 q4 3.87 24 4.0 15.0 0.1 91 5 q2 3.85 21 3.8 15.7 -1.0 163 5 3.87 24 4.9 17.0 -0.1 91 6 3.87 23 4.4 19.0 1.1 178 6 q3 3.90 21 3.8 13.0 2.1 119 7 3.87 22 4.3 16.4 -0.4 156 7 3.87 24 5.0 18.4 -2.0 82 8 3.87 23 5.6 20.1 0.1 176 8 3.88 22 4.8 16.0 0.8 79 9 3.86 24 5.2 20.1 -0.5 145 9 3.86 24 4.5 16.4 -1.2 99 10 3.87 24 4.9 17.7 0.5 188 10 q2 3.87 23 3.4 13.0 0.6 81 11 q5 3.88 22 4.3 14.4 0.7 186 11 q5 3.88 22 4.1 15.0 0.4 76 12 q3 3.88 20 4.0 14.4 0.2 198 12 d1 3.85 22 8.4 25.7 -1.9 109 13 3.89 23 5.0 16.7 0.3 193 13 d2 3.87 21 7.2 26.4 1.1 94 14 3.82 21 4.9 20.4 -3.9 232 14 d4 3.88 21 5.1 18.4 0.6 112 15 d4 3.86 23 7.7 26.1 2.1 222 15 q1 3.93 11 2.4 7.7 3.1 91 16 d5 3.89 18 7.6 23.7 1.7 226 16 111 17 3.89 21 6.3 22.4 0.1 214 17 100 18 3.90 23 5.0 18.7 1.0 247 18 130 19 3.90 23 5.6 18.7 -0.5 231 19 184 20 d1 3.79 21 18.9 66.8 -6.5 237 20 204 21 3.92 23 5.5 20.1 7.6 211 21 181 22 3.90 24 4.3 16.4 -1.0 162 22 208 23 3.92 22 5.8 22.1 1.2 154 23 196 24 3.89 22 5.9 20.1 -1.8 139 24 172 25 3.87 23 5.1 15.7 -0.9 142 25 166 26 3.90 22 5.8 19.4 1.8 181 26 194 27 3.88 23 7.3 23.4 -1.6 139 27 178 28 d2 3.91 23 11.5 42.4 2.1 151 28 163 29 3.89 22 6.4 21.1 -1.3 184 29 178 30 3.89 22 7.4 20.4 0.2 145 30 199 31 3.88 24 5.4 20.7 -0.6 109 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.88 1.6 6.1 21.5 0.0 176.0 All 3.88 1.1 4.8 17.1 0.2 135.6 Quiet 3.87 0.6 3.9 14.6 0.3 165.0 Quiet 3.89 1.3 3.5 12.8 1.3 91.6 Dist. 3.87 2.7 10.8 37.2 0.2 195.0 Dist. 3.87 0.6 6.2 21.9 -0.3 113.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.57 (west) is -5.57 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.12 (May 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.34 (Jun 13) Minimum -6.23 (May 20) Minimum -5.84 (Jun 12) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 205 1 157 2 157 2 112 3 151 3 112 4 148 4 118 5 151 5 112 6 94 6 139 7 133 7 97 8 145 8 70 9 130 9 70 10 130 10 70 11 148 11 79 12 136 12 121 13 169 13 94 14 184 14 119 15 181 15 118 16 169 16 151 17 141 17 151 18 133 18 124 19 133 19 109 20 139 20 94 21 142 21 114 22 88 22 118 23 85 23 145 24 103 24 145 25 121 25 246 26 118 26 317 27 133 27 312 28 83 28 288 29 79 29 311 30 85 30 284 31 90 31 271 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 132.4 All 153.8 Quiet Quiet Dist. Dist. Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is (west) is (west) Maximum momentary value of D is (Jul ) Maximum momentary value of D is (Aug ) Minimum (Jul ) Minimum (Aug ) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 0 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 01 278 1 3.97 24 6.6 27.1 0.5 136 02 216 2 4.00 22 4.5 17.0 1.8 133 03 189 3 3.97 21 3.9 12.4 -1.8 148 04 166 4 3.96 22 4.4 16.7 -0.3 133 05 141 5 3.97 22 5.1 23.7 0.1 130 06 133 6 q4 3.95 20 2.7 10.4 -1.1 91 07 103 7 q3 3.95 21 2.7 9.4 0.5 109 08 46 8 3.97 23 3.9 14.0 0.7 103 09 38 9 3.95 23 4.4 16.4 -1.0 129 10 55 10 3.93 23 4.7 16.0 -1.3 124 11 32 11 3.96 22 4.0 13.7 1.7 130 12 q1 3.91 8 1.3 3.7 49 12 3.97 23 4.3 17.7 1.1 142 13 3.91 23 5.8 23.1 0.2 49 13 3.94 20 3.7 12.0 -1.9 178 14 3.92 23 4.0 14.0 0.7 81 14 d4 3.97 23 9.5 40.8 1.5 187 15 3.92 23 5.6 25.4 -0.1 76 15 d3 4.06 22 10.4 50.8 5.9 141 16 3.91 18 5.8 20.4 -0.8 85 16 q1 3.99 23 2.3 10.0 -4.5 205 17 q4 3.94 23 3.6 14.7 2.1 88 17 q2 3.98 22 2.6 9.4 -0.7 220 18 3.95 21 5.5 21.7 0.1 163 18 3.96 22 3.7 16.0 -0.9 184 19 q3 3.96 24 3.6 13.7 0.7 148 19 3.96 22 3.4 13.4 -0.1 151 20 q5 3.95 23 3.7 11.0 -0.4 196 20 3.99 21 6.6 26.4 1.8 174 21 3.95 24 5.7 22.4 -0.3 187 21 d5 3.99 21 6.6 31.4 0.0 196 22 q2 3.98 18 2.8 9.4 2.2 196 22 q5 3.97 21 2.9 11.7 -1.2 166 23 3.95 22 3.7 15.7 -1.8 181 23 3.96 21 3.2 11.4 -0.9 142 24 d2 3.96 23 15.1 87.2 0.3 178 24 d2 3.87 20 15.4 59.8 -5.0 154 25 d1 3.96 22 18.5 76.5 0.1 194 25 d1 3.88 24 24.7 90.6 0.4 145 26 d3 3.99 21 11.8 56.8 1.7 187 26 4.03 23 3.1 12.7 9.1 121 27 d4 4.00 23 8.1 30.7 1.1 184 27 4.05 20 5.7 27.7 0.8 130 28 3.97 22 4.1 14.0 -1.7 172 28 3.97 20 5.0 21.1 -4.8 135 29 3.95 19 4.9 17.7 -1.5 150 29 3.98 22 4.5 17.0 1.0 157 30 d5 3.96 22 7.7 34.1 0.5 118 30 3.97 22 4.1 15.0 -0.7 112 31 3.96 19 3.3 12.4 -0.4 132 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.95 1.5 6.4 27.0 0.2 136.0 All 3.97 2.2 5.5 22.1 0.0 146.4 Quiet 3.95 1.4 3.0 10.5 1.1 135.4 Quiet 3.97 0.9 2.6 10.2 -1.4 158.2 Dist. 3.97 1.1 12.2 57.1 0.7 172.2 Dist. 3.96 4.3 13.3 54.7 0.6 164.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.50 (west) is -5.48 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.72 (Sep 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.67 (Oct 15) Minimum -6.22 (Sep 25) Minimum -6.60 (Oct 25) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.94 23 3.9 14.4 -0.9 115 1 3.95 21 2.0 7.4 -0.6 144 2 3.93 21 3.9 15.4 -0.8 172 2 3.94 23 2.9 9.7 -0.6 108 3 3.95 22 2.7 10.0 1.4 195 3 3.96 22 1.7 5.7 1.0 211 4 3.96 21 3.3 13.4 0.1 212 4 q3 3.94 21 1.3 5.0 -0.7 208 5 3.95 24 3.7 15.7 -0.5 187 5 3.94 20 5.4 19.4 -0.2 217 6 3.95 22 3.7 13.4 0.2 240 6 3.96 23 2.2 8.7 1.0 196 7 3.96 23 4.7 16.4 0.7 159 7 3.98 23 1.9 10.4 1.4 178 8 d4 3.96 21 9.1 28.7 0.0 255 8 d5 3.97 24 5.8 38.4 -0.4 191 9 d2 3.99 21 10.1 42.4 1.8 242 9 3.96 21 2.5 11.0 -0.5 154 10 3.98 23 4.3 22.4 -0.7 187 10 3.97 21 4.3 17.4 0.7 198 11 3.97 22 3.8 18.0 -0.7 155 11 4.01 23 4.7 17.7 2.0 172 12 3.99 19 4.8 16.7 1.2 193 12 3.98 22 1.8 7.7 -1.5 150 13 3.98 23 4.3 20.4 -0.7 174 13 3.97 23 2.5 11.7 -0.6 142 14 q5 3.96 23 2.3 10.0 -0.8 183 14 3.98 24 4.5 15.4 0.6 176 15 3.98 23 4.9 27.1 1.1 178 15 3.98 21 2.6 10.0 -0.1 160 16 3.96 24 3.7 18.0 -1.3 178 16 d3 3.95 21 7.2 30.4 -1.7 160 17 3.97 22 4.3 17.7 0.4 151 17 d1 3.96 21 15.1 71.2 0.5 162 18 3.99 23 4.3 16.7 1.3 118 18 4.02 23 5.5 26.4 3.7 109 19 d1 3.99 22 13.7 70.9 0.2 109 19 d2 4.11 22 13.1 40.8 5.2 178 20 d3 4.07 22 9.9 38.1 4.6 127 20 4.00 20 2.0 9.0 -6.7 146 21 3.99 22 3.4 13.4 -4.6 98 21 3.98 20 2.5 8.4 -0.9 99 22 3.99 23 5.1 30.7 -0.2 103 22 d4 4.01 19 6.0 23.7 1.6 80 23 d5 3.97 23 7.7 28.4 -1.0 97 23 q5 3.98 22 1.6 5.3 -1.8 22 24 3.95 20 4.4 17.7 -1.5 100 24 q2 3.99 20 1.3 6.0 0.3 40 25 q4 3.99 19 2.2 9.0 2.4 76 25 3.96 22 3.4 13.4 -1.4 44 26 q1 3.97 22 1.5 5.3 -1.0 55 26 3.99 21 1.8 7.7 1.6 35 27 3.94 19 2.9 10.0 -1.9 73 27 4.01 23 4.0 17.4 1.2 51 28 3.98 22 3.4 15.0 2.2 68 28 q1 3.99 21 1.3 4.7 -1.0 57 29 q3 3.96 23 2.2 8.7 -1.2 103 29 3.97 18 3.0 11.4 -1.3 69 30 q2 3.96 24 1.9 7.4 0.4 123 30 3.98 22 1.8 6.3 0.6 91 31 q4 3.97 20 1.5 5.7 -0.5 81 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.97 1.5 4.7 19.7 0.0 147.5 All 3.98 1.9 3.8 15.6 0.0 130.0 Quiet 3.97 0.6 2.0 8.1 0.0 108.0 Quiet 3.98 1.0 1.4 5.3 -0.7 81.6 Dist. 4.00 2.2 10.1 41.7 1.1 166.0 Dist. 4.00 3.5 9.5 40.9 1.0 154.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.48 (west) is -5.47 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.83 (Nov 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.86 (Dec 19) Minimum -6.01 (Nov 19) Minimum -6.27 (Dec 17) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 0 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.85 3.8 16.3 0.2 1.3 77.3 744 706 Feb 3.86 4.2 17.1 -0.1 1.1 114.9 672 648 Mar 3.87 5.1 19.6 0.1 1.4 157.5 744 717 Apr 3.88 5.9 22.4 0.0 1.8 160.0 720 681 May 3.88 6.1 21.5 0.0 1.6 176.0 744 688 Jun 3.88 4.8 17.1 0.2 1.1 135.6 360 323 Jul Aug Sep 3.95 6.4 27.0 0.2 1.5 136.0 456 402 Oct 3.97 5.5 22.1 0.0 2.2 146.4 744 674 Nov 3.97 4.7 19.7 0.0 1.5 147.5 720 661 Dec 3.98 3.8 15.6 0.0 1.9 130.0 744 667 Mean 3.91 5.0 19.8 0.1 1.5 138.1 6648 6167 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.85 1.3 5.7 -0.1 0.3 87.2 120 114 Feb 3.85 2.1 7.7 -0.4 0.3 130.4 120 113 Mar 3.84 3.1 11.8 -0.8 0.8 150.4 120 113 Apr 3.89 3.9 15.8 1.8 2.2 196.0 120 115 May 3.87 3.9 14.6 0.3 0.6 165.0 120 106 Jun 3.89 3.5 12.8 1.3 1.3 91.6 120 101 Jul Aug Sep 3.95 3.0 10.5 1.1 1.4 135.4 120 96 Oct 3.97 2.6 10.2 -1.4 0.9 158.2 120 107 Nov 3.97 2.0 8.1 0.0 0.6 108.0 120 111 Dec 3.98 1.4 5.3 -0.7 1.0 81.6 120 104 Mean 3.91 2.7 10.2 0.1 0.9 130.4 1200 1080 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.85 7.8 33.6 0.1 1.8 75.6 120 112 Feb 3.87 8.8 37.5 0.3 1.7 89.0 120 114 Mar 3.85 7.5 28.7 0.1 1.4 155.0 120 117 Apr 3.88 8.8 34.7 -1.1 2.6 175.6 120 114 May 3.87 10.8 37.2 0.2 2.7 195.0 120 107 Jun 3.87 6.2 21.9 -0.3 0.6 113.2 120 106 Jul Aug Sep 3.97 12.2 57.1 0.7 1.1 172.2 120 111 Oct 3.96 13.3 54.7 0.6 4.3 164.6 120 110 Nov 4.00 10.1 41.7 1.1 2.2 166.0 120 109 Dec 4.00 9.5 40.9 1.0 3.5 154.2 120 107 Mean 3.91 9.5 38.8 0.3 2.2 146.0 1200 1107 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) Feb -5.59 -5.11 -6.05 Mar -5.58 -5.27 -5.91 Apr -5.57 -5.22 -6.20 May -5.57 -5.12 -6.23 Jun -5.57 -5.34 -5.84 Jul Aug Sep -5.50 -4.72 -6.22 Oct -5.48 -4.67 -6.60 Nov -5.48 -4.83 -6.01 Dec -5.47 -4.86 -6.27 Mean -5.54 -5.02 -6.15 Results for 1871 HELSINKI D 1871 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 20 25 18 9 7 11 2 12 11 10 -7 -16 -34 -32 -34 -31 -21 -24 -10 1 19 28 22 26 -5 27.6 FEBRUARY 35 24 28 38 5 6 1 13 15 11 -6 -37 -53 -63 -56 -45 -34 -19 -11 -5 29 33 35 50 -5 26.4 MARCH 34 22 39 33 29 19 27 45 45 25 -10 -47 -71 -88 -70 -55 -40 -18 8 -2 10 21 20 20 -5 27.0 APRIL 23 56 74 53 33 43 55 68 52 27 -24 -68 -98-107 -87 -69 -49 -32 -20 -16 -10 11 30 53 -5 25.7 MAY 14 23 26 40 54 68 73 70 54 23 -19 -62 -90 -91 -72 -45 -24 -13 -5 -10 -5 -3 1 5 -5 26.7 JUNE 19 14 39 48 64 74 87 77 67 23 -20 -60 -84 -95 -86 -63 -38 -18 -8 -10 -13 -19 -4 10 -5 25.8 JULY 8 21 37 53 65 77 79 69 52 23 -17 -57 -82 -83 -79 -62 -32 -18 -10 -20 -7 -4 -9 6 -5 24.0 AUGUST 32 18 26 32 45 54 73 59 42 10 -27 -59 -91 -94 -80 -61 -26 -10 -7 4 1 3 4 41 -5 22.5 SEPTEMBER 20 24 27 23 25 34 41 37 34 13 -23 -51 -74 -79 -62 -50 -31 -8 -2 8 16 16 29 33 -5 21.4 OCTOBER 31 26 16 22 10 14 15 19 20 7 -16 -45 -56 -65 -60 -44 -32 -23 -11 17 24 45 35 51 -5 22.0 NOVEMBER 82 34 11 -7 -8 -7 -8 -4 -1 -6 -17 -40 -51 -50 -47 -30 -18 -32 -8 13 33 40 57 60 -5 22.5 DECEMBER 22 23 10 12 12 3 3 1 1 -4 -11 -24 -34 -33 -31 -25 -12 -9 -9 10 22 27 33 28 -5 22.4 WINTER 26 24 19 20 8 7 2 9 9 6 -8 -26 -40 -43 -40 -34 -22 -17 -10 2 23 29 30 35 -5 25.5 EQUINOX 34 31 32 27 24 29 34 39 34 15 -18 -52 -73 -80 -66 -49 -32 -21 -6 2 11 22 29 37 -5 24.2 SUMMER 20 18 34 44 58 68 80 68 54 19 -21 -59 -86 -91 -82 -62 -32 -15 -8 -9 -6 -7 -3 19 -5 24.1 YEAR 28 26 29 30 28 33 37 39 33 14 -16 -47 -68 -73 -64 -48 -30 -19 -8 -1 10 16 21 32 -5 24.5 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 0 6 2 -1 3 11 17 21 21 14 3 -4 -23 -23 -13 -11 -9 -11 -10 -8 -2 3 6 3 -5 27.3 FEBRUARY 17 7 3 15 2 9 12 21 19 17 3 -14 -22 -26 -24 -17 -23 -22 -14 -6 0 2 15 21 -5 27.7 MARCH 16 9 6 6 12 15 27 40 40 26 -1 -26 -46 -44 -37 -20 -15 -11 -8 -4 -2 7 9 2 -5 27.2 APRIL 19 6 7 35 30 36 28 46 53 26 -14 -44 -69 -69 -50 -27 -10 -5 3 2 -7 -10 4 6 -5 27.0 MAY 3 0 12 -4 24 43 47 69 43 30 -3 -40 -71 -76 -54 -39 -12 -5 3 5 -2 12 7 11 -5 26.5 JUNE 11 32 29 17 44 40 63 58 49 21 -14 -43 -52 -67 -69 -38 -27 1 -7 -17 -17 -11 -3 3 -5 25.5 JULY -25 7 31 21 50 55 58 51 42 10 -4 -30 -54 -35 -32 -44 -6 -18 -2 -17 -18 -8 -23 -10 -5 23.2 AUGUST 24 3 31 36 34 24 56 52 30 15 -14 -39 -69 -85 -74 -47 -22 7 10 2 12 1 5 21 -5 23.8 SEPTEMBER -1 -22 9 19 22 32 32 21 32 17 -10 -20 -47 -39 -32 -33 -17 -11 3 9 2 3 11 16 -5 21.3 OCTOBER 23 13 13 5 15 12 28 33 35 19 -11 -27 -29 -43 -35 -18 -7 -13 -16 0 -4 0 -2 3 -5 22.7 NOVEMBER 13 13 -1 4 6 6 2 0 13 14 2 -14 -22 -28 -16 -19 -16 -6 -13 0 9 10 18 26 -5 23.2 DECEMBER 9 16 1 9 17 1 6 11 9 -1 -7 -17 -17 -24 -18 -12 -9 -3 -7 -5 6 8 9 12 -5 22.5 WINTER 9 10 2 8 7 7 12 18 16 10 0 -12 -21 -24 -18 -13 -14 -12 -10 -6 1 4 10 12 -5 25.8 EQUINOX 12 3 8 11 18 24 27 35 36 22 -6 -29 -47 -50 -37 -26 -13 -9 -5 2 -1 4 8 11 -5 24.7 SUMMER 3 14 30 25 43 40 59 54 40 15 -11 -37 -58 -62 -58 -43 -18 -3 0 -11 -8 -6 -7 5 -5 24.2 YEAR 9 7 12 13 21 23 31 35 32 17 -6 -27 -44 -47 -38 -27 -15 -8 -5 -4 -2 1 4 9 -5 24.8 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 46 38 32 1 14 10 13 18 13 6 -4 -21 -29 -50 -75 -78 -43 -87 -65 -19 52 74 59 89 -5 27.8 FEBRUARY 95 57 51 82 -15 -6 -45 -16 -30 -11 -24 -72 -78-103-127 -61 -74 -18 16 -4 97 48 70 173 -5 25.4 MARCH 105 49 116 77 65 43 31 43 53 29 -7 -32 -90-161-128-150-102 -76 61 -15 9 27 37 22 -5 27.7 APRIL 16 238 337 150 23 8 8 43 1 -3 -74-122-142-143-120 -97 -97 -65 -59 -77 -61 29 62 135 -5 22.3 MAY 34 47 40 86 85 100 70 51 30 11 -35 -77-111-111 -88 -41 -20 -34 -20 -16 -12 10 1 5 -5 27.6 JUNE 16 -38 77 87 97 84 113 81 95 10 -32 -94-117-134-105 -78 -42 -26 -15 -11 -17 -47 45 38 -5 26.3 JULY 8 64 75 110 64 92 76 48 33 32 -29-106-112 -77-130 -96 -7 -29 -20 -53 4 29 19 17 -5 23.1 AUGUST 108 22 11 36 32 41 75 35 37 -23 -52 -68 -92 -98 -95 -79 -29 -29 -15 -7 -9 41 15 135 -5 21.1 SEPTEMBER 61 88 55 24 2 22 28 11 22 11 -33 -57 -98-100 -93 -83 -52 -23 -31 35 21 22 90 69 -5 21.2 OCTOBER -4 17 8 55 8 19 14 9 9 -5 -37 -59 -73 -95 -73 -71 -55 -61 -35 62 41 138 52 125 -5 20.7 NOVEMBER 290 110 75 -62 -48 -41 -23 -16 -44 -59 -58 -81-111-104-101 -46 2 -89 23 2 63 47 125 145 -5 19.2 DECEMBER 34 55 18 11 8 4 -25 -21 -16 -19 -22 -47 -85 -56 -43 -47 19 3 13 14 26 46 70 50 -5 21.8 WINTER 58 50 34 31 2 3 -19 -6 -11 -8 -17 -47 -64 -70 -82 -62 -33 -34 -12 -3 58 56 66 104 -5 25.0 EQUINOX 84 92 105 55 23 25 21 24 12 -3 -41 -71-104-119-101 -81 -54 -58 -10 -2 10 46 61 84 -5 23.1 SUMMER 44 16 54 78 64 72 88 55 55 6 -38 -89-107-103-110 -84 -26 -28 -17 -24 -7 8 26 63 -5 23.5 YEAR 67 62 75 55 28 32 28 24 17 -2 -34 -69 -95-103 -98 -77 -41 -44 -12 -7 18 39 54 84 -5 23.7 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 1 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 3.97 23 2.0 6.3 0.1 102 1 q4 3.98 21 2.0 8.0 0.2 94 2 3.98 20 2.0 5.7 0.4 104 2 q5 3.98 21 2.1 6.0 -0.1 96 3 3.99 22 2.8 11.7 0.6 101 3 3.98 23 3.3 13.0 0.0 109 4 d2 4.02 22 7.7 33.8 2.1 93 4 4.01 23 6.2 30.7 1.8 75 5 d3 4.01 20 5.2 20.4 -0.5 92 5 q3 4.00 23 1.9 7.7 -0.8 75 6 3.99 23 4.0 18.4 -1.7 86 6 q2 3.99 23 1.9 6.3 -0.6 73 7 4.01 23 3.4 16.0 1.5 75 7 3.98 24 3.1 14.4 -0.3 59 8 3.99 21 1.6 7.0 -1.1 71 8 3.99 23 3.3 12.4 0.5 64 9 3.98 20 1.9 8.0 -0.8 78 9 3.99 23 3.8 17.7 -0.2 96 10 3.97 24 4.2 19.7 -0.5 94 10 q1 3.98 22 1.9 7.7 -0.4 114 11 q2 4.02 24 1.1 4.0 2.7 113 11 d2 4.02 23 10.0 46.1 2.1 95 12 q1 4.00 22 1.0 3.3 -0.9 113 12 d1 4.03 22 13.9 51.1 0.8 136 13 d1 3.99 22 7.9 35.8 -0.7 133 13 d4 4.06 22 8.7 40.1 2.1 136 14 4.03 21 3.1 13.4 2.2 91 14 4.05 24 3.1 13.4 -0.9 166 15 4.00 20 1.8 7.7 -1.3 77 15 4.03 23 3.3 14.4 -0.9 126 16 q4 3.99 22 1.5 5.7 -0.8 67 16 4.02 22 3.4 11.0 -0.9 139 17 q3 3.98 24 1.4 5.7 -0.5 106 17 4.04 23 2.8 13.7 1.4 147 18 q5 3.98 22 1.5 4.3 -0.1 113 18 4.01 22 2.8 10.0 -1.9 162 19 4.00 21 4.4 22.7 1.3 90 19 4.01 22 2.3 8.7 -0.2 175 20 4.02 23 3.4 12.0 0.7 91 20 4.01 22 2.5 9.0 -0.1 166 21 3.99 22 2.4 8.7 -1.3 94 21 4.01 24 4.2 14.0 0.2 163 22 4.01 23 3.7 13.7 0.8 111 22 4.00 23 6.7 24.7 -0.3 165 23 3.98 21 1.8 8.0 -1.6 97 23 3.98 22 2.9 11.4 -1.1 168 24 3.97 23 1.7 6.0 -0.5 74 24 4.01 22 7.1 27.1 1.4 109 25 d5 3.95 24 4.9 24.7 -1.2 74 25 d5 4.02 23 7.9 26.4 0.8 106 26 3.97 22 3.2 12.0 0.7 65 26 d3 4.04 23 8.8 38.8 1.3 175 27 3.98 21 2.0 8.0 1.1 55 27 4.04 22 6.9 33.1 0.1 153 28 3.98 24 3.4 12.7 -0.2 70 28 4.01 24 4.6 17.4 -1.8 166 29 d4 3.97 24 5.0 18.7 -0.8 75 30 4.00 24 3.4 12.0 2.1 66 31 3.98 23 2.1 8.7 -1.4 67 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 3.99 1.1 3.1 12.7 0.0 88.3 All 4.01 1.4 4.7 19.1 0.1 125.3 Quiet 3.99 0.8 1.3 4.6 0.1 102.4 Quiet 3.99 0.4 1.9 7.2 -0.3 90.4 Dist. 3.99 1.6 6.1 26.7 -0.2 93.4 Dist. 4.03 1.0 9.9 40.5 1.4 129.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.46 (west) is -5.44 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.07 (Jan 4) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.92 (Feb 12) Minimum -5.83 (Jan 13) Minimum -5.77 (Feb 12) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.00 21 6.5 22.1 -0.5 154 1 4.02 22 8.5 39.4 1.2 211 2 3.99 23 3.5 14.7 -0.6 138 2 d5 4.02 23 10.1 46.1 0.3 198 3 4.00 21 6.3 25.4 0.7 118 3 q5 4.01 21 4.1 15.0 -0.6 199 4 q2 4.00 23 2.5 8.7 0.1 106 4 q1 4.00 22 2.9 12.7 -0.9 173 5 q1 4.00 23 1.4 5.3 -0.3 106 5 q2 3.99 23 3.1 12.4 -0.7 152 6 q5 3.98 22 3.1 12.0 -0.9 118 6 q4 3.99 22 4.0 17.0 -0.1 123 7 q3 3.99 23 2.6 9.7 0.3 130 7 4.00 20 5.3 19.7 0.6 134 8 3.99 23 5.2 25.1 0.2 104 8 3.98 23 6.0 21.4 -1.1 150 9 3.99 20 3.4 11.0 0.0 118 9 d2 4.08 22 16.9 81.9 6.3 145 10 4.05 22 5.5 19.7 3.3 99 10 d1 4.09 21 19.7 89.9 0.4 142 11 q4 4.00 24 3.0 12.7 -2.9 118 11 4.02 24 5.2 21.7 -4.0 154 12 3.99 24 3.3 12.4 -0.8 97 12 4.04 21 5.7 20.4 1.0 133 13 3.99 21 4.0 14.4 0.1 139 13 4.02 23 6.4 21.4 -1.0 196 14 3.99 22 3.6 13.4 0.0 175 14 d4 4.05 23 11.9 46.8 1.8 181 15 d5 3.94 21 6.5 19.0 -2.9 186 15 4.01 18 5.0 21.1 -2.5 189 16 4.00 20 6.1 24.4 3.3 190 16 q3 4.01 23 4.0 14.7 -0.2 196 17 4.01 22 4.2 17.4 0.6 202 17 4.02 22 6.2 24.7 0.9 205 18 d3 4.03 22 7.2 34.8 1.6 199 18 d3 4.09 23 13.1 50.5 4.1 156 19 4.01 24 4.7 18.4 -1.3 162 19 4.05 21 6.8 29.7 -2.2 193 20 4.01 23 5.2 16.4 -0.3 187 20 4.03 24 5.0 19.0 -1.5 181 21 4.01 23 5.4 20.7 0.0 183 21 4.04 21 4.8 18.0 0.6 160 22 4.00 22 5.6 21.1 -0.5 152 22 3.98 23 6.3 23.1 -3.1 195 23 d1 3.93 20 15.8 58.8 -4.2 143 23 4.01 23 7.3 25.1 1.5 163 24 3.99 22 3.7 15.7 3.9 138 24 4.01 17 7.4 22.7 0.0 145 25 d4 4.04 20 6.7 29.1 3.1 161 25 4.02 23 4.5 16.4 0.8 130 26 4.01 21 4.9 16.4 -1.9 143 26 4.01 19 5.7 19.7 -0.6 157 27 d2 3.97 22 9.6 36.1 -2.8 131 27 4.00 23 6.8 22.4 -1.0 127 28 4.01 24 4.2 16.0 2.5 129 28 3.96 24 9.3 33.4 -2.4 126 29 4.02 23 5.3 18.4 0.7 124 29 4.03 24 7.5 26.7 4.2 103 30 4.00 23 4.4 16.4 -1.1 143 30 4.01 21 4.9 20.4 -0.9 156 31 4.00 19 3.6 12.0 -0.3 146 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.00 1.4 5.1 19.3 0.0 143.2 All 4.02 1.8 7.2 28.5 0.0 162.4 Quiet 4.00 0.4 2.5 9.7 -0.7 115.6 Quiet 4.00 0.6 3.6 14.4 -0.5 168.6 Dist. 3.98 2.9 9.2 35.6 -1.1 164.0 Dist. 4.07 1.5 14.3 63.0 2.6 164.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.45 (west) is -5.43 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.03 (Mar 18) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.21 (Apr 10) Minimum -6.12 (Mar 23) Minimum -5.85 (Apr 28) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 1 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 4.00 21 3.8 15.4 -0.5 181 1 4.01 23 4.8 15.4 0.7 91 2 4.00 24 4.6 16.0 0.1 145 2 q5 4.02 21 4.8 16.4 0.4 105 3 4.00 24 4.5 16.7 -0.3 121 3 3.98 21 5.1 18.7 -2.2 127 4 d5 3.99 22 6.3 23.7 -0.7 147 4 4.00 23 6.0 20.4 0.8 113 5 q4 4.01 22 4.3 15.7 1.5 133 5 d5 3.99 23 7.2 25.1 -0.2 73 6 3.99 19 5.9 23.1 -1.0 117 6 d4 3.99 24 7.3 23.4 0.0 93 7 3.97 19 4.5 15.0 -1.4 157 7 d2 3.98 23 8.6 30.4 -0.7 72 8 d4 3.96 23 6.3 23.7 -0.4 163 8 d3 4.05 19 8.3 24.1 4.3 55 9 4.05 22 5.1 18.4 5.2 163 9 4.02 23 6.5 22.4 -1.9 95 10 4.03 24 5.2 17.4 -1.5 162 10 4.01 22 5.2 18.7 -0.8 120 11 4.00 24 5.2 17.4 -1.6 147 11 3.97 23 6.8 25.4 -2.1 130 12 4.02 22 6.1 23.4 1.1 145 12 4.05 24 5.2 18.4 4.5 108 13 q3 3.99 22 4.0 15.4 -1.6 111 13 4.02 23 4.9 18.4 -1.6 169 14 4.02 20 5.0 19.0 2.0 104 14 4.03 22 5.6 19.4 0.2 133 15 4.01 22 5.0 18.7 -0.8 109 15 4.01 23 5.0 17.4 -0.8 126 16 4.00 24 5.3 20.1 -0.7 130 16 4.02 22 5.3 19.0 0.8 142 17 4.02 24 5.7 20.4 0.9 133 17 3.99 20 5.6 18.7 -1.8 94 18 3.99 21 5.4 22.1 -1.6 163 18 d1 4.05 21 9.1 30.4 3.1 103 19 3.95 22 6.0 22.1 -2.3 163 19 4.07 24 6.7 23.4 1.6 88 20 d2 3.98 20 6.4 25.4 1.8 157 20 4.04 23 4.8 17.7 -2.0 72 21 4.00 22 5.3 19.4 1.0 132 21 q4 4.02 20 4.7 16.0 -1.2 69 22 4.01 23 4.4 17.7 0.7 150 22 4.04 22 6.0 20.4 1.2 52 23 d1 4.02 24 6.5 27.4 0.9 156 23 4.00 24 5.2 17.0 -2.2 54 24 4.02 22 5.8 19.7 -0.3 196 24 q1 4.02 22 3.4 14.4 0.9 52 25 d3 3.98 23 6.4 23.1 -2.2 136 25 4.01 23 4.8 17.4 -0.3 29 26 4.04 23 5.7 20.4 3.6 171 26 4.04 23 6.4 28.4 1.6 73 27 q1 4.01 23 3.8 16.0 -1.6 156 27 q3 4.04 24 4.0 13.4 0.0 70 28 q5 4.01 21 4.4 15.0 0.0 148 28 4.03 24 5.3 17.7 -0.8 67 29 3.99 24 5.1 19.7 -1.3 166 29 q2 4.05 22 3.9 14.0 1.0 88 30 4.01 24 4.9 18.0 0.8 120 30 4.01 23 5.6 19.4 -2.0 87 31 4.00 21 5.6 19.0 -0.4 127 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.00 1.2 5.3 19.5 0.0 145.5 All 4.02 1.4 5.7 20.0 0.0 91.7 Quiet 4.01 0.5 4.1 15.5 -0.4 145.8 Quiet 4.03 0.7 4.1 14.8 0.2 76.8 Dist. 3.99 1.2 6.4 24.7 -0.1 151.8 Dist. 4.01 1.8 8.1 26.7 1.3 79.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.45 (west) is -5.43 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.12 (May 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.12 (Jun 26) Minimum -5.73 (May 8) Minimum -5.76 (Jun 7) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.03 22 5.6 19.0 1.2 75 1 4.08 23 5.8 20.7 -2.7 61 2 4.01 23 6.6 21.4 -1.2 91 2 4.08 22 5.2 18.7 0.5 66 3 4.02 21 5.7 22.7 0.4 91 3 4.08 17 5.7 18.7 0.0 110 4 d4 4.03 23 7.6 26.1 0.9 127 4 q5 4.07 23 4.7 16.0 -1.0 78 5 4.05 20 5.7 20.1 1.0 165 5 4.09 21 6.7 23.1 1.1 79 6 4.03 22 5.1 16.7 -1.0 117 6 4.03 24 5.8 23.1 -3.6 96 7 4.03 21 4.8 18.0 -0.3 129 7 4.11 22 4.8 16.4 5.0 96 8 4.02 23 6.1 19.7 -0.3 112 8 4.09 22 5.2 21.1 -0.8 81 9 4.07 21 5.0 17.0 2.7 79 9 q3 4.07 20 4.3 14.7 -1.5 82 10 4.05 22 5.3 18.4 -0.9 75 10 4.10 20 6.4 19.7 1.8 99 11 4.06 21 6.1 21.4 0.2 109 11 q4 4.05 21 4.6 16.7 -2.9 81 12 4.04 21 4.6 15.4 -1.1 96 12 4.08 20 6.3 22.1 1.8 111 13 q4 4.04 21 3.9 14.4 0.4 73 13 4.07 23 5.0 18.7 -0.9 127 14 d5 4.05 19 7.0 20.4 0.2 54 14 4.08 20 5.7 19.4 0.7 148 15 4.08 17 5.2 20.1 1.9 55 15 4.07 23 5.5 19.7 -0.2 166 16 4.06 21 5.3 17.7 -0.8 108 16 d4 4.06 23 6.8 25.4 -0.8 184 17 4.09 19 5.6 20.7 1.6 126 17 q2 4.04 23 4.1 15.7 -1.5 177 18 4.06 20 5.1 19.4 -1.8 133 18 4.03 23 4.9 19.7 -0.1 187 19 4.06 22 5.9 22.1 0.0 138 19 4.09 23 6.1 21.7 3.2 150 20 4.03 19 6.9 24.1 -1.7 160 20 4.06 23 5.9 22.1 -1.5 147 21 4.01 18 4.5 17.0 -1.4 169 21 4.07 22 6.2 27.1 0.6 136 22 d1 4.07 20 8.6 37.4 3.9 142 22 d3 4.09 21 7.3 28.4 1.2 151 23 q3 4.07 22 3.8 14.4 -0.2 99 23 d5 4.07 23 6.7 25.4 -1.3 103 24 4.03 19 4.5 16.0 -2.4 85 24 d1 4.14 24 12.1 64.5 4.1 78 25 q1 4.09 21 3.3 13.4 3.4 111 25 d2 4.13 22 9.4 41.8 -0.4 94 26 q5 4.05 22 4.2 14.7 -2.3 88 26 4.12 21 6.0 19.0 -0.8 87 27 q2 4.07 18 3.5 12.4 1.6 85 27 4.06 24 4.7 18.4 -3.2 58 28 4.08 19 6.5 20.1 0.3 76 28 4.08 24 5.7 19.4 0.7 94 29 d3 4.07 21 8.1 33.1 -0.6 76 29 4.06 24 5.2 19.0 -1.2 82 30 4.06 19 5.5 17.0 -0.6 82 30 q1 4.04 24 3.4 13.4 -0.7 106 31 d2 4.12 19 8.3 39.4 3.7 66 31 4.04 23 4.7 17.4 -0.5 99 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.05 1.5 5.6 20.3 0.2 103.0 All 4.07 1.6 5.8 22.2 -0.2 110.1 Quiet 4.06 1.0 3.7 13.8 0.6 91.2 Quiet 4.05 0.8 4.2 15.3 -1.5 104.8 Dist. 4.07 1.8 7.9 31.3 1.6 93.0 Dist. 4.10 1.9 8.5 37.1 0.5 122.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.40 (west) is -5.38 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.87 (Jul 31) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.41 (Aug 24) Minimum -5.78 (Jul 22) Minimum -5.66 (Aug 23) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 1 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.03 22 4.7 16.7 -0.5 108 1 4.06 23 6.2 22.7 -3.0 49 2 4.07 20 4.3 15.7 2.1 126 2 4.11 22 3.9 12.7 2.8 55 3 4.10 24 3.8 13.0 1.9 51 3 4.09 22 5.2 21.1 -1.2 59 4 4.08 23 5.2 18.0 -1.3 52 4 d3 4.12 24 7.2 28.4 2.0 87 5 4.11 19 5.4 22.7 2.1 34 5 4.08 20 3.6 12.7 -2.2 62 6 d4 4.08 24 6.0 19.0 -1.6 67 6 4.09 24 3.8 16.7 0.2 103 7 d2 4.13 23 8.4 43.1 2.9 66 7 4.07 24 5.2 18.7 -0.9 80 8 d1 4.14 24 9.3 37.4 0.8 46 8 4.07 20 3.1 10.4 -0.3 115 9 4.11 23 5.1 19.7 -2.2 41 9 4.08 21 3.1 9.0 1.0 132 10 4.09 23 4.4 17.4 -0.9 55 10 4.07 23 3.6 12.0 -0.9 123 11 q5 4.12 22 2.9 11.4 1.9 63 11 4.08 23 3.6 11.0 1.0 153 12 4.10 11 3.2 11.4 -1.5 112 12 d4 4.08 24 7.2 32.1 -0.4 153 13 4.14 14 4.4 13.0 2.2 105 13 4.08 23 3.3 11.4 0.1 112 14 4.09 20 4.5 17.0 -2.8 143 14 d1 4.15 17 9.2 37.8 4.1 85 15 d5 4.05 22 5.7 20.7 -2.1 133 15 q3 4.09 22 2.7 11.4 -3.5 96 16 4.12 24 4.8 17.4 3.7 129 16 4.09 22 4.4 20.7 0.2 93 17 4.09 21 5.4 20.4 -1.6 114 17 4.11 23 5.2 23.1 1.0 94 18 4.07 18 5.4 15.7 -1.0 114 18 4.06 20 3.5 16.4 -2.7 43 19 4.13 24 4.3 16.0 3.5 62 19 4.08 21 5.0 22.4 1.1 52 20 4.10 21 2.9 9.4 -1.9 60 20 4.11 22 3.4 13.4 1.9 72 21 q1 4.08 19 2.1 7.4 -1.0 79 21 4.10 23 4.5 17.4 -0.7 75 22 4.10 23 3.2 13.4 0.8 45 22 q1 4.08 21 2.1 8.7 -1.3 72 23 q4 4.10 24 2.8 10.4 0.2 54 23 q2 4.06 21 2.7 10.4 -1.1 121 24 q2 4.09 24 2.3 7.4 -0.9 54 24 d2 4.08 23 7.5 32.4 1.2 60 25 d3 4.07 23 6.0 25.1 -1.0 61 25 4.08 20 4.7 16.0 0.1 94 26 q3 4.08 23 2.8 9.7 1.0 91 26 4.13 23 4.7 19.4 2.6 88 27 4.09 24 3.8 14.0 0.6 81 27 d5 4.10 22 7.1 35.1 -1.7 76 28 4.07 24 3.4 10.7 -1.2 78 28 q4 4.08 23 2.7 10.4 -1.2 90 29 4.06 24 5.3 19.0 -0.7 106 29 3.98 23 4.3 22.7 -6.1 101 30 4.11 20 5.0 17.0 2.7 78 30 q5 4.04 20 2.9 13.0 4.0 105 31 4.06 23 4.5 17.0 0.9 60 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.09 1.5 4.6 17.0 0.1 80.3 All 4.08 1.7 4.5 18.3 -0.1 89.0 Quiet 4.09 0.9 2.6 9.2 0.2 68.2 Quiet 4.07 1.0 2.6 10.8 -0.6 96.8 Dist. 4.10 2.1 7.1 29.1 -0.2 74.6 Dist. 4.10 1.5 7.6 33.2 1.0 92.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.36 (west) is -5.37 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.83 (Sep 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.79 (Oct 14) Minimum -5.65 (Sep 15) Minimum -5.65 (Oct 29) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.08 21 5.4 17.7 1.2 60 1 q4 4.08 21 1.5 5.0 0.2 78 2 d4 4.06 22 7.8 35.8 -1.3 62 2 4.07 22 2.0 5.7 -1.0 58 3 d5 4.08 22 7.6 42.8 1.2 83 3 4.07 20 2.2 8.0 -0.1 69 4 4.03 24 4.9 19.7 -2.7 78 4 4.05 20 4.1 18.4 -0.8 84 5 4.06 19 3.3 13.0 1.7 102 5 4.07 23 1.9 6.0 1.3 51 6 4.06 17 3.6 12.4 0.0 137 6 q2 4.07 20 1.2 4.0 -0.1 60 7 q5 4.06 24 1.9 6.7 -0.4 97 7 4.05 20 3.1 11.7 -1.2 52 8 4.05 22 2.5 7.7 -0.6 140 8 4.08 21 3.7 12.4 1.6 37 9 4.03 21 5.7 20.4 -0.7 129 9 d1 4.13 19 7.3 25.1 2.8 98 10 d2 4.17 21 19.8 84.9 8.3 112 10 d3 4.07 21 4.8 18.0 -3.3 88 11 d1 4.30 20 27.6 130.0 7.7 114 11 4.06 17 2.4 8.4 -0.4 115 12 4.08 21 5.9 26.1 -13.3 86 12 4.08 21 2.0 7.7 0.8 113 13 4.06 20 4.7 20.1 -1.3 115 13 4.08 23 3.8 15.4 0.3 129 14 4.07 22 5.5 24.1 0.9 149 14 d2 4.10 22 5.0 20.1 0.8 128 15 4.07 21 4.0 16.0 0.0 103 15 4.07 22 1.8 8.4 -1.8 124 16 4.06 19 3.1 10.7 -0.9 123 16 4.09 21 4.0 15.0 1.2 85 17 4.07 21 3.7 17.4 1.0 116 17 d4 4.08 23 4.3 14.0 -0.2 144 18 4.04 21 2.1 8.7 -2.2 129 18 4.08 18 2.7 12.7 -0.4 151 19 d3 4.08 24 10.1 39.8 2.5 117 19 4.08 23 3.9 16.7 0.1 82 20 4.09 22 5.3 18.4 0.7 117 20 4.09 20 3.3 14.4 0.7 91 21 q3 4.07 22 1.7 5.3 -1.3 140 21 4.08 22 2.6 10.7 -0.4 115 22 4.07 23 4.2 14.4 0.5 171 22 d5 4.06 20 4.2 17.0 -1.3 93 23 4.06 20 5.1 23.4 -0.7 133 23 4.09 23 1.6 7.4 2.1 106 24 q2 4.07 21 1.6 7.0 0.4 99 24 4.07 21 2.2 8.0 -1.4 131 25 4.07 23 2.3 10.4 -0.2 99 25 4.07 20 1.5 5.0 -0.4 120 26 4.04 20 2.8 11.0 -1.7 82 26 q3 4.07 24 1.5 6.0 0.1 67 27 q4 4.06 22 1.9 6.3 1.5 82 27 q1 4.08 22 0.9 3.0 0.6 93 28 q1 4.07 23 1.4 5.7 0.3 46 28 4.07 21 1.7 8.4 -0.3 64 29 4.05 21 2.6 11.0 -0.8 62 29 q5 4.08 19 1.5 6.7 0.2 58 30 4.08 23 2.0 7.0 1.5 79 30 4.09 22 3.6 14.4 0.9 55 31 4.11 22 3.1 11.0 0.9 63 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.07 2.9 5.3 22.5 0.0 105.4 All 4.08 0.9 2.9 11.1 0.0 90.4 Quiet 4.06 0.3 1.7 6.2 0.1 92.8 Quiet 4.07 0.3 1.3 4.9 0.2 71.2 Dist. 4.14 5.4 14.6 66.6 3.7 97.6 Dist. 4.09 1.4 5.1 18.8 -0.2 110.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.38 (west) is -5.37 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.32 (Nov 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.09 (Dec 9) Minimum -5.75 (Nov 2) Minimum -5.63 (Dec 22) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 1 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.99 3.1 12.7 0.0 1.1 88.3 744 690 Feb 4.01 4.7 19.1 0.1 1.4 125.3 672 634 Mar 4.00 5.1 19.3 0.0 1.4 143.2 744 683 Apr 4.02 7.2 28.5 0.0 1.8 162.4 720 659 May 4.00 5.3 19.5 0.0 1.2 145.5 744 691 Jun 4.02 5.7 20.0 0.0 1.4 91.7 720 674 Jul 4.05 5.6 20.3 0.2 1.5 103.0 744 636 Aug 4.07 5.8 22.2 -0.2 1.6 110.1 744 688 Sep 4.09 4.6 17.0 0.1 1.5 80.3 720 650 Oct 4.08 4.5 18.3 -0.1 1.7 89.0 744 682 Nov 4.07 5.3 22.5 0.0 2.9 105.4 720 642 Dec 4.08 2.9 11.1 0.0 0.9 90.4 744 653 Mean 4.04 5.0 19.2 0.0 1.5 111.2 8760 7982 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.99 1.3 4.6 0.1 0.8 102.4 120 114 Feb 3.99 1.9 7.2 -0.3 0.4 90.4 120 110 Mar 4.00 2.5 9.7 -0.7 0.4 115.6 120 115 Apr 4.00 3.6 14.4 -0.5 0.6 168.6 120 111 May 4.01 4.1 15.5 -0.4 0.5 145.8 120 109 Jun 4.03 4.1 14.8 0.2 0.7 76.8 120 109 Jul 4.06 3.7 13.8 0.6 1.0 91.2 120 104 Aug 4.05 4.2 15.3 -1.5 0.8 104.8 120 111 Sep 4.09 2.6 9.2 0.2 0.9 68.2 120 112 Oct 4.07 2.6 10.8 -0.6 1.0 96.8 120 107 Nov 4.06 1.7 6.2 0.1 0.3 92.8 120 112 Dec 4.07 1.3 4.9 0.2 0.3 71.2 120 106 Mean 4.04 2.8 10.5 -0.2 0.6 102.0 1440 1320 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 3.99 6.1 26.7 -0.2 1.6 93.4 120 112 Feb 4.03 9.9 40.5 1.4 1.0 129.6 120 113 Mar 3.98 9.2 35.6 -1.1 2.9 164.0 120 105 Apr 4.07 14.3 63.0 2.6 1.5 164.4 120 112 May 3.99 6.4 24.7 -0.1 1.2 151.8 120 112 Jun 4.01 8.1 26.7 1.3 1.8 79.2 120 110 Jul 4.07 7.9 31.3 1.6 1.8 93.0 120 102 Aug 4.10 8.5 37.1 0.5 1.9 122.0 120 113 Sep 4.10 7.1 29.1 -0.2 2.1 74.6 120 116 Oct 4.10 7.6 33.2 1.0 1.5 92.2 120 110 Nov 4.14 14.6 66.6 3.7 5.4 97.6 120 109 Dec 4.09 5.1 18.8 -0.2 1.4 110.2 120 105 Mean 4.06 8.7 36.1 0.9 2.0 114.3 1440 1319 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -5.46 -5.07 -5.83 Feb -5.44 -4.92 -5.77 Mar -5.45 -5.03 -6.12 Apr -5.43 -4.21 -5.85 May -5.45 -5.12 -5.73 Jun -5.43 -5.12 -5.76 Jul -5.40 -4.87 -5.78 Aug -5.38 -4.41 -5.66 Sep -5.36 -4.83 -5.65 Oct -5.37 -4.79 -5.65 Nov -5.38 -3.32 -5.75 Dec -5.37 -5.09 -5.63 Mean -5.41 -4.73 -5.76 Results for 1872 HELSINKI D 1872 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 39 23 13 9 2 2 3 8 13 6 -6 -25 -43 -50 -35 -31 -26 -25 -8 8 29 37 31 30 -5 21.2 FEBRUARY 34 15 5 25 7 7 9 12 24 7 -13 -34 -40 -54 -42 -28 -17 -33 -7 -12 33 20 36 42 -5 21.1 MARCH 25 12 16 23 27 20 36 36 31 4 -26 -54 -71 -85 -65 -42 -20 -5 9 12 20 41 34 18 -5 20.7 APRIL 29 6 38 22 33 48 63 58 48 27 -16 -59 -87 -95 -82 -59 -43 -19 -6 1 17 17 28 20 -5 20.2 MAY 18 27 30 35 55 75 77 65 48 11 -30 -68 -94 -84 -70 -54 -40 -11 -2 0 7 1 8 7 -5 20.4 JUNE 25 26 43 41 47 58 67 65 52 23 -18 -53 -82 -95 -80 -61 -37 -24 -6 -8 -7 6 -2 25 -5 18.7 JULY 15 21 32 39 66 62 64 52 56 20 -11 -47 -73 -86 -76 -53 -38 -26 -28 -19 -17 3 16 20 -5 18.4 AUGUST 23 52 58 40 60 61 66 64 43 7 -23 -63 -80 -95 -79 -51 -29 -21 -11 -22 -17 -5 -3 22 -5 17.0 SEPTEMBER 54 24 19 19 26 30 31 48 44 16 -12 -48 -64 -89 -73 -53 -23 -13 -7 -7 13 19 31 19 -5 16.7 OCTOBER 28 29 14 21 -19 -3 9 21 29 21 0 -35 -56 -76 -39 -51 -21 -14 18 11 24 26 27 42 -5 15.3 NOVEMBER 26 19 6 7 -3 -10 -4 6 5 3 -10 -29 -42 -54 -45 -40 -26 -4 7 14 39 46 54 40 -5 14.7 DECEMBER 38 20 20 11 -1 -8 -7 -14 -10 -16 -20 -27 -32 -26 -34 -24 -21 10 2 14 20 24 35 45 -5 13.4 WINTER 37 19 13 15 3 0 2 2 9 -1 -13 -29 -38 -43 -37 -28 -21 -16 -4 3 27 27 34 39 -5 18.6 EQUINOX 30 20 21 21 20 27 35 39 34 14 -16 -49 -69 -81 -62 -50 -29 -11 3 5 20 25 30 24 -5 18.0 SUMMER 21 33 44 40 58 60 66 60 50 17 -17 -54 -78 -92 -78 -55 -35 -24 -15 -16 -14 1 4 22 -5 18.0 YEAR 29 22 24 24 25 28 34 35 32 10 -16 -45 -64 -75 -60 -46 -29 -16 -4 -1 13 19 24 27 -5 18.1 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 3 4 1 4 7 7 9 12 21 14 10 -6 -20 -28 -20 -12 -8 -12 -8 -1 2 7 9 8 -5 21.8 FEBRUARY 22 -5 -4 0 -1 4 11 22 33 30 1 -18 -24 -43 -37 -20 -15 -12 -2 -2 13 17 11 11 -5 21.3 MARCH -6 15 15 18 17 25 28 28 21 10 -13 -24 -35 -40 -51 -28 -14 -7 -9 -2 1 27 15 1 -5 21.4 APRIL 10 10 -2 11 31 32 51 62 60 43 0 -34 -68 -78 -56 -43 -22 -8 -2 0 -6 0 10 7 -5 20.8 MAY 1 13 13 32 53 64 79 68 48 15 -34 -53 -83 -64 -58 -42 -24 -5 6 -6 3 -12 -6 -1 -5 20.0 JUNE 14 24 22 16 17 33 27 27 37 22 -3 -29 -54 -68 -58 -45 -24 -12 4 -4 -2 -2 21 33 -5 18.6 JULY 7 -3 49 26 45 32 34 23 17 12 1 -29 -50 -73 -52 -16 -11 -22 5 -1 -6 -1 11 5 -5 19.3 AUGUST 6 18 20 32 44 47 50 52 38 5 -34 -63 -48 -67 -49 -26 -9 -8 -13 -13 -3 -6 4 15 -5 17.3 SEPTEMBER 12 12 13 18 14 27 35 45 39 24 0 -25 -41 -52 -56 -37 -14 -21 -13 -15 -2 -5 10 26 -5 16.5 OCTOBER 14 14 14 11 13 17 17 27 37 31 -2 -18 -29 -32 -42 -27 -21 -19 -16 -10 0 0 5 7 -5 16.2 NOVEMBER 17 16 19 7 4 3 4 13 13 9 3 -19 -16 -30 -28 -17 -19 -20 -18 4 9 15 13 15 -5 15.2 DECEMBER 5 7 8 4 -8 4 0 2 2 -9 -8 -14 -20 -25 -18 -14 1 0 1 1 14 14 31 28 -5 14.3 WINTER 10 2 2 3 -1 5 7 12 19 12 1 -13 -21 -32 -25 -15 -7 -8 -3 -1 10 13 17 16 -5 19.1 EQUINOX 8 13 12 16 22 28 36 41 36 22 -8 -29 -45 -49 -49 -32 -19 -13 -9 -5 1 4 8 9 -5 18.4 SUMMER 9 13 30 25 35 37 37 34 31 13 -12 -40 -51 -69 -53 -29 -15 -14 -1 -6 -4 -3 12 18 -5 18.4 YEAR 9 11 14 15 20 25 29 32 31 18 -6 -27 -40 -49 -43 -27 -15 -12 -5 -4 2 5 12 13 -5 18.6 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 40 11 24 26 21 5 8 13 6 2 -20 -38 -76 -77 -60 -37 -59 -67 4 8 73 93 60 48 -5 21.2 FEBRUARY 41 20 25 63 -20 -10 -9 -9 16 -12 -39 -41 -32 -69 -24 -14 -4-131 37 -52 144 -38 82 84 -5 20.6 MARCH 43 34 2 37 21 24 41 42 33 2 -27 -73-105-127 -98 -68 -31 -41 34 6 38 90 86 39 -5 19.6 APRIL 107 11 93 14 11 65 74 31 19 10 -34 -84 -99-105 -98 -89-112 -29 -32 -8 76 18 53 117 -5 19.6 MAY 15 37 38 48 65 95 102 70 48 28 -29 -71-100 -89 -96 -80-102 -27 -23 -3 15 12 17 19 -5 20.3 JUNE 69 39 85 67 54 69 119 85 50 22 -47 -82-115-112 -90 -96 -73 -75 -16 -25 -26 32 -22 77 -5 18.7 JULY -4 24 15 69 96 99 43 15 96 36 -19 -58 -63 -91 -76 -73 -74 -54 -68 -34 -35 66 31 68 -5 18.1 AUGUST 115 189 235 62 90 51 68 64 26 -44 -27 -81 -95-169 -82 -96 -39 -71 -25 -57 -29 -48 -61 32 -5 15.5 SEPTEMBER 144 41 30 44 44 39 26 77 59 -2 -25 -69-109-116 -93-104 -45 -28 -23 -28 -42 54 94 36 -5 16.6 OCTOBER 76 53 -29 44-160 -20 10 -6 53 35 57 -49 -92-147 -39-118 -48 -38 184 65 65 30 9 70 -5 11.8 NOVEMBER 46 58 1 42 -36 -30 -7 50 -5 -12 -10 -37 -64 -74 -83 -79 -42 29 -2 18 58 58 78 48 -5 14.1 DECEMBER 33 2 0 11 -12 -11 -19 -27 -34 -34 -45 -52 -65 1 -62 -45 -55 52 -4 46 52 35 96 125 -5 11.9 WINTER 38 11 16 33 -4 -5 -7 -8 -4 -15 -35 -44 -58 -48 -49 -32 -39 -49 12 1 90 30 79 86 -5 17.9 EQUINOX 72 39 23 38 -9 29 41 44 35 10 -11 -64 -95-110 -85 -90 -63 -22 23 8 35 44 56 55 -5 17.0 SUMMER 60 84 112 66 80 73 77 55 57 5 -31 -74 -91-124 -83 -88 -62 -67 -36 -39 -30 17 -17 59 -5 17.4 YEAR 60 43 43 44 14 31 38 33 30 2 -22 -62 -85 -98 -75 -75 -57 -40 5 -6 32 33 43 63 -5 17.3 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 2 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.12 22 1.8 7.7 0.4 37 1 4.09 22 4.5 17.7 0.8 113 2 4.10 22 2.0 9.0 -0.7 75 2 4.08 22 3.8 15.0 -0.9 163 3 4.12 22 3.5 13.0 1.0 48 3 4.08 23 3.6 11.0 0.0 151 4 4.11 22 2.1 10.0 -0.5 82 4 d1 4.01 22 17.7 83.2 -4.3 162 5 q5 4.11 23 1.4 5.7 -0.4 81 5 d5 4.15 19 6.2 30.4 8.5 138 6 4.09 20 2.2 6.0 -0.9 101 6 d3 4.13 23 7.7 40.4 -1.2 148 7 4.09 22 3.5 14.7 -0.3 58 7 4.11 23 3.4 16.4 -1.0 168 8 q2 4.09 18 1.3 4.3 0.1 84 8 q5 4.11 21 2.5 11.0 0.0 148 9 d1 4.10 18 6.1 27.7 0.8 73 9 q2 4.10 22 1.9 7.4 -0.7 154 10 q3 4.08 22 1.3 6.0 -1.3 74 10 q4 4.08 24 2.4 10.4 -1.1 145 11 q1 4.07 21 1.3 4.0 -0.5 82 11 4.09 24 2.7 10.4 0.3 134 12 4.07 22 3.4 14.4 -0.3 94 12 4.11 21 3.5 13.7 1.2 126 13 4.09 24 3.4 11.7 1.5 106 13 q3 4.09 23 1.9 7.0 -0.7 96 14 4.10 21 2.7 10.0 0.3 99 14 4.09 22 2.9 9.4 -0.2 97 15 4.12 21 4.0 19.4 1.3 85 15 4.11 23 5.4 22.4 1.1 92 16 4.09 23 2.7 10.7 -2.1 99 16 4.09 19 5.7 26.1 -1.2 52 17 q4 4.08 19 1.3 4.3 -0.2 97 17 4.10 22 3.5 16.4 0.5 85 18 d5 4.10 22 5.1 19.4 1.4 75 18 4.10 23 2.9 12.4 0.2 63 19 4.13 21 3.8 17.7 1.6 70 19 4.11 20 4.3 15.0 0.9 69 20 d4 4.08 21 5.4 22.7 -3.1 88 20 d2 4.12 24 10.7 54.5 0.1 52 21 4.11 23 3.7 13.4 1.7 96 21 4.10 20 3.7 14.0 -0.9 76 22 4.10 18 4.2 16.0 -0.4 66 22 q1 4.10 19 1.9 6.0 -0.2 94 23 4.09 24 3.7 16.4 -0.6 69 23 4.10 23 4.4 15.4 0.0 100 24 4.07 23 2.7 9.4 -1.0 76 24 4.08 24 3.9 16.7 -0.9 117 25 d3 4.12 22 5.8 22.7 2.6 55 25 4.09 24 5.5 22.1 0.7 133 26 4.10 23 3.3 13.4 -0.7 55 26 4.10 20 5.3 21.4 0.5 148 27 4.11 19 4.9 18.0 0.1 55 27 d4 4.14 23 7.0 33.8 2.0 163 28 4.11 20 4.9 21.1 0.0 57 28 4.11 22 3.8 14.7 -1.4 142 29 4.11 19 4.4 15.4 0.3 90 29 4.09 22 3.0 11.0 -1.4 154 30 4.09 24 3.2 13.4 -1.1 103 31 d2 4.08 21 6.1 24.1 -0.5 135 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.10 0.9 3.4 13.6 -0.1 79.5 All 4.10 1.4 4.7 20.2 0.0 120.1 Quiet 4.09 0.7 1.3 4.9 -0.4 83.6 Quiet 4.10 0.6 2.1 8.4 -0.5 127.4 Dist. 4.10 0.8 5.7 23.3 0.2 85.2 Dist. 4.11 3.1 9.9 48.5 1.0 132.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.35 (west) is -5.35 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.01 (Jan 9) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.68 (Feb 20) Minimum -5.63 (Jan 31) Minimum -6.37 (Feb 4) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 4.09 21 2.6 9.0 0.0 129 1 q4 4.10 19 4.1 16.0 0.6 136 2 4.08 21 5.9 27.7 -0.4 113 2 4.10 24 4.8 19.0 -0.1 109 3 4.12 16 3.4 12.0 2.2 127 3 4.11 23 6.6 24.7 0.9 102 4 q5 4.10 20 3.0 12.0 -1.0 106 4 4.08 21 4.4 15.4 -2.0 90 5 q1 4.10 23 1.8 6.0 -0.2 91 5 q1 4.11 22 3.2 12.0 1.9 97 6 q2 4.08 22 2.3 7.7 -1.4 55 6 q3 4.09 19 3.9 13.4 -1.1 97 7 4.10 21 4.1 16.0 1.5 51 7 q2 4.10 23 3.8 15.4 0.2 91 8 4.11 24 3.7 13.4 0.7 52 8 4.13 19 4.9 19.4 2.0 91 9 4.10 22 4.4 17.0 -0.6 36 9 4.08 20 4.9 21.4 -3.3 85 10 4.11 22 3.1 13.4 0.7 41 10 d2 4.07 22 8.8 33.1 -0.3 71 11 4.13 20 3.9 16.7 1.3 22 11 d1 4.16 22 11.7 45.5 5.3 90 12 q4 4.09 23 2.8 10.4 -2.5 36 12 4.11 18 5.4 18.4 -2.8 79 13 4.12 21 5.2 23.1 1.4 49 13 q5 4.12 20 4.2 13.7 0.3 114 14 4.08 21 4.7 20.1 -2.0 33 14 4.13 23 4.5 17.0 0.6 96 15 4.13 20 6.1 25.1 2.6 33 15 d4 4.16 23 8.2 34.4 1.8 121 16 4.09 20 5.9 24.4 -2.1 33 16 d3 4.14 21 8.5 33.8 -1.1 102 17 4.11 23 3.7 13.0 0.8 34 17 4.13 22 4.6 17.7 -0.7 129 18 4.08 21 3.6 11.4 -1.6 70 18 4.11 22 6.7 20.7 -1.1 136 19 d5 4.09 22 6.1 20.4 0.9 90 19 4.11 21 4.7 20.1 -0.1 136 20 4.10 21 4.9 19.0 0.1 106 20 4.10 21 4.2 16.7 -0.5 153 21 d1 4.17 20 8.8 37.8 4.6 124 21 4.12 24 4.8 16.7 1.2 76 22 4.07 21 5.3 22.7 -5.9 161 22 4.11 22 5.4 17.7 -0.3 115 23 d3 4.13 20 6.2 27.7 3.5 153 23 4.11 19 5.9 19.0 -0.4 115 24 d4 4.12 24 6.2 26.4 -0.9 111 24 4.09 16 6.1 19.0 -0.9 109 25 4.12 21 5.9 22.7 0.1 123 25 4.14 19 6.4 21.4 2.6 100 26 d2 4.12 21 6.7 24.4 -0.2 118 26 4.12 23 4.4 17.0 -1.1 85 27 4.10 23 4.6 15.7 -1.0 141 27 4.13 22 5.3 17.7 0.9 85 28 4.10 19 4.8 19.0 0.0 127 28 4.11 23 5.7 16.7 -1.5 82 29 4.09 22 5.6 20.4 -0.6 127 29 d5 4.09 20 7.3 24.1 -1.3 93 30 4.13 21 5.0 21.1 2.3 140 30 4.10 23 4.7 14.7 0.5 79 31 4.09 23 4.3 16.4 -2.6 109 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.11 1.2 4.7 18.5 0.0 88.4 All 4.11 1.3 5.6 20.4 0.0 102.1 Quiet 4.09 0.6 2.5 9.0 -1.0 83.4 Quiet 4.10 0.5 3.8 14.1 0.4 107.0 Dist. 4.13 1.6 6.8 27.3 1.6 119.2 Dist. 4.12 2.2 8.9 34.2 0.9 95.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.34 (west) is -5.34 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.82 (Mar 21) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.77 (Apr 11) Minimum -5.66 (Mar 2) Minimum -5.63 (Apr 9) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 2 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.13 23 5.5 18.7 1.9 103 1 4.12 24 5.2 21.4 0.7 157 2 q2 4.11 22 4.2 15.0 -1.5 79 2 d3 4.14 21 7.3 26.1 0.9 170 3 4.11 21 5.1 19.7 0.0 87 3 d1 4.10 19 13.0 51.5 -2.2 136 4 4.09 21 5.6 21.4 -1.1 141 4 4.15 23 5.0 21.1 3.0 89 5 q3 4.11 20 4.3 16.7 1.2 149 5 4.15 20 4.2 15.0 -0.2 69 6 q1 4.11 19 4.1 15.0 -0.2 130 6 4.12 21 5.8 19.7 -1.5 58 7 d5 4.11 24 6.1 20.7 0.5 147 7 4.12 23 4.3 15.4 -0.3 79 8 4.12 24 4.7 17.4 0.3 93 8 4.13 23 4.8 16.0 1.0 123 9 d2 4.12 18 6.4 22.4 -0.1 102 9 4.12 21 5.4 17.7 -0.7 127 10 4.13 20 5.9 23.1 1.0 31 10 d2 4.15 22 8.9 30.1 1.6 97 11 4.13 21 5.6 20.4 -0.2 73 11 4.12 23 4.7 17.4 -1.8 174 12 4.12 21 4.7 20.7 -0.7 80 12 4.14 24 5.2 16.4 1.5 142 13 d4 4.10 21 6.2 20.1 -1.1 54 13 4.14 20 5.5 17.7 -0.4 139 14 d3 4.12 23 6.3 25.4 1.3 75 14 4.16 21 5.4 20.7 1.3 130 15 4.11 22 6.0 19.0 -0.6 58 15 4.15 21 5.6 18.0 -0.4 106 16 q5 4.15 23 4.6 16.7 2.0 73 16 q1 4.13 23 3.3 13.7 -1.4 106 17 4.13 19 5.2 17.4 -1.1 76 17 4.14 23 3.9 14.0 0.6 85 18 4.12 20 5.4 21.7 -0.7 78 18 4.16 24 4.3 16.0 1.1 97 19 4.10 21 5.5 17.7 -0.8 88 19 4.13 22 5.4 19.4 -1.4 106 20 4.09 23 5.4 17.4 -0.6 124 20 4.14 23 5.9 20.1 0.1 64 21 q4 4.11 24 4.4 16.0 1.1 110 21 d5 4.11 24 6.2 20.1 -1.8 106 22 d1 4.08 20 7.1 22.7 -2.2 159 22 q5 4.16 22 3.9 18.7 3.0 120 23 4.07 22 5.6 22.1 -0.1 148 23 d4 4.16 20 6.5 24.7 0.0 106 24 4.07 21 5.7 21.1 -0.2 145 24 4.17 21 5.6 19.4 1.0 102 25 4.10 22 5.7 21.4 1.8 108 25 q4 4.14 22 3.8 12.7 -2.1 105 26 4.08 24 4.9 18.4 -1.3 109 26 4.13 21 5.2 18.4 -0.5 72 27 4.10 20 5.2 19.0 1.4 97 27 q3 4.14 22 3.8 13.4 0.8 105 28 4.12 23 5.9 21.7 0.9 132 28 q2 4.14 20 3.8 13.0 -0.3 107 29 4.12 24 4.9 17.7 0.0 157 29 4.14 22 5.4 20.7 0.2 106 30 4.11 23 4.9 17.4 -0.7 160 30 4.13 24 6.2 20.7 -0.6 114 31 4.11 21 4.9 15.4 0.0 169 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.11 1.1 5.4 19.3 0.0 107.6 All 4.14 1.0 5.4 19.6 0.0 109.9 Quiet 4.12 0.9 4.3 15.9 0.5 108.2 Quiet 4.14 0.6 3.7 14.3 0.0 108.6 Dist. 4.11 1.0 6.4 22.3 -0.3 107.4 Dist. 4.13 1.3 8.4 30.5 -0.3 123.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.34 (west) is -5.31 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -5.09 (May 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.78 (Jun 3) Minimum -5.62 (May 23) Minimum -5.64 (Jun 3) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.12 23 5.2 16.0 -0.8 124 1 4.14 23 4.7 16.4 0.2 79 2 4.11 22 6.7 21.7 -0.3 99 2 4.17 22 4.9 17.7 1.6 97 3 4.13 23 4.6 16.0 1.2 100 3 4.15 23 7.2 30.4 -1.1 141 4 q4 4.14 21 3.6 14.0 0.6 117 4 d1 4.18 23 16.1 57.8 1.5 130 5 4.15 22 5.0 17.4 0.2 96 5 4.18 23 6.0 24.7 0.3 144 6 4.12 20 6.3 26.7 -1.5 93 6 4.14 24 6.7 29.7 -2.8 142 7 d2 4.15 24 9.8 44.4 1.4 100 7 4.18 24 5.5 21.1 2.7 142 8 d1 4.20 19 11.7 43.8 3.5 124 8 d4 4.16 20 8.0 34.8 -1.0 126 9 d4 4.13 24 7.3 30.7 -4.5 130 9 d3 4.22 22 8.3 34.4 3.6 145 10 4.18 23 6.6 22.4 3.1 196 10 4.18 20 4.5 18.0 -3.0 148 11 d3 4.18 23 7.3 25.1 0.0 172 11 4.16 21 4.3 15.0 -0.9 66 12 4.17 22 4.4 15.0 -0.3 177 12 4.13 21 5.0 19.4 -1.5 133 13 4.16 22 4.6 16.0 -1.0 169 13 4.15 24 4.3 15.4 1.0 130 14 4.13 22 4.6 17.7 -1.7 132 14 4.17 23 7.4 33.1 1.1 94 15 q5 4.13 24 3.7 16.4 -0.1 108 15 d2 4.20 21 10.0 36.1 1.5 76 16 4.14 24 5.7 21.4 0.8 82 16 4.18 21 4.1 12.7 -0.7 72 17 q2 4.10 24 3.6 15.7 -2.3 78 17 q3 4.17 21 3.7 12.0 -0.6 63 18 4.10 20 3.9 19.0 0.0 99 18 q4 4.16 23 4.0 14.0 -0.9 66 19 d5 4.10 23 7.1 25.4 0.0 93 19 q5 4.17 22 4.0 13.7 0.9 60 20 4.13 24 6.5 21.7 1.7 87 20 4.15 21 6.0 19.7 -1.0 55 21 q1 4.13 19 3.1 11.4 -0.3 84 21 4.16 23 4.9 15.4 0.3 79 22 4.17 23 5.1 18.4 2.6 67 22 4.16 20 4.5 15.7 0.2 96 23 4.16 22 4.5 14.4 -0.6 91 23 q2 4.17 19 3.3 14.0 0.4 66 24 4.15 24 4.0 14.7 -0.8 67 24 4.15 23 4.0 13.4 -1.5 97 25 4.14 23 4.9 18.0 -0.2 69 25 4.13 22 7.1 26.7 -1.1 97 26 4.15 22 3.9 13.4 0.7 70 26 d5 4.24 19 7.8 27.1 6.9 79 27 4.15 24 5.5 17.0 -0.5 69 27 4.16 20 4.8 15.7 -4.8 78 28 4.16 22 6.3 26.7 0.6 88 28 4.16 22 4.7 16.0 -0.1 39 29 4.16 23 4.7 18.4 0.1 75 29 4.14 23 4.2 14.0 -1.2 33 30 4.14 24 6.1 24.1 -0.8 97 30 q1 4.15 21 3.0 9.4 0.7 37 31 q3 4.14 23 3.6 13.4 -0.4 117 31 4.17 21 4.6 14.7 1.3 70 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.14 1.4 5.5 20.5 0.0 105.5 All 4.17 1.4 5.7 21.2 0.1 92.9 Quiet 4.13 0.8 3.5 14.2 -0.5 100.8 Quiet 4.17 0.5 3.6 12.6 0.1 58.4 Dist. 4.15 2.2 8.6 33.9 0.1 123.8 Dist. 4.20 1.7 10.0 38.0 2.5 111.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.31 (west) is -5.28 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.84 (Jul 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.61 (Aug 4) Minimum -5.65 (Jul 7) Minimum -5.63 (Aug 6) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 2 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.15 22 4.4 15.4 -1.4 73 1 4.18 24 4.0 14.7 -0.5 175 2 d3 4.10 23 8.9 35.1 -2.5 81 2 4.19 22 6.7 36.8 0.4 162 3 d2 4.15 23 9.5 43.1 3.1 84 3 4.20 23 5.4 21.1 0.5 139 4 4.19 21 6.0 22.7 1.8 64 4 4.17 20 3.4 13.4 -1.5 136 5 4.16 21 4.5 15.7 -1.7 94 5 4.21 18 5.5 20.4 2.3 123 6 d4 4.19 20 8.4 38.1 1.9 91 6 4.17 19 5.7 21.7 -2.0 135 7 4.16 22 4.5 19.0 -1.5 129 7 4.17 21 6.3 24.4 -0.4 131 8 4.17 23 3.8 17.7 0.6 124 8 4.21 23 6.1 29.7 2.2 79 9 4.17 21 5.9 22.4 -0.2 144 9 4.17 24 3.7 17.0 -2.4 67 10 4.19 23 5.8 28.1 1.2 163 10 4.17 22 2.7 10.4 0.1 79 11 4.17 21 5.4 22.4 -1.5 136 11 q1 4.17 18 2.1 7.4 0.4 109 12 4.17 21 3.6 12.0 0.5 105 12 4.17 19 2.7 9.4 -0.3 92 13 q4 4.17 23 3.4 10.4 -0.4 141 13 d5 4.18 23 7.5 36.4 0.8 103 14 4.17 21 3.8 12.4 0.3 118 14 4.15 22 2.8 10.4 -2.1 83 15 4.14 22 3.5 11.0 -1.7 120 15 d4 4.34 20 12.3 44.1 11.6 69 16 4.16 18 4.4 15.0 1.0 129 16 d3 4.28 23 13.5 64.5 -3.9 105 17 d5 4.17 23 8.3 29.1 0.4 118 17 d1 4.27 22 21.6 117.6 -0.7 112 18 d1 4.23 18 14.0 68.8 4.1 96 18 d2 4.21 20 15.6 76.2 -3.2 137 19 4.16 22 3.7 14.0 -4.2 149 19 4.22 20 3.3 11.0 0.6 97 20 4.19 20 6.6 34.1 1.4 108 20 q4 4.20 21 2.3 8.7 -1.5 91 21 4.20 20 6.7 32.8 0.6 91 21 4.19 20 2.7 10.4 -0.5 87 22 q1 4.17 22 2.4 9.0 -1.4 91 22 4.19 23 3.7 14.4 -0.2 70 23 4.18 23 3.7 15.7 0.2 85 23 4.18 24 2.4 9.7 -0.2 72 24 4.17 22 3.9 13.0 -0.6 88 24 4.18 21 2.9 11.4 0.0 73 25 4.18 22 4.3 15.4 0.8 88 25 q5 4.17 18 2.4 7.7 -0.7 66 26 q3 4.16 18 3.4 12.4 -1.0 154 26 q3 4.18 20 2.2 8.4 0.4 127 27 q2 4.18 17 3.0 9.7 0.8 150 27 q2 4.18 23 2.1 7.4 0.0 109 28 4.14 19 4.2 15.7 -2.1 153 28 4.19 21 4.4 18.4 0.8 94 29 4.18 19 7.8 34.8 2.1 132 29 4.23 21 7.1 26.7 2.4 91 30 q5 4.19 19 3.5 12.7 0.8 138 30 4.20 19 4.5 15.7 -1.6 96 31 4.22 22 6.1 23.7 1.1 72 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.17 1.3 5.4 21.9 0.0 114.6 All 4.20 2.3 5.6 24.2 0.1 102.6 Quiet 4.17 0.5 3.1 10.8 -0.2 134.8 Quiet 4.18 0.6 2.2 7.9 -0.3 100.4 Dist. 4.17 2.6 9.8 42.8 1.4 94.0 Dist. 4.26 3.3 14.1 67.8 0.9 105.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.28 (west) is -5.25 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.30 (Sep 18) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.86 (Oct 17) Minimum -5.76 (Sep 2) Minimum -6.15 (Oct 18) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.19 20 4.2 15.4 -1.5 67 1 q4 4.19 23 2.0 8.7 -0.8 120 2 4.19 18 2.7 10.7 -0.2 52 2 4.19 20 2.8 11.7 0.4 88 3 4.17 22 4.5 18.7 -1.1 66 3 4.19 20 2.3 9.4 -0.3 85 4 4.21 20 5.8 22.1 2.2 88 4 4.19 22 2.2 9.0 0.1 150 5 4.21 22 4.2 16.7 0.1 97 5 4.22 19 3.2 12.7 1.6 123 6 d4 4.24 22 6.9 28.4 2.0 93 6 d3 4.25 22 7.2 30.4 2.0 110 7 d2 4.21 20 7.8 35.4 -1.8 97 7 4.23 18 4.8 14.7 -1.1 91 8 4.19 22 3.6 16.0 -1.2 117 8 4.20 22 3.5 13.7 -2.0 136 9 4.22 18 5.9 22.1 1.8 133 9 d1 4.25 18 8.7 36.1 3.1 110 10 d5 4.14 18 6.7 22.7 -4.9 136 10 4.23 22 5.4 30.1 -1.2 90 11 d1 4.22 20 10.9 40.1 4.5 174 11 q1 4.21 21 1.2 5.0 -1.6 97 12 4.23 21 4.0 18.4 0.8 166 12 4.20 20 2.1 8.4 -0.5 109 13 4.17 24 3.0 12.0 -3.6 174 13 4.19 22 2.2 7.7 -0.7 90 14 q1 4.19 22 1.2 4.0 1.0 117 14 4.22 20 3.9 16.0 1.7 85 15 4.23 22 4.7 20.1 2.6 79 15 4.24 21 3.9 18.0 1.3 87 16 4.24 20 5.6 23.4 0.7 124 16 4.26 21 5.4 19.4 1.1 67 17 4.21 22 2.7 10.7 -1.7 112 17 d2 4.25 24 7.8 30.1 -0.1 97 18 4.22 21 3.2 13.4 0.3 140 18 4.24 22 3.8 18.0 -0.9 52 19 4.22 21 2.8 12.4 -0.2 133 19 q2 4.21 21 1.4 4.7 -1.8 79 20 4.20 21 2.9 9.0 -0.7 151 20 q5 4.23 23 2.0 8.7 1.4 60 21 q5 4.22 19 2.1 7.4 0.7 117 21 4.27 19 4.1 16.7 2.6 53 22 q4 4.20 19 2.0 7.4 -0.9 109 22 d4 4.27 16 6.1 23.7 0.1 55 23 q3 4.19 20 1.6 5.0 -0.8 120 23 4.24 22 4.5 16.7 -2.1 29 24 d3 4.25 22 7.1 28.7 3.4 121 24 4.26 22 5.7 25.1 1.3 23 25 4.21 22 2.9 13.7 -2.4 100 25 4.24 22 5.2 25.4 -1.4 38 26 4.20 22 4.0 19.4 -0.2 112 26 4.23 21 2.6 11.0 -0.8 67 27 4.21 21 4.7 20.1 0.2 76 27 q3 4.23 22 1.6 5.3 0.1 70 28 4.21 21 2.3 9.0 0.1 96 28 4.23 23 3.1 16.4 0.2 61 29 q2 4.19 22 1.5 6.0 -0.8 96 29 4.22 21 2.5 12.4 -0.6 83 30 4.20 21 2.5 10.4 0.4 96 30 4.23 21 2.8 9.7 0.4 84 31 d5 4.23 23 6.0 27.1 0.0 111 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.21 1.3 4.1 16.6 0.0 112.0 All 4.23 1.5 3.9 16.2 0.1 83.9 Quiet 4.20 0.6 1.7 5.9 -0.2 111.8 Quiet 4.21 1.0 1.6 6.5 -0.5 85.2 Dist. 4.21 2.2 7.9 31.1 0.7 124.2 Dist. 4.25 0.8 7.1 29.5 1.0 96.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.24 (west) is -5.22 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.80 (Nov 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.78 (Dec 9) Minimum -5.58 (Nov 10) Minimum -5.46 (Dec 10) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 2 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.10 3.4 13.6 -0.1 0.9 79.5 744 662 Feb 4.10 4.7 20.2 0.0 1.4 120.1 696 639 Mar 4.11 4.7 18.5 0.0 1.2 88.4 744 659 Apr 4.11 5.6 20.4 0.0 1.3 102.1 720 636 May 4.11 5.4 19.3 0.0 1.1 107.6 744 670 Jun 4.14 5.4 19.6 0.0 1.0 109.9 720 659 Jul 4.14 5.5 20.5 0.0 1.4 105.5 744 698 Aug 4.17 5.7 21.2 0.1 1.4 92.9 744 675 Sep 4.17 5.4 21.9 0.0 1.3 114.6 720 629 Oct 4.20 5.6 24.2 0.1 2.3 102.6 744 656 Nov 4.21 4.1 16.6 0.0 1.3 112.0 720 625 Dec 4.23 3.9 16.2 0.1 1.5 83.9 744 653 Mean 4.15 4.9 19.4 0.0 1.3 101.6 8784 7861 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.09 1.3 4.9 -0.4 0.7 83.6 120 103 Feb 4.10 2.1 8.4 -0.5 0.6 127.4 120 109 Mar 4.09 2.5 9.0 -1.0 0.6 83.4 120 109 Apr 4.10 3.8 14.1 0.4 0.5 107.0 120 103 May 4.12 4.3 15.9 0.5 0.9 108.2 120 108 Jun 4.14 3.7 14.3 0.0 0.6 108.6 120 109 Jul 4.13 3.5 14.2 -0.5 0.8 100.8 120 111 Aug 4.17 3.6 12.6 0.1 0.5 58.4 120 106 Sep 4.17 3.1 10.8 -0.2 0.5 134.8 120 99 Oct 4.18 2.2 7.9 -0.3 0.6 100.4 120 100 Nov 4.20 1.7 5.9 -0.2 0.6 111.8 120 102 Dec 4.21 1.6 6.5 -0.5 1.0 85.2 120 110 Mean 4.14 2.8 10.4 -0.2 0.7 100.8 1440 1269 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.10 5.7 23.3 0.2 0.8 85.2 120 104 Feb 4.11 9.9 48.5 1.0 3.1 132.6 120 111 Mar 4.13 6.8 27.3 1.6 1.6 119.2 120 107 Apr 4.12 8.9 34.2 0.9 2.2 95.4 120 108 May 4.11 6.4 22.3 -0.3 1.0 107.4 120 106 Jun 4.13 8.4 30.5 -0.3 1.3 123.0 120 106 Jul 4.15 8.6 33.9 0.1 2.2 123.8 120 113 Aug 4.20 10.0 38.0 2.5 1.7 111.2 120 105 Sep 4.17 9.8 42.8 1.4 2.6 94.0 120 107 Oct 4.26 14.1 67.8 0.9 3.3 105.2 120 108 Nov 4.21 7.9 31.1 0.7 2.2 124.2 120 102 Dec 4.25 7.1 29.5 1.0 0.8 96.6 120 103 Mean 4.16 8.6 35.8 0.8 1.9 109.8 1440 1280 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -5.35 -5.01 -5.63 Feb -5.35 -4.68 -6.37 Mar -5.34 -4.82 -5.66 Apr -5.34 -4.77 -5.63 May -5.34 -5.09 -5.62 Jun -5.31 -4.78 -5.64 Jul -5.31 -4.84 -5.65 Aug -5.28 -4.61 -5.63 Sep -5.28 -4.30 -5.76 Oct -5.25 -3.86 -6.15 Nov -5.24 -4.80 -5.58 Dec -5.22 -4.78 -5.46 Mean -5.30 -4.70 -5.73 Results for 1873 HELSINKI D 1873 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 38 53 -9 -1 -4 -6 -8 -7 -9 -12 -25 -36 -48 -46 -26 -28 -31 -5 5 25 42 40 60 48 -5 11.9 FEBRUARY 26 30 19 22 14 13 5 3 5 -2 -21 -34 -41 -50 -41 -25 -17 -30 -10 19 16 28 36 34 -5 12.3 MARCH 41 41 35 31 20 19 23 34 26 10 -22 -58 -86 -73 -69 -54 -27 -8 -2 5 17 18 31 41 -5 11.8 APRIL 33 35 24 21 29 36 36 66 51 25 -11 -54 -85 -94 -81 -62 -40 -27 -17 5 1 22 39 45 -5 11.6 MAY 27 32 47 42 44 48 47 40 34 11 -20 -55 -77 -69 -60 -52 -34 -24 -13 -10 -4 13 8 19 -5 11.5 JUNE 27 33 27 39 42 31 36 42 45 18 -10 -42 -66 -72 -62 -53 -41 -27 -11 -3 -4 14 21 15 -5 11.1 JULY 14 19 24 37 46 55 54 50 45 18 -11 -41 -67 -79 -60 -43 -31 -19 -14 -15 -3 6 9 14 -5 10.4 AUGUST 11 28 32 31 31 43 44 48 30 8 -23 -54 -70 -73 -59 -42 -22 -14 -5 -6 2 14 25 24 -5 9.4 SEPTEMBER 22 8 26 19 23 28 30 30 12 -1 -26 -49 -62 -71 -54 -34 -16 -2 -5 10 27 23 33 36 -5 7.8 OCTOBER 10 15 13 13 16 11 10 6 9 2 -13 -33 -43 -45 -42 -35 -7 -6 15 10 25 26 22 32 -5 5.0 NOVEMBER 31 8 2 6 1 -2 -3 -3 6 1 -13 -21 -33 -31 -29 -23 -8 -8 2 10 24 31 26 27 -5 4.3 DECEMBER 27 15 12 6 6 0 -2 -6 -2 -3 -9 -20 -26 -29 -23 -18 -13 -10 -6 11 15 19 27 25 -5 4.1 WINTER 30 33 7 9 5 2 -2 -3 -2 -6 -18 -30 -38 -42 -30 -24 -20 -15 -4 18 24 29 41 36 -5 9.4 EQUINOX 27 23 25 22 22 23 24 29 23 8 -18 -45 -64 -64 -56 -43 -22 -13 -3 5 15 22 27 33 -5 8.7 SUMMER 17 27 28 36 40 43 45 47 40 15 -15 -46 -68 -75 -60 -46 -31 -20 -10 -8 -2 11 18 18 -5 10.3 YEAR 26 27 21 23 23 23 23 26 21 7 -17 -41 -58 -61 -50 -39 -23 -15 -5 5 13 22 28 30 -5 9.3 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 8 -4 9 1 12 9 7 -1 9 15 2 -19 -25 -29 -19 -13 -7 1 2 0 19 15 15 7 -5 13.2 FEBRUARY 14 6 22 5 15 13 -7 7 11 9 -11 -19 -31 -33 -21 -15 -14 -5 -5 5 27 16 13 2 -5 12.8 MARCH 35 0 9 12 18 21 30 38 38 22 1 -30 -53 -52 -49 -27 -20 -2 0 1 2 0 1 14 -5 12.5 APRIL 15 11 18 5 18 33 51 71 62 37 5 -50 -70 -74 -56 -34 -9 -15 -5 -14 -9 3 6 7 -5 12.2 MAY -16 33 28 48 35 28 35 22 25 9 -20 -45 -57 -46 -33 -22 -13 -12 -6 -15 6 2 14 -4 -5 11.5 JUNE 7 4 26 30 29 34 29 43 39 21 4 -29 -47 -49 -47 -39 -27 -13 -13 0 -21 3 1 7 -5 10.6 JULY 0 17 17 41 36 37 20 25 31 17 -1 -25 -49 -72 -49 -21 -21 0 2 -8 1 0 5 5 -5 10.8 AUGUST -2 -5 9 34 23 35 36 54 43 15 -13 -38 -56 -49 -37 -23 -12 0 -9 -7 -12 4 8 9 -5 9.2 SEPTEMBER 3 16 24 19 22 19 30 32 14 4 -20 -33 -46 -49 -43 -23 -16 -12 -12 -7 4 12 24 43 -5 8.3 OCTOBER 0 5 1 17 9 6 8 13 19 14 -11 -22 -27 -33 -27 -10 -12 -7 -1 -1 4 9 22 18 -5 5.2 NOVEMBER 4 9 2 0 -2 3 3 5 7 7 -6 -9 -17 -21 -17 -1 -9 -4 -6 7 5 9 12 9 -5 4.6 DECEMBER 4 -1 -7 -2 -1 0 3 3 8 7 4 -6 -19 -21 -12 -5 -3 -6 1 -3 4 15 14 20 -5 4.6 WINTER 9 0 8 1 9 7 1 3 9 10 -2 -15 -25 -28 -17 -11 -8 -3 -1 1 17 15 14 10 -5 10.2 EQUINOX 7 12 14 17 17 18 26 30 28 16 -9 -32 -45 -46 -38 -20 -13 -9 -5 -5 2 6 13 15 -5 9.1 SUMMER 2 5 17 35 29 35 28 41 38 18 -3 -31 -51 -57 -44 -28 -20 -4 -7 -5 -11 2 5 7 -5 10.2 YEAR 6 7 13 17 18 20 20 26 25 15 -6 -27 -42 -44 -34 -20 -14 -7 -5 -4 2 7 11 11 -5 9.6 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 117 248 -81 -81 -39 -49 -65 -47 -60 -64 -83 -52 -90 -70 -20 -23 -11 -13 -6 0 102 39 180 172 -5 9.5 FEBRUARY 15 81 19 37 21 -4 -13 -17 -16 -8 -10 -31 -33 -64 -46 -49 -12 -68 -44 37 8 46 79 77 -5 12.2 MARCH 69 90 73 45 -14 -8 24 14 -12 -2 -46 -75-129 -48 -85 -79 -45 -10 38 36 85 -14 33 71 -5 9.9 APRIL 92 81 56 19 18 23 -34 75 30 12 -22 -65 -95-122-105 -71 -53 -34 -16 6 -7 14 99 95 -5 11.3 MAY 85 42 58 38 31 59 72 52 48 -2 -23 -68-107 -75 -86 -79 -23 -28 -8 -15 -25 11 0 40 -5 12.0 JUNE 16 68 66 65 87 26 38 39 62 14 -15 -48 -88-142 -96 -75 -66 -57 -6 0 -10 41 34 45 -5 11.3 JULY 66 72 53 72 78 87 74 50 44 1 -38 -73 -97-110 -89 -65 -34 -30 -25 -35 -28 4 12 15 -5 10.3 AUGUST 16 48 50 44 35 65 56 65 47 17 -25 -73 -82-104 -81 -59 -53 -33 -23 -9 18 9 33 50 -5 8.8 SEPTEMBER 18 1 17 -3 28 44 34 21 17 -8 -33 -57 -74 -87 -73 -51 -17 -13 5 38 62 51 33 49 -5 7.0 OCTOBER -24 23 1 14 11 19 3 -3 -2 -10 -32 -45 -54 -41 -60 -72 24 -34 1 4 85 58 46 91 -5 4.5 NOVEMBER 38 22 -9 2 -9 -9 -9 -13 -10 -6 -28 -45 -50 -36 -51 -41 20 -39 -3 38 69 84 56 34 -5 3.6 DECEMBER 78 38 21 16 7 3 -18 -38 -26 -15 -26 -39 -33 -34 -48 -29 -14 -24 -33 7 49 47 67 53 -5 3.3 WINTER 70 122 -14 -9 -4 -17 -32 -34 -34 -29 -40 -41 -52 -56 -38 -34 -12 -35 -28 15 53 44 109 101 -5 8.3 EQUINOX 46 43 33 19 11 21 15 24 12 -3 -31 -59 -85 -68 -77 -66 -16 -26 3 18 45 34 45 63 -5 8.1 SUMMER 33 63 56 60 67 59 56 51 51 11 -26 -65 -89-119 -89 -66 -51 -40 -18 -15 -7 18 26 37 -5 10.1 YEAR 49 67 27 22 21 21 13 16 10 -6 -32 -56 -78 -78 -70 -58 -24 -32 -10 8 34 32 56 66 -5 8.6 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 3 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.26 24 5.1 19.0 1.7 161 1 4.24 24 3.9 15.7 -0.1 89 2 q1 4.22 23 1.4 5.3 -2.2 87 2 d2 4.22 22 7.8 36.4 -1.1 96 3 4.24 22 7.2 27.7 0.9 117 3 q5 4.24 24 2.7 10.7 1.0 112 4 4.25 21 5.4 26.7 1.0 100 4 4.24 24 3.8 17.4 0.0 111 5 d2 4.30 21 17.0 74.2 3.0 111 5 4.25 22 3.7 13.4 0.9 97 6 d4 4.30 22 10.6 49.8 -0.1 87 6 q2 4.24 24 1.9 8.7 -0.8 69 7 d3 4.28 21 14.3 70.9 -1.1 69 7 4.24 24 3.5 13.7 0.1 69 8 d1 4.30 23 21.9 124.7 0.8 58 8 d5 4.25 21 5.6 21.1 0.3 87 9 4.24 21 3.2 14.4 -3.2 41 9 d1 4.23 22 8.9 38.8 -1.1 99 10 4.27 21 4.3 20.7 1.4 51 10 4.26 23 3.3 16.7 2.0 83 11 4.23 24 2.9 12.4 -2.0 51 11 d3 4.26 23 6.8 36.4 0.0 135 12 4.26 23 7.7 42.1 1.4 85 12 4.24 21 3.4 11.7 -1.0 97 13 4.25 22 3.1 14.0 -0.6 103 13 q4 4.24 23 2.6 11.4 0.0 109 14 4.22 23 3.2 11.4 -1.5 111 14 4.23 23 2.9 10.0 -0.9 133 15 4.24 24 4.7 23.1 1.0 111 15 4.23 21 3.3 13.0 0.2 84 16 4.26 24 2.7 10.4 1.1 92 16 4.23 22 3.0 14.4 -0.2 112 17 q2 4.24 22 1.7 7.0 -1.0 85 17 q3 4.23 19 2.0 7.0 -0.1 148 18 4.27 23 6.6 29.1 1.6 52 18 q1 4.23 23 1.7 5.3 0.4 144 19 d5 4.25 22 8.7 34.1 -0.7 55 19 4.24 18 4.2 15.7 0.1 168 20 4.27 24 4.2 15.7 1.0 63 20 4.24 22 4.1 19.0 0.3 121 21 4.26 23 5.2 27.1 -0.8 52 21 4.26 24 5.4 20.7 1.2 111 22 q4 4.23 21 1.8 6.3 -1.8 55 22 d4 4.27 24 5.7 24.4 0.6 109 23 q3 4.22 24 1.8 6.3 -0.4 72 23 4.26 22 3.5 12.7 -0.8 144 24 4.22 21 8.4 43.4 -0.2 73 24 4.25 22 3.0 10.7 -0.6 138 25 4.25 24 7.3 31.4 1.7 99 25 4.25 22 4.9 17.7 -0.2 103 26 4.22 21 4.5 17.7 -1.5 103 26 4.25 22 2.9 11.4 0.5 81 27 4.28 22 6.5 26.7 3.6 124 27 4.27 23 3.7 13.7 0.7 57 28 4.25 23 3.3 15.0 -1.6 96 28 4.25 22 2.9 12.0 -0.8 90 29 4.26 24 4.3 19.7 0.4 88 30 4.24 23 2.1 8.7 -1.2 81 31 q5 4.24 24 2.0 7.0 0.1 154 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.25 1.4 5.9 27.2 0.0 86.7 All 4.24 0.8 4.0 16.4 0.0 107.0 Quiet 4.23 0.6 1.7 6.4 -1.1 90.6 Quiet 4.24 0.4 2.2 8.6 0.1 116.4 Dist. 4.29 1.1 14.5 70.7 0.4 76.0 Dist. 4.24 1.2 7.0 31.4 -0.3 105.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.20 (west) is -5.21 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.55 (Jan 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.78 (Feb 11) Minimum -5.65 (Jan 24) Minimum -5.63 (Feb 9) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.24 22 4.5 16.4 -0.6 100 1 4.24 18 4.7 15.4 -0.1 79 2 4.25 23 5.9 18.7 0.5 84 2 4.25 22 6.6 29.1 0.8 106 3 4.23 22 3.4 14.7 -0.9 96 3 d4 4.28 23 7.1 26.4 1.8 88 4 4.26 22 6.3 26.4 1.6 121 4 d3 4.22 22 7.4 42.4 -3.7 57 5 d4 4.26 23 7.1 33.4 0.3 146 5 q2 4.26 22 3.9 14.7 2.2 81 6 q1 4.24 21 2.0 8.4 -1.5 163 6 4.26 22 5.2 17.7 0.3 81 7 4.21 21 3.3 14.0 -1.5 166 7 4.25 20 5.7 18.0 -0.9 52 8 4.20 23 6.6 29.1 -0.7 175 8 4.25 23 4.3 14.4 0.2 51 9 d2 4.32 21 8.7 43.4 7.2 139 9 d5 4.25 22 6.7 30.1 -0.3 67 10 d3 4.29 21 7.5 29.1 -2.1 121 10 4.24 22 5.9 19.0 -0.2 70 11 4.28 24 4.7 17.4 -0.3 115 11 4.25 22 5.1 18.0 0.4 97 12 4.26 24 4.7 24.4 -1.4 124 12 4.24 23 5.4 21.4 -0.9 104 13 4.25 20 4.9 22.7 -0.8 115 13 4.23 23 6.0 23.4 -0.2 91 14 q4 4.24 21 3.1 11.0 -0.2 81 14 q4 4.23 20 4.1 17.0 0.1 87 15 4.24 23 5.4 21.4 -0.2 82 15 q3 4.25 21 4.0 13.7 1.0 82 16 4.26 22 4.7 14.7 1.1 49 16 q1 4.23 22 3.8 13.7 -1.1 76 17 4.23 19 4.4 15.7 -1.7 27 17 q5 4.25 20 4.2 14.7 1.2 76 18 q3 4.25 22 3.0 11.7 1.3 46 18 d1 4.24 23 9.6 46.5 -0.6 61 19 q2 4.25 23 2.8 9.4 -0.2 38 19 4.28 23 6.4 21.7 2.4 60 20 q5 4.24 24 3.1 12.7 -0.3 60 20 d2 4.29 23 9.1 41.1 0.6 16 21 4.25 22 5.2 19.7 0.4 73 21 4.27 18 4.6 18.0 -1.6 34 22 d1 4.27 22 9.5 31.4 1.3 73 22 4.26 19 6.0 26.4 -0.5 69 23 d5 4.27 24 7.0 24.7 -0.2 61 23 4.26 19 5.2 17.0 0.2 57 24 4.25 22 6.5 25.7 -0.7 81 24 4.27 23 4.3 15.0 0.2 81 25 4.24 22 5.4 22.7 -0.6 85 25 4.24 23 6.1 18.7 -1.8 95 26 4.24 18 6.2 25.1 -0.4 103 26 4.26 24 4.7 18.7 1.7 79 27 4.25 21 4.4 16.4 0.8 121 27 4.25 23 5.0 16.7 -1.0 99 28 4.26 23 6.1 24.1 0.5 102 28 4.27 15 5.7 16.0 1.2 99 29 4.26 23 4.5 16.0 0.1 94 29 4.27 22 4.7 16.4 -0.1 96 30 4.24 23 5.4 19.7 -1.2 91 30 4.27 20 6.4 22.7 0.0 94 31 4.24 21 4.3 15.7 -0.3 115 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.25 1.3 5.2 20.5 0.0 98.3 All 4.25 1.0 5.6 21.5 0.1 76.2 Quiet 4.24 0.3 2.8 10.6 -0.2 77.6 Quiet 4.25 0.6 4.0 14.8 0.7 80.4 Dist. 4.28 1.3 7.9 32.4 1.3 108.0 Dist. 4.26 1.6 8.0 37.3 -0.5 57.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.20 (west) is -5.20 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.79 (Mar 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.63 (Apr 18) Minimum -5.54 (Mar 9) Minimum -5.69 (Apr 4) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 3 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.27 23 4.4 15.4 -0.2 90 1 d5 4.26 24 6.4 24.7 0.8 97 2 4.28 21 3.9 14.4 0.6 73 2 q1 4.28 8 2.0 7.0 0.9 73 3 4.26 22 4.9 16.0 -0.7 57 3 4.25 20 3.9 16.4 -1.7 90 4 4.27 22 3.8 10.7 0.2 55 4 4.25 20 4.3 16.0 0.1 75 5 4.26 20 5.3 17.0 -0.5 54 5 q2 4.27 21 3.1 10.4 0.9 60 6 d5 4.22 20 5.7 21.1 -2.6 67 6 q4 4.29 23 3.4 12.0 1.2 78 7 4.26 23 4.3 14.7 2.7 67 7 4.28 22 3.7 13.0 -0.4 70 8 q5 4.26 22 3.4 14.0 0.1 34 8 q3 4.27 23 3.1 11.4 -0.7 52 9 q1 4.27 20 2.4 9.0 0.3 34 9 4.25 22 4.0 14.4 -1.1 36 10 q2 4.25 21 2.9 10.0 -1.1 36 10 4.26 24 3.9 15.0 0.7 36 11 q3 4.26 23 3.3 11.7 0.7 52 11 4.26 24 3.6 11.7 -0.2 16 12 4.23 17 3.6 12.0 -1.9 33 12 d3 4.26 24 7.0 24.1 0.1 0 13 4.25 22 4.0 14.4 1.3 36 13 4.25 23 3.7 12.4 -0.5 0 14 4.26 21 5.0 20.4 0.5 36 14 4.25 22 5.7 22.1 0.2 0 15 d4 4.26 22 5.8 21.4 -0.1 34 15 4.21 22 3.8 15.0 -2.7 0 16 d3 4.23 23 5.8 26.4 -1.4 16 16 4.28 21 4.3 14.0 4.1 0 17 q4 4.25 19 3.3 12.7 1.2 34 17 q5 4.27 23 3.6 12.4 -0.6 0 18 4.26 22 3.4 12.0 0.1 16 18 4.27 23 3.9 14.0 0.1 0 19 4.28 21 4.7 16.0 1.4 0 19 4.27 20 5.3 17.0 0.0 33 20 4.26 24 5.1 17.0 -0.9 0 20 d2 4.26 19 7.2 29.1 -0.4 51 21 4.28 23 4.9 18.0 1.0 0 21 4.29 21 4.0 13.4 1.4 34 22 4.25 21 4.3 12.7 -1.8 0 22 4.28 19 3.8 13.7 -0.6 34 23 d2 4.26 21 6.1 20.4 0.3 16 23 4.28 23 3.7 13.7 0.1 34 24 d1 4.28 20 7.7 29.4 1.4 36 24 4.28 22 5.3 17.7 0.4 51 25 4.25 22 4.8 17.0 -1.5 76 25 4.25 20 5.7 20.4 -1.8 52 26 4.22 20 4.6 15.4 -2.0 79 26 d1 4.27 22 7.4 26.4 1.2 69 27 4.25 24 4.5 15.7 1.7 67 27 4.25 22 5.8 25.4 -1.2 69 28 4.27 20 4.6 18.0 1.0 64 28 4.29 24 6.0 22.4 2.0 67 29 4.29 19 5.2 19.0 1.4 84 29 4.27 23 5.2 19.0 -1.1 94 30 4.24 19 4.5 15.4 -2.8 120 30 d4 4.28 19 6.5 28.4 0.5 73 31 4.25 18 4.1 13.4 0.3 118 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.26 1.0 4.5 16.2 0.0 47.9 All 4.27 0.9 4.6 17.1 0.1 44.8 Quiet 4.26 0.4 3.1 11.5 0.2 38.0 Quiet 4.27 0.5 3.0 10.6 0.3 52.6 Dist. 4.25 1.3 6.2 23.7 -0.5 33.8 Dist. 4.27 0.4 6.9 26.5 0.4 58.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.19 (west) is -5.18 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.93 (May 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.94 (Jun 30) Minimum -5.45 (May 6) Minimum -5.51 (Jun 20) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.29 24 4.3 14.7 0.3 76 1 q5 4.29 20 3.5 14.0 -0.5 76 2 4.27 23 3.7 14.4 -0.8 97 2 q3 4.29 23 3.2 12.7 0.1 111 3 4.29 23 3.7 16.0 1.2 78 3 4.27 24 3.8 13.0 -1.3 109 4 4.27 23 3.7 13.4 -1.2 94 4 4.28 21 4.4 14.7 0.4 88 5 4.28 19 4.1 13.0 0.7 81 5 d5 4.31 24 5.4 23.4 1.7 78 6 4.27 22 3.8 15.0 -0.8 64 6 4.29 23 3.8 14.7 -0.8 60 7 q3 4.29 22 3.0 10.4 1.2 60 7 d1 4.32 22 6.3 26.4 1.4 76 8 q1 4.27 24 2.9 10.7 -0.9 37 8 4.28 19 4.0 15.7 -2.4 51 9 4.28 23 4.7 14.7 0.4 39 9 4.30 19 5.2 19.4 1.3 36 10 d4 4.24 18 5.9 19.0 -2.1 19 10 d3 4.27 21 5.8 18.0 -1.8 36 11 4.28 20 5.4 18.0 2.3 34 11 4.29 22 5.4 24.1 1.1 19 12 d5 4.27 21 5.8 18.4 -0.7 34 12 4.29 23 4.2 12.7 -0.2 19 13 d1 4.29 22 7.3 29.7 1.2 37 13 4.28 22 4.6 16.0 -0.3 19 14 4.26 22 5.5 18.0 -1.8 43 14 4.32 23 5.0 20.1 2.1 34 15 4.29 22 3.8 12.0 1.9 36 15 4.27 22 3.6 13.0 -2.5 51 16 d2 4.24 22 6.2 21.4 -3.3 16 16 4.29 22 4.0 12.4 0.8 51 17 4.29 23 3.6 12.4 2.8 58 17 4.31 22 5.1 17.7 1.5 49 18 q2 4.25 21 2.9 11.0 -1.9 73 18 d2 4.31 23 6.3 23.7 0.1 36 19 q4 4.29 22 3.2 12.0 2.2 34 19 q1 4.30 23 2.5 10.0 -1.0 55 20 4.27 23 5.1 17.0 -1.0 18 20 q4 4.30 22 3.3 11.4 0.2 75 21 d3 4.29 21 6.0 22.1 1.1 37 21 4.30 20 4.8 18.7 0.1 75 22 4.27 22 4.4 14.7 -1.2 37 22 4.28 21 4.0 14.4 -1.0 75 23 q5 4.26 22 3.2 13.0 -0.8 85 23 4.27 20 4.5 17.4 -0.8 81 24 4.27 22 4.1 15.0 0.9 115 24 4.25 21 3.6 13.4 -1.1 78 25 4.28 22 5.4 19.4 0.3 127 25 4.30 23 4.8 23.4 2.6 93 26 4.27 22 5.0 17.7 -0.3 130 26 4.33 22 4.8 14.7 2.0 89 27 4.29 20 5.7 18.7 0.8 108 27 4.27 23 4.3 16.4 -3.3 81 28 4.28 23 4.2 18.0 -0.6 142 28 q2 4.31 23 3.0 10.4 2.2 97 29 4.29 21 5.2 17.0 0.4 102 29 4.30 20 4.9 18.4 -0.3 102 30 4.29 21 4.0 16.7 0.1 75 30 4.30 21 4.7 15.0 -0.4 96 31 4.30 22 4.4 16.7 0.8 87 31 d4 4.32 23 5.8 19.4 1.1 118 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.28 0.9 4.5 16.1 0.0 66.9 All 4.29 1.0 4.5 16.6 0.0 68.2 Quiet 4.27 0.9 3.0 11.4 0.0 57.8 Quiet 4.30 0.4 3.1 11.7 0.2 82.8 Dist. 4.27 1.3 6.2 22.1 -0.8 28.6 Dist. 4.30 1.1 5.9 22.2 0.5 68.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.17 (west) is -5.16 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.84 (Jul 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.90 (Aug 7) Minimum -5.41 (Jul 16) Minimum -5.37 (Aug 11) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 3 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.31 20 4.7 15.4 -0.8 82 1 4.37 22 3.9 18.7 0.9 67 2 q5 4.32 18 3.1 11.0 0.9 58 2 4.36 23 3.6 16.7 -0.3 82 3 4.29 21 4.0 12.0 -2.1 42 3 4.33 21 2.9 9.7 -1.9 73 4 4.28 20 3.4 11.7 -0.3 42 4 4.36 21 3.6 13.0 2.0 81 5 d4 4.28 24 5.1 17.0 -0.2 69 5 4.35 19 4.1 13.0 -0.9 55 6 4.31 21 4.6 15.7 1.7 52 6 4.37 16 2.8 9.7 1.1 51 7 4.31 21 3.5 13.4 0.2 45 7 4.39 23 2.8 10.0 1.3 69 8 4.33 24 4.2 15.4 1.1 39 8 4.37 21 2.4 8.7 -1.2 62 9 d5 4.30 23 4.9 15.4 -1.5 43 9 d2 4.40 21 5.5 23.7 1.9 62 10 4.29 22 4.2 14.0 -0.7 37 10 4.37 22 3.2 12.4 -1.7 54 11 q2 4.31 22 2.6 8.7 1.0 18 11 d3 4.36 22 5.0 21.4 -0.4 37 12 q4 4.31 24 2.9 12.7 0.3 16 12 4.37 22 4.4 22.7 0.3 36 13 4.31 23 4.7 20.7 -0.2 16 13 q3 4.37 23 1.8 7.4 0.2 39 14 d1 4.35 22 5.7 18.7 2.3 33 14 q2 4.37 23 1.7 6.0 -0.4 49 15 4.31 21 3.9 14.4 -1.9 51 15 d4 4.38 20 4.8 17.4 0.9 65 16 4.31 21 3.3 12.0 0.0 42 16 4.37 19 3.1 11.7 -0.8 70 17 q3 4.31 22 2.8 9.7 0.0 37 17 4.38 22 3.1 11.7 0.4 47 18 q1 4.30 20 2.0 7.4 -0.9 43 18 d5 4.38 24 4.5 20.4 0.0 46 19 4.34 21 4.9 19.7 2.5 58 19 4.37 23 4.5 18.4 -0.5 17 20 4.33 21 4.5 16.7 -0.7 51 20 4.35 23 2.9 13.7 -1.0 0 21 d3 4.36 21 5.3 25.4 1.8 54 21 d1 4.35 24 8.0 44.4 -0.1 16 22 4.32 23 3.9 14.0 -2.2 39 22 4.39 21 4.2 19.0 2.2 16 23 4.29 22 4.1 14.4 -2.0 42 23 4.41 24 3.6 16.0 1.2 33 24 4.30 18 4.8 16.7 0.6 72 24 4.38 22 2.5 12.0 -1.7 34 25 4.32 20 4.0 14.0 1.4 72 25 4.36 22 3.0 9.7 -1.3 29 26 4.31 20 4.4 15.4 -0.5 70 26 q4 4.36 24 1.8 8.4 0.0 76 27 4.38 19 3.2 9.0 4.1 57 27 q1 4.36 22 1.6 5.3 0.5 76 28 4.36 22 3.9 14.0 -1.4 40 28 4.36 21 4.1 15.7 -0.2 64 29 d2 4.38 24 5.3 22.4 1.3 46 29 4.36 16 2.5 9.7 0.1 25 30 4.35 21 4.8 19.4 -1.6 48 30 4.34 23 3.9 15.7 -1.3 22 31 q5 4.35 22 2.2 7.7 0.7 7 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.32 1.6 4.1 14.9 0.1 47.1 All 4.37 0.9 3.5 14.5 0.0 47.1 Quiet 4.31 0.5 2.7 9.9 0.3 34.4 Quiet 4.36 0.5 1.8 7.0 0.2 49.4 Dist. 4.33 2.3 5.3 19.8 0.7 49.0 Dist. 4.37 1.0 5.5 25.5 0.5 45.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.13 (west) is -5.08 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.83 (Sep 29) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.76 (Oct 21) Minimum -5.34 (Sep 5) Minimum -5.50 (Oct 21) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 4.37 23 4.8 21.1 1.3 16 1 4.39 23 3.1 16.4 0.0 16 2 d2 4.40 23 5.6 25.4 1.8 0 2 4.37 20 1.4 6.0 -1.0 34 3 4.37 22 3.1 12.7 -2.0 21 3 q3 4.37 21 1.2 4.3 0.0 49 4 4.38 23 1.5 5.3 0.4 37 4 4.37 20 1.3 4.7 0.0 38 5 4.38 22 2.1 7.0 0.1 52 5 4.39 21 1.5 8.0 0.7 54 6 4.37 22 1.5 5.3 -0.5 71 6 4.37 23 1.3 5.7 -1.1 55 7 4.38 22 2.9 10.4 0.7 58 7 q5 4.36 14 1.3 5.0 -0.3 60 8 4.39 24 2.4 10.0 0.2 72 8 4.39 24 2.9 10.4 1.4 60 9 4.37 22 2.1 9.0 -0.7 93 9 d1 4.41 24 6.6 23.4 1.5 56 10 4.37 19 1.7 6.3 -0.5 91 10 d3 4.40 19 4.1 16.7 -0.7 60 11 q5 4.37 24 1.4 4.7 0.3 91 11 q4 4.37 24 1.3 6.3 -1.5 63 12 d3 4.39 23 5.3 22.4 1.0 73 12 4.38 23 2.2 7.0 0.5 63 13 4.40 19 4.8 16.0 0.8 106 13 4.38 22 2.0 8.0 0.1 56 14 d1 4.39 22 5.9 23.7 -0.7 108 14 d4 4.40 23 3.7 15.4 0.8 38 15 4.38 22 2.0 9.4 -0.5 99 15 d2 4.38 22 4.8 18.7 -1.3 38 16 4.37 24 2.5 11.0 -0.5 97 16 4.39 20 2.4 9.7 0.8 19 17 q3 4.38 20 1.0 4.3 0.4 85 17 4.38 23 2.0 7.7 -0.6 19 18 q1 4.37 23 0.8 2.7 -0.6 77 18 4.37 22 1.8 6.3 -0.3 19 19 4.36 24 2.7 14.4 -0.7 66 19 4.38 22 1.3 5.3 0.4 0 20 4.37 23 3.3 16.0 1.1 60 20 q2 4.37 21 1.0 3.3 -0.5 40 21 4.38 21 2.7 12.4 0.4 71 21 4.37 21 1.6 6.0 -0.4 40 22 4.36 23 4.2 19.0 -1.1 54 22 4.37 20 1.9 8.7 0.5 38 23 4.36 24 3.5 13.7 -0.1 54 23 4.37 24 2.8 11.0 -0.2 42 24 q4 4.37 23 1.3 6.0 0.5 8 24 q1 4.38 20 0.9 3.3 0.6 46 25 d4 4.40 24 5.2 20.4 2.0 16 25 4.38 22 1.6 8.7 -0.3 85 26 4.41 23 4.7 20.1 0.2 10 26 4.37 23 2.7 12.4 -0.4 87 27 4.37 21 2.9 10.4 -2.0 16 27 4.39 24 1.8 6.7 1.4 70 28 q2 4.38 24 0.8 2.7 0.3 10 28 4.38 23 1.6 7.7 -0.8 85 29 4.37 23 2.4 11.7 -0.3 34 29 d5 4.39 23 3.3 17.4 1.0 76 30 4.39 24 2.8 13.4 1.0 16 30 4.40 24 2.7 9.4 0.5 67 31 4.38 24 1.8 8.4 -1.2 51 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.38 0.7 2.9 12.2 0.1 55.4 All 4.38 0.7 2.3 9.3 0.0 49.2 Quiet 4.37 0.2 1.1 4.1 0.2 54.2 Quiet 4.37 0.3 1.1 4.5 -0.3 51.6 Dist. 4.39 0.7 5.4 22.6 1.1 42.6 Dist. 4.40 0.7 4.5 18.3 0.3 53.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.07 (west) is -5.07 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.73 (Nov 2) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.84 (Dec 9) Minimum -5.27 (Nov 22) Minimum -5.28 (Dec 15) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 3 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.25 5.9 27.2 0.0 1.4 86.7 744 700 Feb 4.24 4.0 16.4 0.0 0.8 107.0 672 626 Mar 4.25 5.2 20.5 0.0 1.3 98.3 744 682 Apr 4.25 5.6 21.5 0.1 1.0 76.2 720 642 May 4.26 4.5 16.2 0.0 1.0 47.9 744 655 Jun 4.27 4.6 17.1 0.1 0.9 44.8 720 643 Jul 4.28 4.5 16.1 0.0 0.9 66.9 744 677 Aug 4.29 4.5 16.6 0.0 1.0 68.2 744 677 Sep 4.32 4.1 14.9 0.1 1.6 47.1 720 641 Oct 4.37 3.5 14.5 0.0 0.9 47.1 744 671 Nov 4.38 2.9 12.2 0.1 0.7 55.4 720 676 Dec 4.38 2.3 9.3 0.0 0.7 49.2 744 679 Mean 4.30 4.3 16.9 0.0 1.0 66.2 8760 7969 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.23 1.7 6.4 -1.1 0.6 90.6 120 114 Feb 4.24 2.2 8.6 0.1 0.4 116.4 120 113 Mar 4.24 2.8 10.6 -0.2 0.3 77.6 120 111 Apr 4.25 4.0 14.8 0.7 0.6 80.4 120 105 May 4.26 3.1 11.5 0.2 0.4 38.0 120 105 Jun 4.27 3.0 10.6 0.3 0.5 52.6 120 98 Jul 4.27 3.0 11.4 0.0 0.9 57.8 120 111 Aug 4.30 3.1 11.7 0.2 0.4 82.8 120 111 Sep 4.31 2.7 9.9 0.3 0.5 34.4 120 106 Oct 4.36 1.8 7.0 0.2 0.5 49.4 120 114 Nov 4.37 1.1 4.1 0.2 0.2 54.2 120 114 Dec 4.37 1.1 4.5 -0.3 0.3 51.6 120 100 Mean 4.29 2.5 9.3 0.0 0.5 65.5 1440 1302 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.29 14.5 70.7 0.4 1.1 76.0 120 109 Feb 4.24 7.0 31.4 -0.3 1.2 105.2 120 112 Mar 4.28 7.9 32.4 1.3 1.3 108.0 120 111 Apr 4.26 8.0 37.3 -0.5 1.6 57.8 120 113 May 4.25 6.2 23.7 -0.5 1.3 33.8 120 106 Jun 4.27 6.9 26.5 0.4 0.4 58.0 120 108 Jul 4.27 6.2 22.1 -0.8 1.3 28.6 120 104 Aug 4.30 5.9 22.2 0.5 1.1 68.8 120 113 Sep 4.33 5.3 19.8 0.7 2.3 49.0 120 114 Oct 4.37 5.5 25.5 0.5 1.0 45.2 120 111 Nov 4.39 5.4 22.6 1.1 0.7 42.6 120 115 Dec 4.40 4.5 18.3 0.3 0.7 53.6 120 111 Mean 4.30 6.9 29.4 0.3 1.2 60.5 1440 1327 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -5.20 -3.55 -5.65 Feb -5.21 -4.78 -5.63 Mar -5.20 -4.79 -5.54 Apr -5.20 -4.63 -5.69 May -5.19 -4.93 -5.45 Jun -5.18 -4.94 -5.51 Jul -5.17 -4.84 -5.41 Aug -5.16 -4.90 -5.37 Sep -5.13 -4.83 -5.34 Oct -5.08 -4.76 -5.50 Nov -5.07 -4.73 -5.27 Dec -5.07 -4.84 -5.28 Mean -5.16 -4.71 -5.47 Results for 1874 HELSINKI D 1874 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 33 12 12 11 -10 -6 -5 1 1 -3 -15 -28 -37 -39 -26 -17 -18 -12 -12 14 27 42 37 34 -5 3.1 FEBRUARY 23 22 12 8 4 6 7 10 11 8 -4 -25 -34 -44 -45 -29 -31 -28 -20 7 31 50 39 31 -5 2.6 MARCH 23 13 19 24 3 4 18 31 32 17 -9 -41 -61 -64 -51 -36 -18 -15 -2 8 21 21 31 21 -5 2.3 APRIL 17 21 20 20 16 12 27 47 44 21 -12 -46 -70 -71 -59 -46 -24 -6 -4 9 19 20 14 20 -5 1.7 MAY 15 12 22 31 37 41 50 53 44 13 -21 -51 -67 -69 -57 -42 -26 -7 0 -4 6 10 13 11 -5 1.9 JUNE JULY 21 20 21 39 43 39 44 39 29 16 -11 -44 -70 -79 -65 -46 -24 -12 -2 -9 -1 10 15 19 -5 0.2 AUGUST 11 24 22 25 37 40 43 40 32 12 -19 -47 -64 -65 -53 -31 -17 -3 -1 -2 -3 3 11 12 -4 59.8 SEPTEMBER 13 17 21 23 22 31 30 34 21 7 -22 -53 -64 -64 -49 -35 -14 5 1 10 16 19 13 20 -4 59.9 OCTOBER 25 24 24 23 7 -10 0 11 20 12 -13 -31 -39 -46 -36 -33 -15 -18 -4 9 21 30 26 24 -4 58.4 NOVEMBER 29 12 13 11 0 -1 1 -3 -2 -4 -15 -26 -31 -34 -26 -22 -7 -16 9 5 19 25 25 27 -4 55.0 DECEMBER 21 7 5 1 -1 -1 -3 -2 -3 -8 -10 -15 -20 -19 -13 -7 -9 -4 -3 4 21 24 20 24 -4 53.6 WINTER 26 14 10 7 -2 0 0 3 3 -1 -10 -23 -30 -34 -28 -18 -19 -15 -12 8 26 39 32 30 -4 59.8 EQUINOX 20 17 20 22 14 13 21 29 27 11 -15 -41 -55 -58 -46 -36 -17 -10 0 6 17 21 20 21 -4 59.9 SUMMER 16 22 22 32 40 40 44 40 31 14 -15 -46 -67 -72 -59 -39 -21 -8 -2 -6 -2 7 13 16 -5 0.0 YEAR 21 17 18 20 15 15 20 24 21 9 -13 -37 -50 -54 -43 -31 -18 -10 -3 5 16 23 23 22 -4 59.9 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 15 5 -5 7 7 0 3 7 13 10 -3 -16 -24 -25 -14 -12 -10 -4 -1 3 3 9 11 15 -5 3.7 FEBRUARY 5 12 0 7 7 7 11 22 16 11 5 -13 -22 -33 -31 -16 -8 -6 -3 6 5 9 11 4 -5 3.1 MARCH 9 8 8 8 16 17 28 35 38 21 -7 -36 -55 -52 -37 -22 -9 -5 1 3 5 9 6 3 -5 2.5 APRIL 4 15 10 12 13 14 31 50 43 27 -5 -28 -46 -50 -37 -27 0 0 0 -2 -4 -5 -3 -6 -5 1.6 MAY 21 19 19 27 37 37 39 35 35 15 -14 -35 -52 -54 -41 -35 -24 -9 -3 -7 -5 -1 -1 9 -5 1.9 JUNE JULY 12 16 25 28 39 40 45 49 45 29 -1 -35 -64 -63 -54 -42 -20 -14 -8 -12 -8 -12 1 -2 -4 59.9 AUGUST 23 19 -2 20 29 32 37 43 33 13 -14 -34 -53 -55 -40 -21 -12 -10 -7 -7 -5 1 4 4 -4 59.9 SEPTEMBER -3 12 17 19 14 13 25 31 29 13 -8 -33 -45 -50 -38 -24 -13 -8 -5 4 6 15 18 18 -4 59.7 OCTOBER 20 7 7 6 4 0 6 10 17 14 -8 -20 -28 -25 -18 -9 -7 -8 -6 -2 4 10 17 13 -4 58.6 NOVEMBER 14 4 1 17 3 5 9 7 -5 -4 -14 -15 -25 -22 -12 -8 -8 -4 -1 4 14 8 11 20 -4 55.4 DECEMBER 6 7 5 -1 4 3 3 3 1 3 -5 -10 -15 -11 -7 -3 -2 -2 -2 -1 1 5 5 5 -4 53.9 WINTER 9 8 0 4 6 3 6 11 10 8 -1 -13 -20 -23 -17 -10 -7 -4 -2 3 3 8 9 8 -5 0.2 EQUINOX 11 11 10 15 15 14 23 28 26 14 -9 -28 -42 -42 -31 -21 -10 -6 -2 0 3 6 8 10 -5 0.0 SUMMER 18 18 12 24 34 36 41 46 39 21 -8 -35 -59 -59 -47 -32 -16 -12 -8 -10 -7 -6 3 1 -4 59.9 YEAR 11 11 8 14 16 15 21 26 24 14 -7 -25 -39 -40 -30 -20 -10 -7 -3 -1 1 4 7 7 -5 0.0 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 133 35 46 44 -37 -45 -26 -21 -30 -27 -38 -53 -54 -48 -50 -29 -50 -38 -19 32 34 104 34 95 -5 2.4 FEBRUARY 81 40 17 9 3 11 -2 7 1 -3 -9 -48 -38 -61 -76 -60 -94-118-102 -15 79 150 149 85 -5 1.1 MARCH 144 52 92 74 -45 -50 -25 -7 9 -3 -21 -54 -75 -66 -67 -67 -47 -40 -25 8 67 48 71 35 -5 1.7 APRIL 29 61 46 13 15 -12 -16 37 23 -9 -28 -72-102 -85 -97 -98 -60 5 16 42 79 80 59 69 -5 1.5 MAY 33 25 39 43 53 31 41 58 50 3 -36 -69 -72 -80 -68 -63 -42 -18 4 -8 19 13 31 14 -5 1.9 JUNE JULY 20 3 38 46 48 53 71 43 6 4 -29 -58 -80 -96 -72 -49 -29 -19 18 -27 -11 15 55 52 -4 59.7 AUGUST 6 23 33 33 53 51 55 51 14 4 -37 -71 -72 -75 -46 -47 -32 -11 -7 -1 -7 0 26 55 -4 59.1 SEPTEMBER 42 -9 37 39 47 38 37 38 34 12 -24 -70 -91 -79 -77 -61 -29 44 10 8 16 27 1 19 -4 59.6 OCTOBER 31 74 98 50 -3 -71 -36 -7 -5 -17 -39 -94 -59 -88 -69 -88 -28 -19 11 43 104 101 63 51 -4 56.5 NOVEMBER 68 30 42 29 10 2 -7 -7 -14 -13 -29 -32 -36 -54 -51 -51 -11 -47 90 12 6 29 14 25 -4 53.7 DECEMBER 51 2 -4 0 -20 -9 -17 -19 -22 -24 -26 -30 -26 -36 -37 -8 -16 14 -18 -9 88 70 33 57 -4 53.0 WINTER 88 26 20 18 -18 -14 -15 -11 -17 -18 -24 -44 -39 -48 -54 -32 -53 -47 -46 3 67 108 72 79 -4 58.8 EQUINOX 58 39 59 41 13 -10 -1 19 16 -5 -30 -65 -73 -75 -72 -71 -36 -13 18 18 49 50 40 36 -4 59.2 SUMMER 13 13 36 40 51 52 63 47 10 4 -33 -65 -76 -86 -59 -48 -31 -15 6 -14 -9 8 41 54 -4 59.4 YEAR 58 31 44 34 11 0 7 16 6 -7 -29 -59 -64 -70 -65 -57 -40 -23 -2 8 43 58 49 51 -4 59.1 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 4 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.37 22 2.3 9.0 -0.6 54 1 4.41 24 3.7 15.7 1.8 105 2 4.39 22 3.5 13.4 1.0 54 2 4.41 24 2.0 7.7 -0.1 88 3 q3 4.38 19 1.2 5.0 -0.1 70 3 q4 4.39 24 1.7 6.7 -1.0 90 4 4.39 24 3.4 16.4 0.6 52 4 d1 4.36 21 17.6 82.5 -2.1 90 5 4.43 23 5.4 22.7 2.3 33 5 d2 4.51 21 8.8 39.8 8.9 91 6 4.39 23 1.8 7.4 -2.7 49 6 d3 4.47 22 6.4 30.1 -2.2 75 7 4.38 23 1.9 7.0 -0.7 52 7 4.41 22 2.1 8.4 -3.8 57 8 4.40 22 3.2 14.4 1.5 39 8 q3 4.41 22 1.6 6.3 0.1 37 9 4.40 21 1.6 7.0 0.1 55 9 q5 4.40 24 1.8 6.0 -0.6 37 10 q2 4.38 23 1.1 4.3 -1.1 55 10 d4 4.41 21 6.2 24.1 0.7 21 11 q4 4.38 24 1.5 6.3 -0.2 41 11 4.40 24 2.5 11.0 -0.1 37 12 4.40 23 3.5 16.0 1.1 22 12 4.40 20 2.5 10.0 -0.4 37 13 4.40 24 2.9 13.7 -0.2 25 13 4.38 22 2.0 8.4 -1.1 36 14 q1 4.39 24 1.0 4.0 -0.4 40 14 4.41 22 2.4 12.0 2.0 54 15 d4 4.40 22 6.5 34.1 1.0 60 15 4.37 19 2.9 13.0 -2.4 52 16 d1 4.44 20 9.6 45.5 2.0 39 16 4.39 21 2.1 9.0 1.0 34 17 4.39 23 5.4 21.7 -2.9 75 17 d5 4.42 23 4.0 15.4 2.0 51 18 d3 4.36 20 8.6 37.8 -2.0 72 18 4.39 21 3.4 11.7 -1.8 16 19 4.42 21 3.2 15.0 4.0 69 19 4.42 22 2.2 8.4 1.4 67 20 4.39 24 2.2 10.4 -1.8 54 20 4.43 22 3.5 12.4 0.9 70 21 4.39 23 1.6 6.3 0.1 50 21 4.42 19 3.8 17.0 -0.7 53 22 4.40 16 1.6 6.3 0.1 68 22 4.41 22 3.4 10.4 -0.6 57 23 q5 4.40 22 1.6 6.0 0.4 66 23 4.43 20 3.6 14.7 1.1 88 24 4.40 23 3.1 13.0 0.1 55 24 q1 4.40 24 1.5 5.3 -1.7 85 25 4.43 22 3.9 15.0 1.3 84 25 q2 4.40 22 1.6 6.7 0.2 106 26 4.41 22 1.8 7.7 -1.1 73 26 4.40 16 2.3 9.4 -0.5 105 27 d5 4.40 23 5.9 28.4 -0.2 93 27 4.39 22 3.0 10.4 -0.3 88 28 d2 4.43 23 8.8 29.7 1.8 87 28 4.40 22 2.4 8.7 0.3 70 29 4.41 21 3.4 14.7 -1.3 90 30 4.38 23 2.1 8.4 -1.7 99 31 4.38 24 2.2 8.4 -0.2 109 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.40 1.1 3.4 14.7 0.0 60.8 All 4.41 1.6 3.6 15.0 0.0 64.2 Quiet 4.39 0.5 1.3 5.1 -0.3 54.4 Quiet 4.40 0.3 1.6 6.2 -0.6 71.0 Dist. 4.41 1.7 7.9 35.1 0.5 70.2 Dist. 4.43 3.1 8.6 38.4 1.5 65.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.05 (west) is -5.04 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.43 (Jan 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.36 (Feb 4) Minimum -5.45 (Jan 18) Minimum -5.74 (Feb 4) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 4.39 22 2.5 9.0 -0.6 58 1 d5 4.42 22 5.9 22.7 -0.2 57 2 4.41 21 3.1 11.4 1.3 67 2 d1 4.45 22 9.3 36.4 2.0 57 3 4.41 23 2.9 13.7 0.2 37 3 4.43 23 4.2 18.4 -0.9 57 4 4.40 22 3.0 10.0 -0.7 63 4 4.43 22 4.2 14.7 -0.1 45 5 4.41 24 2.8 11.4 0.6 63 5 4.43 22 4.2 15.4 -0.5 35 6 4.41 23 3.7 14.7 -0.3 61 6 4.44 22 4.5 16.4 0.8 19 7 d2 4.45 20 7.5 28.1 2.6 39 7 d3 4.46 23 7.8 25.7 1.4 54 8 d1 4.41 23 14.2 56.1 -2.2 33 8 d4 4.37 24 6.5 30.1 -5.5 55 9 4.44 21 3.3 16.7 1.8 16 9 4.41 22 4.7 21.1 2.2 52 10 q1 4.41 24 2.3 8.0 -1.7 34 10 4.44 22 3.2 16.0 2.0 55 11 q2 4.41 23 2.3 8.7 -0.2 36 11 q3 4.43 20 2.7 9.7 -0.5 70 12 4.41 19 2.8 12.0 -0.1 48 12 q4 4.42 24 2.9 11.7 -0.9 37 13 4.40 20 3.6 13.4 -0.7 49 13 d2 4.44 24 9.1 40.1 1.4 55 14 4.41 17 2.7 9.7 0.9 46 14 4.43 24 3.8 12.7 -0.8 44 15 q3 4.42 23 2.3 10.0 0.4 87 15 q5 4.42 23 2.9 11.7 -0.6 39 16 4.40 20 3.4 11.7 -0.9 81 16 4.43 20 3.3 12.7 0.8 38 17 d4 4.39 21 4.4 20.1 -0.8 39 17 4.43 23 3.0 10.4 0.2 37 18 4.41 23 4.0 17.7 1.1 37 18 4.43 19 4.1 15.4 -0.3 8 19 d3 4.41 17 5.3 19.0 0.1 34 19 4.42 24 3.3 12.4 -0.6 19 20 4.42 21 4.0 14.4 0.3 18 20 4.42 23 3.7 14.4 0.1 16 21 4.41 22 3.3 11.7 -0.1 37 21 4.42 23 4.0 15.7 -0.2 0 22 4.42 19 3.9 13.0 0.3 19 22 4.41 23 3.3 10.7 -0.5 0 23 4.40 24 3.4 12.4 -0.9 21 23 4.43 23 3.2 14.0 1.1 0 24 q5 4.41 23 2.7 10.4 0.0 33 24 4.40 19 3.0 12.4 -1.6 16 25 4.40 23 2.8 10.7 -0.5 57 25 4.42 16 3.5 12.7 1.2 16 26 d5 4.41 21 4.4 15.7 0.6 54 26 q1 4.42 23 2.3 9.0 0.2 16 27 4.41 22 4.2 13.4 -0.1 57 27 q2 4.43 22 2.6 9.7 0.4 16 28 4.40 24 4.0 14.0 -0.3 54 28 4.42 22 4.7 15.7 -0.8 16 29 4.39 20 3.6 13.4 -0.7 37 29 4.38 21 4.5 13.7 -2.4 16 30 4.41 22 2.9 10.0 1.0 52 30 4.42 21 4.1 17.0 2.6 16 31 4.42 24 3.2 13.4 0.7 72 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.41 0.8 3.8 14.6 0.0 46.4 All 4.42 1.1 4.3 16.6 0.0 32.0 Quiet 4.41 0.6 2.4 9.2 -0.4 49.6 Quiet 4.42 0.4 2.7 10.4 -0.3 35.6 Dist. 4.41 1.1 7.2 27.8 0.1 39.8 Dist. 4.43 1.9 7.7 31.0 -0.2 55.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.04 (west) is -5.03 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.46 (Mar 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.65 (Apr 2) Minimum -5.40 (Mar 8) Minimum -5.33 (Apr 13) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 4 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.41 24 4.0 20.4 -0.5 54 1 37 2 4.43 20 3.8 13.4 1.0 52 2 34 3 q5 4.43 24 3.2 10.0 0.4 58 3 34 4 d2 4.44 22 5.5 23.1 0.1 37 4 33 5 d5 4.41 24 4.6 17.4 -1.3 40 5 33 6 4.42 21 4.5 15.0 0.4 58 6 16 7 4.42 20 4.1 14.4 0.0 79 7 18 8 4.41 23 3.7 12.4 -0.7 90 8 16 9 4.41 23 3.4 11.7 0.3 82 9 16 10 4.41 23 3.6 13.7 -0.1 80 10 37 11 q3 4.43 23 3.1 11.4 1.2 61 11 39 12 4.42 24 3.8 15.4 -0.9 38 12 40 13 4.41 24 4.3 12.7 -0.1 64 13 34 14 4.44 22 3.8 13.7 1.3 21 14 36 15 4.45 22 4.4 17.0 0.7 53 15 39 16 4.42 22 4.4 15.4 -1.8 19 16 34 17 4.42 23 3.9 14.7 0.0 37 17 40 18 4.43 22 3.6 13.4 0.8 36 18 46 19 d4 4.40 21 4.6 15.4 -1.6 18 19 51 20 q4 4.39 24 3.2 11.0 -0.6 42 20 34 21 4.40 21 3.3 11.7 0.3 43 21 30 22 4.42 23 4.2 14.7 1.5 42 22 48 23 4.43 22 3.8 15.4 0.2 37 23 42 24 q2 4.42 23 3.0 10.0 -0.6 36 24 24 25 q1 4.42 23 2.6 9.4 -0.1 67 25 18 26 d1 4.42 23 6.2 18.4 0.4 34 26 25 27 d3 4.40 23 4.8 16.4 -1.1 18 27 37 28 4.42 22 3.8 13.7 0.8 19 28 57 29 4.44 24 4.0 14.7 1.5 22 29 107 30 4.42 22 3.9 13.7 -1.0 22 30 90 31 4.42 22 3.9 13.4 -0.3 25 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.42 0.7 4.0 14.3 0.0 44.6 All 38.2 Quiet 4.42 0.8 3.0 10.4 0.1 52.8 Quiet Dist. 4.42 0.7 5.1 18.1 -0.7 29.4 Dist. Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.03 (west) is (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.81 (May 4) Maximum momentary value of D is (Jun ) Minimum -5.19 (May 5) Minimum (Jun ) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 4.37 13 3.0 9.4 85 1 d4 4.46 20 5.1 23.7 0.1 91 2 4.43 23 4.6 16.4 3.6 97 2 4.49 22 4.4 13.7 1.5 94 3 4.43 22 5.4 22.4 -0.1 126 3 4.47 22 4.1 14.4 -0.7 93 4 4.42 21 4.5 15.0 -0.2 72 4 4.49 22 4.0 13.0 1.0 76 5 4.44 22 3.9 12.7 1.2 58 5 4.47 23 4.3 16.0 -1.4 80 6 q4 4.43 21 3.1 10.7 -0.8 82 6 q3 4.46 23 2.9 10.0 -0.2 76 7 4.42 22 4.7 17.4 -0.6 82 7 4.47 22 3.3 12.0 0.2 82 8 4.44 20 3.9 15.4 1.0 85 8 d3 4.50 21 5.1 17.4 1.9 60 9 4.43 19 3.7 12.4 -0.2 79 9 4.44 22 4.3 14.4 -3.8 75 10 d5 4.41 22 5.4 17.7 -1.1 97 10 4.45 23 4.3 14.7 0.8 52 11 4.39 21 5.1 22.4 -1.1 97 11 d1 4.46 20 5.4 18.0 0.5 76 12 4.44 24 4.4 16.0 2.6 97 12 4.44 22 3.8 13.7 -0.8 61 13 4.40 22 4.5 16.0 -2.1 87 13 4.44 23 3.6 15.4 -0.3 64 14 d1 4.42 22 6.8 24.7 1.3 70 14 4.43 23 3.2 12.4 -0.5 46 15 4.44 23 3.8 14.7 1.2 76 15 4.44 21 3.6 13.0 0.5 65 16 4.46 22 4.4 16.0 0.9 90 16 4.44 21 4.2 15.4 0.0 43 17 4.47 23 4.1 14.7 0.4 76 17 4.44 19 3.0 11.0 0.2 46 18 d3 4.44 20 5.5 17.7 -1.5 63 18 4.46 23 3.9 14.0 0.9 45 19 4.48 22 3.8 14.7 2.5 58 19 d5 4.46 20 4.6 15.0 0.3 80 20 4.48 22 3.8 14.7 0.1 48 20 q4 4.45 23 2.9 10.7 -0.5 100 21 q5 4.45 20 3.3 11.4 -2.2 48 21 q5 4.45 22 3.0 11.0 -0.3 78 22 q3 4.47 21 3.0 11.0 1.6 48 22 q1 4.46 22 2.7 9.7 0.7 52 23 4.43 21 3.5 12.7 -2.5 51 23 4.45 22 3.1 10.4 -0.3 55 24 d4 4.51 23 5.4 22.1 4.9 60 24 4.45 21 4.0 13.4 0.0 52 25 4.47 20 4.3 14.7 -2.8 33 25 4.44 22 3.2 10.7 -0.7 33 26 q1 4.48 22 2.9 9.7 0.9 18 26 4.45 23 3.3 12.0 0.8 33 27 4.46 22 3.7 13.7 -1.1 18 27 4.44 22 3.9 13.7 -0.6 33 28 4.49 24 4.1 13.0 1.4 34 28 4.45 23 3.2 12.0 0.3 33 29 4.46 22 5.1 18.4 -1.5 40 29 q2 4.43 21 2.7 10.0 -0.9 52 30 4.46 21 5.2 18.7 0.0 54 30 4.44 20 3.4 12.4 0.4 37 31 d2 4.46 20 6.1 23.1 0.1 74 31 d2 4.44 20 5.2 17.4 0.2 36 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.44 1.8 4.4 15.8 0.2 67.8 All 4.45 1.0 3.8 13.6 0.0 61.3 Quiet 4.44 2.4 3.1 10.4 -0.1 56.2 Queit 4.45 0.6 2.8 10.3 -0.3 71.6 Dist. 4.45 2.1 5.8 21.1 0.7 72.8 Dist. 4.46 1.1 5.1 18.3 0.6 68.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.01 (west) is -5.00 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.68 (Jul 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.69 (Aug 1) Minimum -5.27 (Jul 11) Minimum -5.18 (Aug 31) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 4 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.45 23 4.2 15.7 0.4 18 1 4.45 19 2.7 10.7 -1.1 60 2 4.45 23 3.7 13.0 0.3 19 2 4.45 19 2.2 7.7 -0.3 61 3 4.43 23 3.1 11.0 -1.2 19 3 4.42 18 4.0 12.7 -1.4 58 4 4.43 21 3.9 16.4 -0.2 16 4 d1 4.48 23 15.3 56.8 3.7 28 5 4.44 22 4.1 14.7 0.9 33 5 d3 4.49 21 6.5 30.7 0.1 55 6 4.43 21 3.1 13.0 -0.8 16 6 4.48 24 2.9 12.7 -0.4 28 7 d2 4.43 23 5.4 16.4 0.2 16 7 4.50 22 3.7 15.4 1.0 25 8 4.47 23 4.3 17.4 2.1 33 8 4.47 22 2.1 8.4 -1.4 48 9 4.45 24 3.9 13.0 -1.2 16 9 4.48 19 3.2 13.7 0.2 36 10 4.44 21 4.5 19.4 -0.6 30 10 4.47 22 3.0 13.0 -0.3 58 11 4.43 19 4.2 19.0 -0.3 36 11 4.48 24 2.6 14.0 0.6 36 12 d4 4.48 19 5.2 16.4 3.1 37 12 4.47 20 3.7 17.0 -0.5 18 13 d3 4.45 20 5.2 21.4 -2.1 16 13 4.46 23 4.6 17.4 -0.7 18 14 4.44 19 3.4 12.4 -0.4 0 14 d4 4.51 22 5.4 18.0 2.9 16 15 4.46 23 3.8 11.7 0.9 0 15 4.45 19 3.1 12.7 -3.5 33 16 4.44 17 2.9 10.0 -0.8 16 16 d5 4.50 22 4.6 16.0 3.0 31 17 4.46 18 4.0 14.7 1.2 16 17 4.47 23 4.3 18.7 -1.9 54 18 d5 4.47 22 4.8 23.7 0.5 16 18 4.48 22 1.8 6.7 0.6 67 19 q2 4.46 23 2.2 8.0 -0.8 16 19 4.48 24 1.9 5.7 -0.1 52 20 q5 4.45 21 2.8 10.4 -0.2 33 20 q4 4.48 24 1.6 5.3 0.0 67 21 4.46 20 3.4 15.0 0.3 33 21 4.47 20 1.7 6.0 -0.1 67 22 4.46 21 3.8 16.0 -0.1 51 22 4.48 21 2.5 10.7 0.3 19 23 4.45 21 3.7 14.0 -0.5 49 23 4.47 22 3.6 15.7 -0.4 33 24 q4 4.46 22 2.6 8.0 0.3 33 24 4.47 20 2.7 13.7 0.0 16 25 q3 4.46 20 2.5 8.4 -0.1 33 25 4.47 23 2.1 9.4 -0.1 16 26 q1 4.45 21 2.2 7.0 -0.5 33 26 q3 4.46 24 1.4 5.0 -0.4 16 27 4.44 18 2.9 10.4 -0.5 49 27 d2 4.54 23 10.6 47.5 4.5 16 28 4.44 21 3.2 11.4 0.0 33 28 q2 4.47 22 1.3 5.3 -4.1 16 29 d1 4.46 22 5.4 24.1 1.2 52 29 4.48 20 2.1 8.0 0.5 0 30 4.47 22 4.0 14.4 0.6 72 30 q5 4.47 21 1.7 5.7 -0.6 0 31 q1 4.48 21 1.1 4.0 0.9 16 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.45 0.8 3.7 14.2 0.1 28.0 All 4.48 1.2 3.6 14.3 0.0 34.3 Quiet 4.45 0.2 2.5 8.4 -0.2 29.6 Quiet 4.47 0.4 1.4 5.1 -0.8 23.0 Dist. 4.46 1.1 5.2 20.4 0.6 27.4 Dist. 4.50 1.2 8.5 33.8 2.8 29.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -5.00 (west) is -4.97 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.75 (Sep 18) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.26 (Oct 27) Minimum -5.18 (Sep 10) Minimum -5.34 (Oct 4) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.48 24 2.2 9.4 0.0 20 1 q2 4.54 21 0.7 3.7 -1.1 16 2 q3 4.47 23 1.4 5.3 -0.6 18 2 4.53 24 1.6 7.4 -0.4 8 3 4.48 22 2.1 8.4 0.8 18 3 d3 4.54 22 4.0 16.0 0.1 0 4 4.50 24 2.2 10.4 0.9 20 4 d4 4.56 23 3.2 12.7 1.7 0 5 4.49 22 3.4 17.7 -0.5 24 5 4.55 21 1.9 8.0 -0.7 11 6 d1 4.53 24 7.9 42.8 2.7 19 6 4.55 24 1.6 6.3 -0.4 22 7 4.53 22 3.3 13.4 0.0 19 7 4.55 23 1.5 6.7 0.4 24 8 4.52 23 2.8 12.0 -1.0 25 8 4.56 23 1.7 7.0 0.2 55 9 4.52 21 2.9 13.0 0.4 41 9 4.56 23 2.9 13.0 0.1 39 10 4.53 23 2.3 9.7 0.5 22 10 4.56 23 2.4 10.0 -0.1 36 11 4.52 24 3.7 17.0 -0.6 16 11 4.55 23 1.2 4.7 -0.5 28 12 d3 4.54 23 4.5 22.7 1.0 33 12 4.55 23 1.0 4.3 0.3 28 13 4.53 23 3.0 10.7 -0.5 16 13 4.55 22 1.2 4.0 -0.2 69 14 4.54 23 3.0 13.0 0.6 39 14 q3 4.55 24 0.8 2.7 0.0 40 15 4.53 24 2.2 11.7 -0.5 38 15 4.57 17 2.2 8.4 0.9 17 16 q2 4.54 22 1.4 5.0 0.7 41 16 d5 4.55 22 3.2 12.7 -0.7 43 17 4.55 24 2.1 9.4 0.1 44 17 4.56 23 1.1 3.7 0.2 39 18 4.54 23 2.1 9.4 -0.6 49 18 4.57 24 1.3 6.0 0.5 38 19 4.54 23 2.8 13.4 -0.1 20 19 4.56 24 1.6 7.0 -0.5 36 20 q5 4.54 22 1.9 9.4 0.3 51 20 q5 4.55 23 0.8 3.3 -0.3 69 21 d4 4.55 24 4.2 17.7 0.9 45 21 d1 4.58 22 5.7 21.4 1.5 44 22 q4 4.54 24 1.8 8.7 -1.0 51 22 d2 4.59 24 5.3 27.1 0.6 20 23 4.52 24 3.2 12.4 -0.8 22 23 4.59 22 2.9 12.7 0.3 0 24 d2 4.59 24 5.5 23.7 4.0 36 24 4.58 23 2.7 10.7 -0.9 0 25 4.56 23 1.9 6.7 -2.1 26 25 4.57 24 1.6 5.7 -0.7 0 26 4.54 22 2.5 13.4 -0.7 36 26 4.56 24 1.2 6.7 -0.3 26 27 d5 4.55 24 4.1 21.7 0.6 24 27 4.56 24 1.7 7.7 -0.4 32 28 q1 4.54 24 1.1 5.0 -0.9 22 28 q4 4.56 23 0.8 3.3 0.1 38 29 4.55 24 2.6 12.4 1.0 16 29 4.54 23 1.8 8.4 -0.8 40 30 4.56 21 2.5 8.7 0.5 16 30 4.55 23 1.3 6.3 0.5 46 31 q1 4.55 24 0.6 2.7 0.1 43 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.53 1.5 2.9 13.1 0.2 28.9 All 4.56 0.8 2.0 8.4 0.0 29.3 Quiet 4.53 1.6 1.5 6.7 -0.3 36.6 Quiet 4.55 0.3 0.7 3.1 -0.3 41.2 Dist. 4.56 1.2 5.2 25.7 1.8 31.4 Dist. 4.56 1.1 4.3 18.0 0.6 21.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.92 (west) is -4.89 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.39 (Nov 6) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.53 (Dec 22) Minimum -5.18 (Nov 5) Minimum -4.99 (Dec 27) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 4 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.40 3.4 14.7 0.0 1.1 60.8 744 689 Feb 4.41 3.6 15.0 0.0 1.6 64.2 672 608 Mar 4.41 3.8 14.6 0.0 0.8 46.4 744 671 Apr 4.42 4.3 16.6 0.0 1.1 32.0 720 661 May 4.42 4.0 14.3 0.0 0.7 44.6 744 699 Jun Jul 4.44 4.4 15.8 0.2 1.8 67.8 744 662 Aug 4.45 3.8 13.6 0.0 1.0 61.3 744 673 Sep 4.45 3.7 14.2 0.1 0.8 28.0 720 633 Oct 4.48 3.6 14.3 0.0 1.2 34.3 744 669 Nov 4.53 2.9 13.1 0.2 1.5 28.9 720 693 Dec 4.56 2.0 8.4 0.0 0.8 29.3 744 708 Mean 4.45 3.6 14.1 0.0 1.1 45.2 8040 7366 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.39 1.3 5.1 -0.3 0.5 54.4 120 112 Feb 4.40 1.6 6.2 -0.6 0.3 71.0 120 116 Mar 4.41 2.4 9.2 -0.4 0.6 49.6 120 115 Apr 4.42 2.7 10.4 -0.3 0.4 35.6 120 112 May 4.42 3.0 10.4 0.1 0.8 52.8 120 117 Jun Jul 4.44 3.1 10.4 -0.1 2.4 56.2 120 97 Aug 4.45 2.8 10.3 -0.3 0.6 71.6 120 111 Sep 4.45 2.5 8.4 -0.2 0.2 29.6 120 107 Oct 4.47 1.4 5.1 -0.8 0.4 23.0 120 112 Nov 4.53 1.5 6.7 -0.3 1.6 36.6 120 115 Dec 4.55 0.7 3.1 -0.3 0.3 41.2 120 115 Mean 4.45 2.1 7.8 -0.3 0.7 47.4 1320 1229 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.41 7.9 35.1 0.5 1.7 70.2 120 108 Feb 4.43 8.6 38.4 1.5 3.1 65.6 120 108 Mar 4.41 7.2 27.8 0.1 1.1 39.8 120 102 Apr 4.43 7.7 31.0 -0.2 1.9 55.6 120 115 May 4.42 5.1 18.1 -0.7 0.7 29.4 120 113 Jun Jul 4.45 5.8 21.1 0.7 2.1 72.8 120 107 Aug 4.46 5.1 18.3 0.6 1.1 68.6 120 101 Sep 4.46 5.2 20.4 0.6 1.1 27.4 120 106 Oct 4.50 8.5 33.8 2.8 1.2 29.2 120 111 Nov 4.56 5.2 25.7 1.8 1.2 31.4 120 119 Dec 4.56 4.3 18.0 0.6 1.1 21.4 120 113 Mean 4.46 6.4 26.2 0.8 1.5 46.5 1320 1203 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) Feb -5.04 -4.36 -5.74 Mar -5.04 -4.46 -5.40 Apr -5.03 -4.65 -5.33 May -5.03 -4.81 -5.19 Jun Jul -5.01 -4.68 -5.27 Aug -5.00 -4.69 -5.18 Sep -5.00 -4.75 -5.18 Oct -4.97 -4.26 -5.34 Nov -4.92 -4.39 -5.18 Dec -4.89 -4.53 -4.99 Mean -5.00 -4.55 -5.30 Results for 1875 HELSINKI D 1875 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 13 10 4 2 0 -2 -1 -3 -4 -8 -11 -16 -19 -17 -11 -8 -10 -6 2 10 17 25 18 17 -4 53.1 FEBRUARY 22 12 14 9 7 5 2 0 1 -9 -16 -27 -27 -33 -32 -17 -11 -6 -3 6 20 23 37 30 -4 52.5 MARCH 13 13 14 12 14 7 10 21 24 11 -12 -38 -59 -60 -47 -22 -7 -2 9 21 17 32 16 20 -4 51.5 APRIL 4 17 19 21 24 21 32 42 43 27 -6 -38 -68 -73 -59 -42 -22 -21 -2 9 18 8 19 17 -4 51.4 MAY 17 21 18 24 31 38 46 49 36 11 -18 -49 -67 -71 -55 -38 -25 -2 0 -2 7 10 12 10 -4 51.1 JUNE 20 24 17 33 40 47 49 48 45 26 -5 -37 -58 -65 -60 -46 -29 -18 -17 -17 -9 -2 7 9 -4 50.2 JULY 14 19 27 31 41 42 48 38 31 15 -8 -34 -51 -56 -50 -39 -33 -14 -11 -7 -10 4 3 10 -4 48.0 AUGUST 13 13 11 21 33 39 43 44 32 8 -19 -48 -61 -58 -48 -29 -14 -5 -2 1 -1 4 5 10 -4 47.4 SEPTEMBER 10 11 17 17 17 20 27 25 19 3 -20 -41 -52 -50 -39 -14 -5 -1 4 4 9 15 12 18 -4 46.7 OCTOBER 24 10 3 11 5 -2 -1 0 5 -6 -13 -32 -35 -30 -27 -12 -7 -5 0 7 21 30 30 23 -4 46.0 NOVEMBER 10 2 5 7 -1 -3 -4 0 -1 -4 -13 -19 -24 -27 -18 -7 -3 1 4 14 19 29 19 17 -4 45.3 DECEMBER 8 3 0 -4 -3 -4 -4 -1 -2 -4 -8 -15 -20 -22 -11 -2 -5 -2 5 14 14 21 20 16 -4 44.7 WINTER 14 8 6 2 1 0 -1 -1 -2 -7 -12 -19 -22 -24 -18 -9 -9 -5 1 10 17 23 25 21 -4 50.1 EQUINOX 13 12 13 15 15 14 18 23 21 7 -14 -36 -51 -52 -41 -23 -12 -5 3 9 15 21 18 18 -4 48.7 SUMMER 16 19 18 28 38 43 47 43 36 16 -11 -40 -57 -60 -53 -38 -25 -12 -10 -8 -7 2 5 10 -4 48.5 YEAR 14 13 13 15 17 18 21 22 19 6 -12 -33 -45 -47 -38 -23 -14 -7 -1 5 10 17 17 17 -4 49.0 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 9 4 3 -1 -3 -1 1 5 2 0 -3 -11 -10 -6 -5 -4 -6 -3 -3 1 5 9 10 7 -4 53.7 FEBRUARY 8 2 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 -4 -7 -13 -14 -11 -6 -5 -4 -3 -1 3 6 9 10 9 -4 52.7 MARCH 8 6 6 13 10 8 11 17 20 10 -4 -31 -42 -39 -27 -12 -4 -9 -3 7 10 21 10 10 -4 51.5 APRIL -5 4 11 18 20 11 30 46 46 31 7 -22 -55 -48 -39 -24 -11 -7 -1 -8 -1 0 2 3 -4 51.5 MAY 6 15 25 20 23 30 43 46 39 18 -17 -35 -51 -51 -42 -27 -19 -6 -6 -5 -7 -3 -4 -3 -4 50.7 JUNE 6 5 -3 23 35 40 38 44 36 20 -8 -36 -50 -50 -44 -27 -12 -10 -10 -8 -2 1 9 2 -4 50.0 JULY 9 11 18 24 19 22 36 43 23 19 -3 -26 -37 -36 -38 -40 -33 -2 -4 -3 -12 -5 2 12 -4 47.8 AUGUST -5 11 11 10 30 31 42 35 24 8 -13 -36 -43 -41 -30 -15 0 5 -4 -3 -5 -5 3 1 -4 47.4 SEPTEMBER 11 6 0 9 13 14 26 27 22 15 0 -18 -37 -35 -32 -18 -1 -3 -7 -3 6 4 6 5 -4 46.5 OCTOBER 13 11 4 3 0 -1 1 4 10 6 -6 -23 -22 -21 -17 -4 -1 3 -3 1 5 8 11 9 -4 45.8 NOVEMBER 8 2 2 5 1 0 0 3 3 1 -5 -12 -14 -14 -7 0 -2 -1 -1 4 5 7 6 11 -4 45.4 DECEMBER 6 1 -7 -4 -4 -5 -2 2 4 5 0 -8 -12 -12 -7 -1 0 1 2 5 6 8 7 5 -4 44.7 WINTER 8 2 -1 -1 -1 -2 1 3 3 0 -3 -11 -12 -10 -6 -3 -3 -2 -1 3 6 9 9 7 -4 50.4 EQUINOX 7 7 8 11 11 10 19 24 23 14 -4 -24 -37 -35 -27 -14 -6 -4 -4 -1 3 6 5 6 -4 48.6 SUMMER 3 9 9 19 28 31 39 41 28 16 -8 -33 -43 -42 -37 -27 -15 -2 -6 -5 -6 -3 5 5 -4 48.4 YEAR 6 7 6 10 12 13 19 23 19 11 -5 -22 -32 -30 -24 -14 -8 -3 -3 -1 2 5 6 6 -4 49.0 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 18 13 2 -8 -7 -7 -5 -8 -13 -19 -21 -23 -33 -29 -29 -19 -31 -14 -7 32 51 64 45 51 -4 52.3 FEBRUARY 67 59 49 23 21 5 -8 -21 -9 -25 -30 -56 -33 -71-104 -39 -6 -18 -24 0 42 46 61 73 -4 51.8 MARCH 22 19 11 -10 8 15 15 17 12 -4 -26 -60 -81 -74 -80 -31 -7 -3 17 59 40 86 15 41 -4 51.2 APRIL -2 32 44 39 41 16 27 29 39 21 -26 -46 -73-101 -78 -62 -44 -51 -31 29 65 43 55 35 -4 51.2 MAY 46 52 26 40 41 23 27 39 19 -6 -15 -68 -96 -98 -71 -60 -52 -4 3 21 27 54 36 17 -4 51.6 JUNE 45 72 42 52 47 45 53 58 51 25 -11 -49 -78 -83 -75 -63 -38 -22 -44 -16 -19 3 3 8 -4 50.0 JULY 23 30 51 53 69 53 59 17 15 11 -15 -46 -64 -69 -69 -46 -37 -25 -9 -11 -19 17 1 11 -4 47.2 AUGUST 43 25 16 26 34 41 37 45 33 -2 -28 -58 -69 -68 -56 -43 -22 -12 -18 10 -6 19 16 30 -4 47.7 SEPTEMBER -12 2 22 18 10 22 21 36 18 7 -37 -65 -78 -63 -55 11 -4 2 20 20 14 16 22 46 -4 47.3 OCTOBER 36 10 -6 12 5 -18 -33 -26 -14 -36 -20 -51 -48 -34 -43 -2 3 10 20 4 36 78 82 36 -4 45.9 NOVEMBER 18 -15 15 6 -2 -12 -13 -14 -9 -15 -36 -31 -43 -51 -39 -21 7 -7 16 34 43 106 34 23 -4 44.8 DECEMBER 8 -13 -2 -4 -16 -10 -12 -4 -4 -12 -17 -25 -34 -36 -24 0 -6 -3 6 42 44 48 44 38 -4 44.5 WINTER 31 20 16 4 -1 -4 -8 -11 -9 -19 -23 -35 -33 -45 -52 -19 -14 -12 -8 25 46 53 50 54 -4 49.5 EQUINOX 18 17 19 18 17 8 7 14 11 -6 -27 -54 -70 -70 -61 -28 -16 -9 8 28 38 64 41 33 -4 48.7 SUMMER 37 42 36 44 50 46 50 40 33 11 -18 -51 -70 -73 -67 -51 -32 -20 -24 -6 -15 13 7 16 -4 48.3 YEAR 26 24 23 21 21 15 14 14 12 -5 -23 -48 -61 -65 -60 -31 -20 -12 -4 19 27 48 35 34 -4 48.8 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 5 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.55 24 1.4 5.0 -0.1 42 1 4.57 23 1.5 6.3 0.1 16 2 4.57 20 2.2 9.4 1.0 14 2 4.57 23 2.1 7.0 -0.2 16 3 4.56 24 2.1 9.7 -0.2 14 3 4.57 24 1.2 4.7 -0.1 8 4 4.55 23 1.6 7.7 -0.6 28 4 q2 4.57 24 0.7 2.7 0.2 16 5 q3 4.55 23 0.8 3.0 0.1 8 5 q1 4.57 23 0.7 2.7 0.0 16 6 q4 4.56 23 0.8 2.7 0.1 0 6 4.57 23 1.0 5.7 -0.1 18 7 d3 4.57 24 3.3 11.7 0.9 8 7 4.56 24 1.9 9.4 -0.4 16 8 d2 4.59 24 3.4 14.0 0.9 18 8 4.57 22 1.3 5.0 0.3 16 9 4.56 24 1.3 5.7 -1.4 16 9 4.57 23 1.8 8.0 0.0 18 10 4.56 23 1.0 3.7 -0.2 8 10 4.57 24 2.6 11.0 0.4 33 11 4.56 23 1.2 5.3 -0.1 8 11 d4 4.58 23 4.5 18.7 0.4 16 12 q1 4.55 24 0.7 2.7 -0.4 0 12 4.58 23 2.9 10.4 -0.2 0 13 4.56 24 1.0 4.0 0.2 0 13 d5 4.59 24 3.7 14.0 0.7 0 14 4.56 24 1.5 6.0 0.5 0 14 4.58 23 2.7 12.4 -0.7 0 15 q2 4.56 24 0.8 2.3 -0.3 16 15 4.58 23 1.3 4.7 0.1 0 16 4.55 24 2.0 10.4 -0.3 18 16 q4 4.57 24 0.8 3.0 -0.4 0 17 d4 4.57 23 3.0 10.0 1.0 28 17 4.57 24 1.3 5.0 0.0 0 18 d1 4.59 24 3.4 13.7 0.9 28 18 q5 4.57 24 0.9 3.0 -0.2 14 19 4.58 24 1.9 8.4 -0.2 19 19 4.57 23 1.3 5.0 -0.2 16 20 4.56 24 0.9 3.3 -1.1 21 20 q3 4.57 22 0.8 2.7 0.4 38 21 q5 4.56 23 0.9 3.7 -0.6 49 21 4.56 22 3.6 13.4 -0.5 39 22 d5 4.58 23 3.0 13.4 1.2 39 22 4.57 24 2.5 8.4 0.4 33 23 4.56 24 0.9 3.3 -0.6 36 23 4.56 24 1.9 7.0 -0.4 33 24 4.57 24 2.3 11.7 0.2 36 24 4.58 24 2.6 13.7 1.1 54 25 4.56 23 1.5 8.0 -0.2 0 25 d3 4.57 24 5.2 21.1 -0.4 55 26 4.58 24 1.9 8.7 1.0 0 26 d2 4.58 22 6.2 26.4 0.6 55 27 4.57 22 1.0 3.7 -0.9 0 27 d1 4.61 24 10.4 54.1 1.4 34 28 4.56 24 2.6 12.4 -0.2 0 28 4.61 23 2.2 10.0 0.1 41 29 4.57 24 1.1 5.0 0.4 0 30 4.57 23 1.7 6.3 -0.2 0 31 4.57 24 2.7 12.4 0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.57 0.6 1.7 7.3 0.0 14.6 All 4.57 0.7 2.5 10.6 0.1 21.5 Quiet 4.56 0.2 0.8 2.9 -0.2 14.6 Quiet 4.57 0.1 0.8 2.8 0.0 16.8 Dist. 4.58 0.4 3.2 12.6 1.0 24.2 Dist. 4.59 0.7 6.0 26.9 0.5 32.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.88 (west) is -4.88 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.70 (Jan 8) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.40 (Feb 27) Minimum -4.96 (Jan 25) Minimum -5.30 (Feb 27) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d2 4.63 23 5.6 29.4 1.3 33 1 q1 4.60 24 2.3 9.0 -0.2 40 2 4.59 24 4.3 25.7 -2.3 38 2 q3 4.59 22 2.8 10.7 -0.7 37 3 4.61 24 4.3 17.0 1.2 17 3 q4 4.60 24 2.8 11.0 0.5 19 4 4.59 19 2.3 9.7 -1.1 33 4 4.59 24 2.9 11.4 -0.4 21 5 4.59 23 2.3 11.0 0.0 36 5 4.59 24 3.6 13.0 0.3 0 6 q2 4.60 23 1.9 9.4 0.7 39 6 q2 4.58 24 2.4 9.0 -0.7 18 7 d5 4.60 24 4.6 16.0 -0.4 42 7 d1 4.59 23 9.1 38.4 0.5 14 8 4.58 23 4.1 17.0 -0.8 39 8 d4 4.63 24 5.3 19.7 2.1 16 9 q1 4.60 24 1.7 8.0 0.8 36 9 4.60 24 3.5 12.0 -1.4 16 10 q3 4.59 23 2.0 8.4 -0.5 16 10 4.60 24 3.1 11.4 -0.4 36 11 4.58 22 3.2 11.7 -0.3 33 11 d2 4.58 23 7.0 26.7 -0.8 57 12 4.59 24 4.1 14.4 0.1 18 12 4.60 24 3.0 10.4 1.2 55 13 4.58 24 3.0 12.7 -0.1 34 13 d3 4.59 24 5.4 23.1 -0.9 37 14 q5 4.59 24 2.2 7.7 0.1 34 14 4.60 23 4.5 17.7 0.7 36 15 4.60 23 2.8 11.0 0.9 16 15 4.58 23 3.1 10.7 -1.1 34 16 q4 4.58 23 2.1 7.7 -0.9 16 16 4.61 24 4.8 17.4 1.6 39 17 4.60 24 4.1 19.7 0.8 37 17 4.60 24 4.3 15.7 -0.6 37 18 4.58 24 2.5 9.4 -0.8 37 18 4.58 24 3.7 14.0 -0.9 36 19 d1 4.58 24 5.6 23.1 0.0 54 19 4.59 20 3.8 14.4 0.4 36 20 d3 4.61 24 5.4 26.1 1.8 54 20 4.58 23 4.1 15.4 -0.4 19 21 d4 4.56 24 5.2 21.1 -3.4 52 21 4.58 23 4.0 14.4 0.2 36 22 4.60 23 2.7 11.0 2.8 37 22 4.59 24 3.2 10.7 0.3 16 23 4.60 24 3.2 12.7 -0.4 28 23 4.58 24 4.2 19.4 -0.6 7 24 4.59 23 2.5 9.4 -0.5 36 24 d5 4.59 24 5.3 21.1 0.9 14 25 4.59 20 2.7 9.7 -0.3 34 25 4.59 24 4.7 22.4 -0.3 16 26 4.59 24 2.8 11.4 0.1 33 26 4.59 23 4.5 15.0 0.1 18 27 4.58 24 2.8 10.7 -0.1 16 27 4.59 23 3.6 14.0 0.0 37 28 4.58 24 4.5 17.7 -0.2 36 28 q5 4.60 22 2.9 12.7 0.3 43 29 4.57 23 3.9 17.4 -0.5 35 29 4.59 24 3.5 12.0 -0.3 40 30 4.61 23 2.9 13.4 2.0 39 30 4.60 24 2.9 11.0 0.6 42 31 4.60 24 3.2 13.7 -0.3 39 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.59 0.8 3.4 14.3 0.0 33.8 All 4.59 0.6 4.0 15.5 0.0 29.1 Quiet 4.59 0.4 2.0 8.2 0.0 28.2 Quiet 4.59 0.4 2.6 10.5 -0.1 31.4 Dist. 4.60 1.5 5.3 23.1 -0.2 47.0 Dist. 4.60 0.9 6.4 25.8 0.4 27.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.86 (west) is -4.86 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.41 (Mar 1) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.48 (Apr 7) Minimum -5.16 (Mar 21) Minimum -5.22 (Apr 11) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 5 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 4.60 24 3.0 11.0 -0.2 40 1 4.60 23 4.3 14.7 -0.2 16 2 4.59 23 3.8 16.7 -0.3 39 2 4.60 24 4.0 13.7 0.4 19 3 4.59 24 3.8 13.4 0.0 39 3 d4 4.61 24 4.7 15.4 0.6 22 4 4.61 24 4.1 14.0 0.9 36 4 d2 4.60 24 5.3 17.4 -0.7 21 5 d3 4.55 24 5.6 26.4 -3.7 18 5 4.59 24 4.3 15.4 -1.0 22 6 d1 4.62 24 5.9 21.7 4.7 18 6 4.61 24 3.8 15.0 1.2 22 7 4.59 23 5.0 17.7 -1.9 18 7 4.60 24 3.7 13.7 -0.2 21 8 4.60 24 3.3 12.0 0.6 16 8 d5 4.59 22 4.4 15.7 -0.6 21 9 4.62 21 3.9 12.7 0.7 0 9 4.63 23 4.1 13.4 2.0 19 10 d2 4.59 23 5.7 22.7 -1.8 0 10 4.63 24 4.3 14.4 -0.1 18 11 4.60 23 4.1 14.4 1.0 0 11 q1 4.63 24 2.7 8.7 0.3 16 12 q1 4.62 22 2.7 10.7 0.8 0 12 q3 4.62 24 2.9 10.0 -0.6 0 13 q4 4.61 24 3.0 11.0 -0.3 0 13 4.62 23 4.3 14.4 -0.1 0 14 4.60 24 3.8 13.4 -0.4 0 14 4.63 24 4.1 13.0 0.4 0 15 q2 4.59 22 2.9 10.7 -0.8 0 15 4.63 23 3.9 13.4 0.1 51 16 4.59 23 4.2 14.0 0.2 0 16 4.61 22 3.6 12.7 -1.1 37 17 4.60 21 3.4 12.0 0.6 0 17 4.60 23 3.8 11.7 -0.6 37 18 4.60 22 3.8 13.7 -0.4 0 18 4.60 23 3.3 15.0 0.5 30 19 d5 4.60 22 5.3 16.0 0.0 0 19 q2 4.61 23 2.8 12.0 0.2 31 20 4.59 24 4.0 13.4 -0.2 0 20 q5 4.62 24 3.3 12.4 0.4 32 21 4.60 23 3.1 11.4 0.2 0 21 4.60 24 3.8 13.4 -0.8 22 22 d4 4.59 24 5.4 18.4 -0.3 0 22 4.63 23 3.3 11.0 1.7 40 23 4.60 23 4.4 19.4 0.4 0 23 q4 4.61 24 3.2 11.4 -1.5 46 24 4.60 24 3.2 12.0 0.1 18 24 4.62 24 4.3 19.4 0.6 24 25 4.60 24 4.6 22.4 0.3 34 25 4.63 24 3.5 11.7 0.6 22 26 4.60 23 3.3 11.7 -0.5 16 26 4.63 23 3.5 12.0 0.0 22 27 4.60 24 4.1 15.0 0.1 16 27 4.62 24 3.7 12.0 -0.5 18 28 4.59 23 3.9 13.7 -0.5 16 28 d3 4.62 24 5.1 22.1 0.1 16 29 q5 4.60 24 3.1 11.0 0.9 16 29 4.62 24 4.3 13.7 -0.2 38 30 4.60 23 4.0 15.0 -0.1 16 30 d1 4.65 23 7.6 31.7 2.1 33 31 4.60 24 3.3 12.7 0.0 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.60 0.8 4.0 14.9 0.0 11.5 All 4.61 0.8 4.0 14.3 0.1 23.9 Quiet 4.60 0.6 2.9 10.9 0.1 11.2 Quiet 4.62 0.5 3.0 10.9 -0.2 25.0 Dist. 4.59 1.5 5.6 21.1 -0.2 7.2 Dist. 4.62 1.2 5.4 20.5 0.3 22.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.85 (west) is -4.84 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.64 (May 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.41 (Jun 30) Minimum -5.14 (May 5) Minimum -5.05 (Jun 28) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.64 24 3.6 13.0 -0.4 34 1 4.68 24 2.9 10.4 1.2 36 2 4.64 22 2.9 8.4 0.1 34 2 4.65 24 3.8 13.0 -1.8 36 3 4.63 24 3.7 11.4 -0.6 16 3 4.65 22 3.6 12.7 0.2 36 4 4.65 24 3.7 11.7 0.8 10 4 4.64 24 3.2 11.7 -0.9 36 5 d2 4.64 24 4.7 16.4 -0.1 16 5 4.66 23 3.2 10.7 1.2 18 6 4.65 24 3.1 12.0 0.4 16 6 4.65 23 3.8 12.7 -0.5 0 7 4.64 24 3.4 11.7 -0.5 16 7 4.66 24 3.2 11.7 0.3 0 8 4.65 22 3.3 11.7 0.1 0 8 d5 4.65 24 4.0 14.0 -0.3 0 9 4.65 24 2.9 10.7 0.3 18 9 4.66 24 3.5 12.0 0.6 0 10 4.63 24 4.0 13.7 -1.0 21 10 4.65 24 3.6 13.0 -0.8 0 11 q3 4.64 24 2.7 10.7 0.5 18 11 d1 4.66 23 4.7 18.0 0.5 0 12 d4 4.67 24 4.3 13.7 1.5 18 12 d4 4.66 24 4.2 18.7 0.2 0 13 4.64 24 3.8 13.0 -1.5 16 13 q4 4.67 23 2.6 8.4 0.5 0 14 d1 4.67 23 5.5 21.4 1.7 16 14 4.66 24 3.1 12.7 -0.5 0 15 4.63 24 4.0 16.0 -2.4 8 15 4.66 22 3.3 11.4 0.1 0 16 4.66 23 3.1 10.7 1.5 0 16 q1 4.65 24 2.2 8.4 -0.5 0 17 4.63 24 3.3 13.4 -1.4 0 17 4.67 24 3.1 11.0 0.9 0 18 q4 4.67 23 2.8 9.7 2.2 0 18 q2 4.66 24 2.3 9.7 -0.6 0 19 q2 4.66 24 2.4 8.0 -0.8 0 19 d2 4.63 24 4.3 13.4 -1.4 0 20 q1 4.65 23 2.3 8.0 -0.5 0 20 q3 4.67 23 2.5 9.0 1.9 0 21 4.65 24 3.2 11.0 0.0 0 21 4.65 24 3.0 10.0 -0.8 16 22 4.65 23 3.1 12.7 -0.1 0 22 4.66 24 3.8 12.4 0.3 17 23 q5 4.65 24 2.8 9.7 0.2 0 23 d3 4.67 24 4.2 16.0 0.5 34 24 4.66 24 3.0 11.0 0.5 0 24 4.67 24 3.7 13.4 0.3 34 25 4.66 23 3.8 13.4 -0.1 14 25 4.66 24 3.4 12.4 -0.9 34 26 4.66 23 3.3 10.0 0.1 15 26 4.66 23 3.3 11.4 0.3 34 27 4.66 24 3.6 13.0 0.1 18 27 4.67 22 3.5 13.7 0.6 34 28 4.65 24 4.0 13.7 -0.6 19 28 4.67 24 3.2 12.0 0.1 34 29 d3 4.68 24 4.4 15.4 1.7 21 29 4.66 24 3.2 11.4 -0.7 18 30 d5 4.65 23 4.0 14.4 -1.9 21 30 q5 4.66 24 2.8 10.0 -0.2 18 31 4.66 24 3.5 12.4 1.1 22 31 4.67 23 3.2 11.7 0.9 18 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.65 0.7 3.5 12.3 0.0 12.5 All 4.66 0.6 3.4 12.2 0.0 14.6 Quiet 4.65 0.6 2.6 9.2 0.3 3.6 Quiet 4.66 0.3 2.5 9.1 0.2 3.6 Dist. 4.66 0.8 4.6 16.2 0.6 18.4 Dist. 4.65 0.6 4.3 16.0 -0.1 6.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.80 (west) is -4.79 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.59 (Jul 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.58 (Aug 11) Minimum -5.00 (Jul 15) Minimum -4.94 (Aug 19) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 5 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d3 4.66 23 4.0 15.0 -0.8 16 1 4.68 22 2.3 8.0 0.0 19 2 d4 4.66 24 3.9 18.0 0.3 0 2 d2 4.68 24 5.1 22.7 0.0 19 3 4.68 22 3.6 12.4 1.0 0 3 d5 4.70 22 3.7 14.4 0.9 25 4 4.67 24 2.6 10.0 -0.2 0 4 4.68 24 2.0 6.7 -0.9 21 5 4.68 23 2.3 8.0 0.1 0 5 d1 4.64 20 6.0 22.7 -2.4 37 6 4.67 23 2.4 8.0 -0.6 0 6 4.67 24 3.0 11.0 2.0 18 7 4.67 23 2.5 9.4 0.1 0 7 d3 4.69 24 4.6 23.7 0.7 18 8 4.67 24 3.1 11.0 -0.2 0 8 4.68 24 2.0 7.4 -0.2 13 9 4.65 23 2.7 9.0 -0.7 0 9 4.68 24 2.3 11.0 0.1 0 10 4.68 24 3.5 13.4 1.4 0 10 4.70 23 3.1 12.4 0.9 0 11 4.67 24 3.4 13.0 -0.6 0 11 4.68 22 2.3 10.7 -0.9 0 12 q2 4.67 24 1.9 6.7 0.2 0 12 4.71 23 3.5 15.0 1.4 0 13 4.66 24 2.9 12.0 -0.5 0 13 d4 4.71 23 4.4 14.7 -0.2 0 14 d2 4.69 22 4.2 12.7 1.4 0 14 q4 4.68 24 1.4 6.7 -1.5 0 15 4.68 24 3.3 12.4 -0.6 0 15 4.67 23 2.8 10.0 -0.5 0 16 d1 4.63 23 7.0 35.1 -2.6 0 16 4.69 24 3.1 13.0 1.0 0 17 4.67 23 3.2 12.0 2.4 0 17 4.68 21 2.5 10.0 -0.8 16 18 4.68 24 2.5 8.7 0.2 0 18 4.68 24 2.2 9.7 0.3 0 19 4.69 24 3.0 11.7 0.5 0 19 4.67 22 1.7 7.4 -0.6 18 20 4.70 24 3.5 13.7 0.7 0 20 4.68 22 1.5 6.3 0.7 18 21 4.67 23 3.5 15.4 -1.4 0 21 4.68 24 1.6 6.3 -0.2 16 22 4.68 24 2.6 9.7 0.3 0 22 4.68 24 1.5 5.0 -0.1 9 23 d5 4.66 23 3.7 13.4 -1.0 0 23 q5 4.68 23 1.4 6.0 0.1 16 24 q5 4.68 24 2.2 7.7 1.2 0 24 4.67 22 1.5 5.7 -0.8 0 25 q3 4.68 24 2.0 8.0 -0.4 0 25 4.68 24 2.8 10.0 0.9 0 26 q1 4.67 24 1.8 6.7 0.0 0 26 4.67 23 2.6 8.7 -0.8 18 27 4.68 24 2.3 8.7 0.0 0 27 4.69 23 2.1 8.7 1.4 18 28 q4 4.68 24 2.0 8.0 0.0 18 28 4.69 24 2.0 8.4 -0.3 20 29 4.66 24 2.7 9.4 -1.1 18 29 q2 4.69 24 1.2 4.7 0.0 28 30 4.68 24 2.5 10.7 1.4 19 30 q3 4.69 23 1.3 4.7 0.1 30 31 q1 4.69 23 1.2 4.0 0.1 18 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.67 0.7 3.0 11.7 0.0 2.4 All 4.68 0.7 2.5 10.2 0.0 12.7 Quiet 4.68 0.2 2.0 7.4 0.2 3.6 Quiet 4.69 0.3 1.3 5.2 -0.2 18.4 Dist. 4.66 1.0 4.6 18.8 -0.5 3.2 Dist. 4.68 1.3 4.7 19.7 -0.2 19.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.78 (west) is -4.77 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.47 (Sep 16) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.53 (Oct 2) Minimum -5.06 (Sep 16) Minimum -5.00 (Oct 5) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.70 22 1.4 5.3 0.4 23 1 d3 4.71 21 2.8 11.7 0.6 0 2 d2 4.70 24 4.5 19.7 0.1 21 2 4.70 24 1.3 4.3 -0.4 0 3 4.69 23 2.1 9.7 -0.3 16 3 4.69 24 1.7 9.4 -0.8 0 4 4.68 24 2.1 8.7 -0.7 28 4 4.70 22 1.0 4.3 0.3 0 5 4.69 24 1.6 6.7 0.4 8 5 q3 4.70 23 0.7 2.7 0.2 0 6 4.69 23 1.3 5.0 0.1 0 6 d5 4.70 22 2.4 9.4 0.1 0 7 4.69 24 1.3 4.0 -0.1 0 7 4.70 23 2.3 11.4 0.1 0 8 4.69 24 2.0 9.4 -0.1 0 8 4.70 24 0.8 2.7 0.0 0 9 4.69 24 1.0 4.0 0.1 0 9 4.70 23 0.8 3.3 -0.3 0 10 d4 4.70 24 3.7 15.4 0.5 0 10 4.71 24 1.2 3.7 0.5 0 11 4.70 24 1.4 7.4 0.1 0 11 4.70 24 1.4 5.7 -0.2 0 12 4.69 24 1.7 6.7 -0.5 0 12 q1 4.70 24 0.6 2.3 0.0 38 13 d1 4.71 23 5.4 25.4 1.3 0 13 4.70 24 1.8 8.7 0.0 0 14 d3 4.71 24 4.5 22.7 0.0 0 14 4.70 22 2.1 7.4 -0.2 0 15 q5 4.69 23 0.9 3.3 -1.3 0 15 q4 4.70 24 0.7 2.7 0.3 6 16 q3 4.69 24 0.8 3.3 0.2 0 16 4.70 24 1.8 8.0 0.0 11 17 q1 4.69 22 0.6 2.3 0.0 0 17 d1 4.73 24 4.5 17.7 1.6 35 18 4.70 23 1.1 4.0 0.1 0 18 4.72 24 2.2 10.7 -0.8 39 19 4.69 23 1.2 4.3 -0.3 37 19 4.71 24 1.6 7.4 -0.5 32 20 4.70 22 1.8 7.7 0.4 39 20 4.70 24 1.2 4.7 -0.9 19 21 d5 4.69 24 3.0 14.7 -0.3 69 21 4.71 24 1.9 10.4 0.8 19 22 4.68 22 2.9 14.7 -0.7 69 22 4.71 23 0.8 2.7 0.2 20 23 4.71 23 2.6 13.0 1.5 69 23 4.71 24 0.9 3.7 0.0 7 24 4.70 24 1.7 7.0 -0.5 83 24 4.70 24 1.0 4.0 -0.5 9 25 4.70 21 1.1 4.0 0.1 0 25 4.71 23 2.1 9.7 0.3 18 26 q2 4.70 24 0.6 2.3 -0.3 16 26 d2 4.71 24 3.7 16.4 0.0 20 27 q4 4.69 24 0.9 3.0 -0.4 54 27 4.71 24 1.6 8.7 0.2 0 28 4.69 24 1.0 3.7 0.2 0 28 q5 4.71 24 0.8 3.7 0.0 19 29 4.70 23 1.4 7.4 0.1 0 29 q2 4.71 24 0.7 2.3 -0.2 8 30 4.70 24 2.7 10.7 0.5 0 30 4.70 23 1.0 4.0 -0.2 7 31 d4 4.70 24 2.4 11.7 -0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.70 0.4 1.9 8.5 0.0 17.7 All 4.70 0.5 1.6 6.9 0.0 9.9 Quiet 4.69 0.2 0.8 2.9 -0.4 14.0 Quiet 4.70 0.2 0.7 2.7 0.1 14.2 Dist. 4.70 0.5 4.2 19.6 0.3 18.0 Dist. 4.71 0.7 3.1 13.4 0.4 11.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.75 (west) is -4.75 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.44 (Nov 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.50 (Dec 17) Minimum -4.92 (Nov 13) Minimum -4.86 (Dec 26) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 5 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.57 1.7 7.3 0.0 0.6 14.6 744 728 Feb 4.57 2.5 10.6 0.1 0.7 21.5 672 653 Mar 4.59 3.4 14.3 0.0 0.8 33.8 744 722 Apr 4.59 4.0 15.5 0.0 0.6 29.1 720 704 May 4.60 4.0 14.9 0.0 0.8 11.5 744 720 Jun 4.61 4.0 14.3 0.1 0.8 23.9 720 706 Jul 4.65 3.5 12.3 0.0 0.7 12.5 744 732 Aug 4.66 3.4 12.2 0.0 0.6 14.6 744 731 Sep 4.67 3.0 11.7 0.0 0.7 2.4 720 707 Oct 4.68 2.5 10.2 0.0 0.7 12.7 744 716 Nov 4.70 1.9 8.5 0.0 0.4 17.7 720 701 Dec 4.70 1.6 6.9 0.0 0.5 9.9 744 729 Mean 4.63 3.0 11.6 0.0 0.7 17.0 8760 8549 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.56 0.8 2.9 -0.2 0.2 14.6 120 117 Feb 4.57 0.8 2.8 0.0 0.1 16.8 120 117 Mar 4.59 2.0 8.2 0.0 0.4 28.2 120 117 Apr 4.59 2.6 10.5 -0.1 0.4 31.4 120 116 May 4.60 2.9 10.9 0.1 0.6 11.2 120 116 Jun 4.62 3.0 10.9 -0.2 0.5 25.0 120 119 Jul 4.65 2.6 9.2 0.3 0.6 3.6 120 118 Aug 4.66 2.5 9.1 0.2 0.3 3.6 120 118 Sep 4.68 2.0 7.4 0.2 0.2 3.6 120 120 Oct 4.69 1.3 5.2 -0.2 0.3 18.4 120 117 Nov 4.69 0.8 2.9 -0.4 0.2 14.0 120 117 Dec 4.70 0.7 2.7 0.1 0.2 14.2 120 119 Mean 4.63 1.8 6.9 0.0 0.3 15.4 1440 1411 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.58 3.2 12.6 1.0 0.4 24.2 120 118 Feb 4.59 6.0 26.9 0.5 0.7 32.0 120 117 Mar 4.60 5.3 23.1 -0.2 1.5 47.0 120 119 Apr 4.60 6.4 25.8 0.4 0.9 27.6 120 118 May 4.59 5.6 21.1 -0.2 1.5 7.2 120 117 Jun 4.62 5.4 20.5 0.3 1.2 22.6 120 117 Jul 4.66 4.6 16.2 0.6 0.8 18.4 120 118 Aug 4.65 4.3 16.0 -0.1 0.6 6.8 120 119 Sep 4.66 4.6 18.8 -0.5 1.0 3.2 120 115 Oct 4.68 4.7 19.7 -0.2 1.3 19.8 120 113 Nov 4.70 4.2 19.6 0.3 0.5 18.0 120 119 Dec 4.71 3.1 13.4 0.4 0.7 11.0 120 115 Mean 4.64 4.8 19.5 0.2 0.9 19.8 1440 1405 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.88 -4.70 -4.96 Feb -4.88 -4.40 -5.30 Mar -4.86 -4.41 -5.16 Apr -4.86 -4.48 -5.22 May -4.85 -4.64 -5.14 Jun -4.84 -4.41 -5.05 Jul -4.80 -4.59 -5.00 Aug -4.79 -4.58 -4.94 Sep -4.78 -4.47 -5.06 Oct -4.77 -4.53 -5.00 Nov -4.75 -4.44 -4.92 Dec -4.75 -4.50 -4.86 Mean -4.82 -4.51 -5.05 Results for 1876 HELSINKI D 1876 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 6 3 -4 -7 -4 -2 1 1 -1 -10 -17 -22 -20 -17 -14 -13 -10 7 13 25 23 24 16 -4 44.0 FEBRUARY 10 -6 17 -8 -8 3 2 2 4 -5 -12 -21 -24 -20 -14 -7 -5 -6 8 9 17 24 13 21 -4 43.5 MARCH 19 14 15 10 7 1 10 18 20 4 -14 -36 -46 -46 -38 -20 -9 -3 0 13 19 23 23 9 -4 43.3 APRIL 10 10 12 16 19 24 29 36 36 22 -2 -34 -55 -59 -48 -34 -20 -8 -2 7 11 14 15 11 -4 43.1 MAY 13 15 21 26 38 45 46 39 27 6 -20 -44 -56 -53 -44 -30 -23 -16 -8 -2 0 9 5 6 -4 42.6 JUNE 10 18 20 33 46 47 51 47 39 13 -16 -45 -61 -66 -57 -41 -22 -10 -4 -5 -2 -5 1 1 -4 41.8 JULY 7 8 18 30 38 45 46 49 38 17 -11 -40 -57 -60 -58 -41 -22 -12 -6 -5 5 4 3 7 -4 40.4 AUGUST 17 18 13 21 35 41 42 38 28 5 -23 -51 -66 -64 -47 -28 -12 0 -2 -1 2 6 12 13 -4 40.7 SEPTEMBER 14 17 23 25 22 19 20 22 17 2 -17 -34 -48 -46 -39 -20 -10 -8 -2 1 7 6 14 18 -4 40.4 OCTOBER 3 0 1 8 7 5 6 10 15 7 -11 -23 -34 -39 -32 -21 -12 -4 1 10 20 21 38 24 -4 39.6 NOVEMBER 11 9 2 0 1 -5 -2 1 3 0 -6 -18 -22 -24 -10 -11 -6 -3 1 7 10 16 22 15 -4 38.6 DECEMBER 11 1 0 -2 -5 -6 -5 -3 -2 -3 -8 -14 -18 -20 -10 -2 2 2 7 13 11 18 25 17 -4 38.5 WINTER 10 0 7 -5 -7 -2 -2 0 1 -3 -10 -17 -21 -20 -14 -8 -5 -5 7 12 18 22 21 18 -4 42.0 EQUINOX 12 11 12 14 16 15 18 21 20 7 -12 -32 -44 -45 -35 -23 -13 -7 -2 6 11 15 20 14 -4 41.3 SUMMER 11 15 17 28 40 44 46 45 35 12 -17 -45 -61 -63 -54 -37 -19 -7 -4 -4 2 2 5 7 -4 41.0 YEAR 11 9 12 13 16 18 21 22 19 6 -12 -31 -42 -43 -34 -22 -13 -6 0 5 11 13 16 13 -4 41.4 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 9 8 1 -3 -5 -4 1 5 7 3 -3 -11 -14 -7 -5 -5 -4 3 -2 3 3 4 6 3 -4 44.4 FEBRUARY 4 3 4 2 0 0 3 6 8 6 -3 -8 -16 -16 -9 -4 -3 -3 -3 1 5 7 6 7 -4 43.6 MARCH 7 6 12 11 11 10 12 15 15 7 -9 -25 -29 -25 -18 -7 0 -5 -5 0 4 7 8 1 -4 43.8 APRIL -1 0 5 13 17 20 23 28 26 18 0 -25 -41 -49 -38 -29 -15 -4 4 6 4 16 16 12 -4 42.9 MAY 14 13 15 15 25 35 37 31 21 2 -21 -40 -45 -38 -25 -19 -15 -10 -2 -2 -3 1 6 8 -4 42.5 JUNE -6 12 13 25 38 33 35 30 37 18 0 -23 -40 -49 -40 -36 -20 -6 -6 0 1 -5 -3 -6 -4 40.9 JULY 16 4 20 14 13 33 46 35 31 8 -8 -32 -44 -42 -43 -30 -21 -14 -8 -7 3 8 0 4 -4 40.5 AUGUST 4 17 -4 22 37 35 33 26 24 4 -14 -39 -51 -46 -33 -12 -2 0 -3 1 3 2 -2 3 -4 40.7 SEPTEMBER 16 12 14 18 23 22 23 19 8 -4 -18 -23 -33 -29 -20 -13 -10 -6 -8 -3 -1 -1 3 4 -4 40.5 OCTOBER 10 9 10 4 2 0 3 4 12 7 -8 -18 -26 -26 -18 -9 -3 1 2 2 6 8 13 3 -4 39.3 NOVEMBER -2 1 0 -1 1 -1 3 6 7 3 -4 -8 -15 -13 -5 3 -1 1 1 4 3 5 4 3 -4 38.6 DECEMBER 4 4 -2 -2 0 0 3 3 1 -2 -4 -6 -11 -12 -3 -1 0 -2 -1 4 2 6 6 6 -4 38.9 WINTER 6 5 1 -1 -2 -1 2 5 5 2 -3 -8 -14 -12 -6 -3 -2 -1 -2 3 3 6 6 5 -4 42.3 EQUINOX 7 7 9 10 13 14 17 17 15 6 -10 -23 -32 -30 -21 -12 -7 -4 -1 1 2 6 8 5 -4 41.3 SUMMER 5 11 10 20 29 34 38 30 31 10 -7 -31 -45 -46 -39 -26 -14 -7 -6 -2 2 2 -2 0 -4 40.7 YEAR 6 7 8 10 14 16 19 18 17 6 -7 -21 -30 -29 -21 -13 -8 -4 -2 1 3 5 6 4 -4 41.4 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 20 7 10 2 -14 -12 -12 -18 -9 -9 -25 -28 -34 -33 -36 -39 -32 -24 34 29 77 63 60 24 -4 42.9 FEBRUARY 30 -70 69 -51 -51 -4 9 0 -5 -17 -22 -31 -33 -26 -35 -14 -16 -31 24 25 63 94 39 57 -4 44.0 MARCH 65 35 23 -20 10 -31 -10 8 19 10 -8 -36 -62 -58 -65 -40 -17 7 9 10 2 60 71 22 -4 42.7 APRIL 15 14 15 28 25 24 25 37 35 19 -8 -45 -65 -67 -53 -45 -31 -20 -6 7 19 27 33 25 -4 43.4 MAY 17 8 33 37 56 62 56 49 22 -14 -39 -51 -64 -63 -57 -34 -26 -12 -9 0 -3 21 12 8 -4 42.8 JUNE 45 47 26 54 66 58 60 49 41 -1 -31 -59 -79 -82 -74 -55 -32 -13 -10 -5 -2 -4 2 -1 -4 42.0 JULY 12 12 22 36 41 33 25 57 41 17 -16 -55 -73 -72 -83 -56 -17 -7 9 9 32 17 1 11 -4 40.2 AUGUST 22 25 24 22 36 44 46 41 38 8 -27 -58 -80 -84 -70 -51 -22 -3 14 14 18 -7 23 23 -4 41.1 SEPTEMBER 14 60 50 51 41 16 -3 8 5 -9 -20 -43 -63 -59 -58 -27 -23 -19 -12 -6 2 -4 46 42 -4 39.8 OCTOBER -31 -9 -11 6 3 -4 -7 -7 3 -14 -33 -47 -54 -58 -49 -41 -33 22 15 43 59 48 132 77 -4 38.2 NOVEMBER 43 50 -1 -19 -10 -31 -15 -11 -2 -11 -15 -33 -35 -42 7 -29 -24 -15 5 38 13 40 55 35 -4 38.2 DECEMBER 16 2 0 -3 -3 -14 -13 -15 -16 -16 -26 -39 -38 -46 -23 -14 12 24 20 2 13 42 78 50 -4 37.8 WINTER 22 -20 26 -17 -23 -10 -5 -11 -10 -14 -24 -33 -35 -35 -31 -22 -12 -10 26 19 51 66 59 44 -4 41.6 EQUINOX 21 26 18 14 21 6 8 14 14 -3 -21 -43 -57 -58 -46 -36 -26 -6 0 15 15 32 58 35 -4 40.9 SUMMER 26 28 24 37 48 45 44 49 40 8 -25 -57 -77 -79 -76 -54 -24 -8 4 6 16 2 9 11 -4 41.1 YEAR 22 15 22 12 17 12 14 17 14 -3 -22 -44 -57 -57 -50 -37 -22 -7 8 14 25 33 46 31 -4 41.1 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 6 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 4.72 23 2.9 13.0 1.0 0 1 4.72 24 1.1 5.7 -0.6 9 2 4.71 21 1.6 6.3 -0.4 0 2 q3 4.72 24 0.8 3.3 -0.2 16 3 4.70 22 1.1 4.3 -0.4 0 3 q2 4.72 23 0.8 2.7 0.4 0 4 4.70 23 1.7 8.4 -0.1 0 4 4.72 23 1.4 5.3 -0.3 0 5 4.70 24 2.1 9.0 -0.1 0 5 d4 4.70 24 3.5 17.0 -0.9 0 6 4.71 24 2.5 12.4 0.6 0 6 4.73 23 1.8 8.0 1.5 16 7 4.71 24 1.1 4.0 0.1 0 7 q4 4.73 24 0.9 4.0 0.0 0 8 4.72 24 2.2 8.4 0.5 0 8 4.72 23 1.2 4.3 -0.4 0 9 q5 4.71 23 1.0 4.7 -0.4 0 9 q1 4.73 24 0.7 2.3 0.2 0 10 4.70 23 1.5 6.7 -0.9 0 10 4.73 23 1.2 6.3 0.0 8 11 q3 4.71 23 0.8 3.0 0.5 0 11 d3 4.77 24 4.9 14.7 2.5 16 12 q4 4.71 24 0.9 4.7 0.1 0 12 4.72 24 1.1 3.3 -2.9 18 13 q1 4.71 24 0.6 2.3 -0.1 0 13 4.72 23 3.0 12.4 0.3 41 14 d2 4.74 23 5.4 23.7 2.0 0 14 4.73 23 1.8 7.4 0.1 41 15 d4 4.74 24 4.1 14.0 0.2 0 15 4.72 23 1.5 6.0 -0.4 19 16 4.73 24 1.6 6.3 -1.1 0 16 4.72 24 1.4 5.3 0.1 67 17 4.72 23 1.3 6.7 -0.5 0 17 4.71 24 2.0 9.7 -0.4 18 18 q2 4.71 23 0.8 2.3 -0.3 14 18 4.72 24 2.3 8.0 0.6 21 19 4.70 22 1.2 4.3 -0.4 28 19 d2 4.73 24 8.9 36.8 0.7 21 20 4.71 23 1.0 4.0 0.4 52 20 d1 4.64 24 14.0 64.2 -5.5 19 21 4.71 23 1.2 5.0 0.0 46 21 4.74 21 1.4 6.0 5.8 19 22 d3 4.73 24 5.2 23.4 1.0 52 22 4.75 23 1.9 7.7 0.4 18 23 d1 4.75 23 7.2 33.1 1.4 48 23 4.74 24 1.4 6.7 -0.3 0 24 4.72 24 1.5 8.4 -2.0 46 24 4.73 22 1.1 4.3 -0.8 0 25 4.72 24 2.5 10.7 -0.1 45 25 d5 4.74 21 3.1 11.0 0.6 0 26 4.72 24 2.4 9.4 0.4 36 26 4.74 21 2.2 9.4 0.3 16 27 4.72 22 1.5 5.7 -0.3 34 27 4.73 22 2.3 11.0 -0.5 16 28 4.72 24 1.5 7.0 0.0 9 28 q5 4.72 22 1.0 3.3 -0.7 19 29 4.72 24 1.2 5.3 0.0 16 29 4.72 23 1.5 7.4 0.2 18 30 4.72 23 1.3 4.7 0.0 9 31 4.73 24 1.9 9.4 0.7 9 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.72 0.7 2.0 8.7 0.1 14.3 All 4.72 1.1 2.4 10.1 0.0 15.0 Quiet 4.71 0.2 0.8 3.4 0.0 2.8 Quiet 4.72 0.2 0.8 3.1 -0.1 7.0 Dist. 4.74 0.7 4.9 21.5 1.1 20.0 Dist. 4.72 2.5 6.9 28.7 -0.5 11.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.73 (west) is -4.73 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.24 (Jan 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.31 (Feb 19) Minimum -4.84 (Jan 4) Minimum -5.45 (Feb 20) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.73 22 2.4 11.0 0.3 18 1 4.74 24 3.0 10.4 1.1 0 2 q3 4.72 24 1.5 5.7 -0.4 0 2 4.73 24 2.7 10.7 -0.7 0 3 q2 4.72 21 1.3 4.0 -0.2 0 3 q3 4.74 24 2.5 8.7 0.8 0 4 4.74 23 2.9 11.0 1.3 0 4 4.74 24 2.8 10.4 0.1 0 5 4.73 24 2.6 9.0 -0.2 0 5 4.73 24 2.9 10.0 -0.8 0 6 4.73 22 2.0 7.0 -0.3 0 6 4.73 23 3.2 10.4 0.2 0 7 4.72 22 3.0 12.0 -0.4 0 7 d2 4.72 23 3.7 11.7 -0.3 0 8 q4 4.72 23 1.5 5.7 -0.3 0 8 d1 4.73 22 4.3 16.0 0.3 0 9 q1 4.73 21 1.0 4.0 0.4 14 9 q2 4.72 21 2.4 9.0 -0.5 0 10 4.71 21 3.3 11.4 -0.8 16 10 4.73 24 3.1 12.4 0.5 0 11 4.74 24 3.9 19.4 1.6 16 11 4.73 22 2.7 10.4 0.3 0 12 4.72 21 3.3 12.0 -0.9 9 12 q5 4.73 24 2.5 9.7 0.0 0 13 d5 4.73 24 4.3 20.4 0.3 16 13 d5 4.73 24 3.4 13.0 0.0 19 14 4.73 21 1.9 8.0 0.1 22 14 4.73 22 2.9 11.0 0.0 19 15 q5 4.72 23 1.6 5.0 -0.6 34 15 4.74 24 2.9 10.7 0.2 16 16 4.74 24 2.4 9.7 0.9 36 16 4.74 21 3.1 12.4 0.2 16 17 4.73 23 2.6 12.4 -0.4 79 17 d4 4.74 24 3.4 10.7 -0.2 0 18 4.72 24 1.8 6.7 -0.3 55 18 4.73 24 2.7 9.7 -0.4 0 19 4.72 24 2.4 10.0 -0.3 55 19 d3 4.71 24 3.5 12.4 -1.3 0 20 4.73 24 1.9 7.7 0.4 72 20 4.73 22 3.3 11.7 1.4 0 21 4.72 24 2.8 10.4 -0.5 73 21 q1 4.73 23 2.0 7.4 0.0 0 22 4.72 22 2.7 10.4 0.1 74 22 4.73 24 2.7 10.7 -0.4 0 23 4.72 22 3.2 12.0 0.1 74 23 4.73 24 3.1 11.0 0.0 0 24 4.73 23 2.0 8.7 0.3 57 24 4.73 22 3.1 11.0 0.2 0 25 d1 4.74 21 8.7 31.1 0.6 48 25 4.74 24 2.6 10.0 0.5 0 26 d3 4.76 23 5.4 21.7 1.2 45 26 4.74 23 3.0 10.0 0.0 0 27 d4 4.75 22 4.5 21.1 -0.7 51 27 4.73 23 2.9 10.0 -0.3 0 28 4.74 23 4.0 15.4 -0.5 34 28 4.73 23 3.2 10.4 -0.2 0 29 4.73 24 4.0 15.4 -0.5 34 29 4.75 23 2.6 8.0 1.1 0 30 d2 4.72 24 5.9 27.4 -0.4 16 30 q4 4.75 23 2.5 9.0 0.3 0 31 4.72 24 4.0 13.4 -0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.73 0.6 3.1 12.2 0.0 30.6 All 4.73 0.5 3.0 10.6 0.1 2.3 Quiet 4.72 0.2 1.4 4.9 -0.2 9.6 Quiet 4.74 0.7 2.4 8.8 0.1 0.0 Dist. 4.74 0.8 5.7 24.3 0.2 35.2 Dist. 4.73 0.6 3.6 12.8 -0.3 3.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.72 (west) is -4.72 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.43 (Mar 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.59 (Apr 8) Minimum -4.94 (Mar 25) Minimum -4.85 (Apr 16) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 6 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 4.74 24 2.4 8.0 -0.6 0 1 4.74 24 3.7 13.4 0.5 0 2 q1 4.74 23 2.1 6.3 0.1 0 2 4.73 24 3.9 13.4 -0.2 0 3 q2 4.74 24 2.3 8.0 -0.2 0 3 4.75 22 3.7 13.4 1.0 0 4 q3 4.74 23 2.3 9.0 -0.1 0 4 4.74 22 4.3 13.4 -0.6 0 5 4.72 24 3.0 9.7 -0.8 0 5 d4 4.77 21 4.6 16.0 1.6 0 6 4.73 23 3.4 11.4 0.3 0 6 4.75 24 3.3 11.7 -1.2 0 7 4.74 23 2.9 10.4 0.4 18 7 4.74 24 3.6 13.0 -0.4 0 8 d5 4.73 23 3.6 13.0 -0.1 18 8 q3 4.75 23 2.8 10.4 0.4 0 9 4.74 24 3.1 10.7 0.6 18 9 4.75 23 3.9 13.0 0.4 0 10 4.73 24 2.6 10.0 -0.6 13 10 4.74 24 4.4 15.0 -0.8 0 11 4.73 24 3.0 11.0 0.0 13 11 d3 4.75 23 4.6 14.7 0.5 0 12 4.75 24 3.5 14.0 0.9 13 12 q4 4.76 24 2.9 10.7 0.8 0 13 4.76 23 3.4 11.7 0.4 16 13 4.73 22 3.6 12.0 -1.6 0 14 4.74 24 3.6 13.4 -1.1 16 14 4.75 24 3.3 12.0 0.9 0 15 4.75 22 2.8 8.0 1.0 16 15 4.75 24 4.1 13.4 -0.1 0 16 4.75 20 3.1 10.0 -0.2 16 16 4.74 23 3.3 12.0 -0.5 0 17 4.73 23 3.5 13.7 -1.5 0 17 d2 4.75 22 4.9 15.7 0.8 0 18 4.73 23 3.5 11.7 -0.1 0 18 4.76 22 4.0 13.0 0.3 0 19 q5 4.75 24 2.6 10.4 1.2 0 19 4.75 23 3.3 11.7 -0.6 0 20 d2 4.74 24 3.9 13.4 -0.3 0 20 d5 4.75 24 4.4 15.7 -0.2 0 21 4.74 22 3.5 13.0 0.1 0 21 d1 4.75 24 5.6 21.1 0.5 0 22 4.73 23 3.2 10.7 -0.6 0 22 4.76 24 3.6 12.4 0.3 0 23 4.74 21 3.5 12.0 0.2 0 23 4.75 23 3.4 11.4 -0.2 9 24 d3 4.73 23 3.7 11.4 -0.3 0 24 q5 4.78 24 3.0 10.0 1.8 16 25 d1 4.73 20 5.9 17.0 -0.1 0 25 4.76 18 3.2 11.4 -1.3 16 26 d4 4.75 24 3.6 13.7 1.1 0 26 4.77 23 3.8 12.0 0.4 8 27 4.75 23 3.4 11.0 0.0 0 27 4.76 21 3.9 13.7 -0.4 0 28 4.75 22 2.9 10.4 0.3 0 28 4.75 24 3.7 15.7 -0.4 0 29 4.73 24 3.1 10.0 -1.2 0 29 q2 4.77 24 2.8 10.0 1.3 0 30 4.75 23 3.0 9.7 0.8 0 30 q1 4.77 24 2.3 9.0 -0.1 0 31 4.73 22 3.4 12.0 -0.8 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.74 0.5 3.2 11.1 0.0 5.1 All 4.75 0.7 3.7 13.0 0.1 1.6 Quiet 4.74 0.2 2.4 8.4 0.1 0.0 Quiet 4.77 0.8 2.8 10.0 0.8 3.2 Dist. 4.74 0.4 4.1 13.7 0.1 3.6 Dist. 4.75 0.4 4.8 16.6 0.6 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.71 (west) is -4.70 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.56 (May 12) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.50 (Jun 21) Minimum -4.89 (May 25) Minimum -4.85 (Jun 21) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q1 4.76 24 2.3 8.4 -0.6 0 1 4.77 24 3.4 12.4 0.1 7 2 4.77 20 3.5 12.4 0.5 13 2 4.81 24 3.9 14.4 2.4 0 3 q2 4.78 23 2.5 9.7 0.6 39 3 4.78 23 3.6 12.4 -1.8 0 4 4.78 23 3.1 11.4 0.2 37 4 4.78 24 3.8 14.7 -0.2 0 5 d2 4.75 23 5.5 19.7 -1.7 37 5 4.77 24 3.1 11.4 -0.3 0 6 4.79 24 3.9 13.7 2.1 19 6 4.77 24 3.1 11.4 -0.1 0 7 d3 4.78 23 4.3 15.4 -0.8 36 7 4.77 20 3.0 10.0 -0.3 0 8 d4 4.78 23 4.2 16.7 0.3 36 8 4.76 24 3.3 10.7 -0.4 0 9 4.78 24 3.6 13.4 0.2 16 9 d3 4.75 24 4.4 14.7 -0.6 0 10 4.77 23 4.0 14.4 -0.6 16 10 q2 4.76 24 2.5 10.0 0.8 0 11 4.78 23 3.7 12.7 0.2 16 11 4.76 24 3.3 11.7 -0.1 0 12 4.77 24 3.7 13.4 -0.4 16 12 4.77 24 3.5 13.0 0.7 0 13 4.77 24 3.7 13.0 0.2 0 13 d4 4.76 23 4.2 15.7 -0.7 0 14 4.77 19 3.1 10.4 -0.1 0 14 q4 4.77 24 2.6 9.4 0.4 0 15 4.77 23 3.1 12.4 -0.3 0 15 4.77 24 3.4 12.4 0.2 0 16 4.78 23 3.7 13.4 0.8 0 16 4.75 24 3.8 14.4 -1.2 0 17 4.78 24 3.5 11.7 -0.2 0 17 q1 4.77 24 2.4 9.4 1.0 19 18 q3 4.79 24 2.9 10.4 0.6 0 18 q5 4.78 23 2.9 9.7 0.4 21 19 d5 4.77 24 4.1 15.0 -1.0 0 19 4.76 23 3.4 11.7 -0.7 22 20 4.77 24 3.8 13.4 0.2 18 20 4.77 24 3.7 13.4 0.5 0 21 4.78 24 3.6 12.4 0.6 34 21 4.76 22 3.6 13.7 -0.6 11 22 4.79 24 3.9 14.0 0.3 34 22 4.77 23 3.4 12.4 0.6 0 23 4.78 24 3.5 11.7 -0.1 34 23 d5 4.77 24 4.0 15.4 -0.3 28 24 4.77 24 3.2 10.7 -1.0 16 24 d1 4.76 24 4.6 17.4 -0.3 13 25 4.78 24 3.5 11.7 0.8 7 25 4.76 24 3.2 13.4 0.1 19 26 4.78 23 3.9 12.7 -0.3 16 26 4.78 23 3.7 12.7 1.2 36 27 4.78 24 3.8 12.7 0.3 16 27 4.78 24 3.3 12.4 -0.3 22 28 q5 4.76 22 2.9 11.0 -1.0 16 28 4.75 23 3.2 11.7 -1.5 21 29 4.76 24 3.1 10.7 0.0 0 29 4.77 24 3.8 14.7 1.1 16 30 d1 4.82 24 5.6 19.0 3.2 0 30 d2 4.78 24 4.5 14.4 0.3 19 31 q4 4.77 24 2.9 10.7 -2.7 0 31 q3 4.78 24 2.6 8.7 0.2 19 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.78 0.7 3.6 12.8 0.0 15.2 All 4.77 0.7 3.5 12.6 0.0 8.8 Quiet 4.77 0.6 2.7 10.0 -0.6 11.0 Quiet 4.77 0.3 2.6 9.4 0.5 11.8 Dist. 4.78 1.3 4.7 17.2 0.0 21.8 Dist. 4.76 0.5 4.3 15.5 -0.3 12.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.67 (west) is -4.68 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.49 (Jul 30) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.50 (Aug 2) Minimum -4.89 (Jul 5) Minimum -4.85 (Aug 24) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 6 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.78 24 3.1 10.7 0.1 19 1 4.78 23 1.8 7.0 0.0 22 2 4.78 24 3.0 11.0 -0.4 24 2 4.77 23 1.9 7.0 -0.3 22 3 4.78 24 3.3 13.4 0.0 22 3 4.76 24 2.5 7.4 -1.0 21 4 4.77 24 2.9 9.4 -0.7 0 4 d5 4.78 20 3.5 16.0 1.6 19 5 4.77 24 3.0 11.0 0.6 0 5 4.78 24 2.1 8.7 -0.2 18 6 4.77 24 2.6 9.7 -0.5 0 6 d1 4.84 24 9.2 31.7 3.4 18 7 4.77 23 2.3 8.7 0.3 0 7 4.79 24 2.7 11.7 -3.1 0 8 q5 4.77 24 2.1 7.7 -0.1 0 8 4.79 24 1.5 6.7 0.4 0 9 d4 4.77 23 3.9 16.0 0.1 0 9 4.78 20 2.0 7.0 -0.6 0 10 4.77 22 2.8 11.0 0.0 0 10 4.78 23 1.6 5.7 0.1 0 11 4.77 24 2.5 10.4 0.2 0 11 4.76 22 3.2 14.0 -1.3 0 12 q3 4.78 23 1.8 6.7 0.2 0 12 4.80 23 2.1 8.4 2.1 24 13 d2 4.78 24 5.6 23.7 0.3 16 13 4.79 23 1.6 5.7 -0.6 22 14 4.79 24 3.5 14.7 0.6 11 14 q3 4.79 23 1.3 4.3 0.0 19 15 4.79 23 2.2 8.4 -0.4 16 15 4.77 24 1.7 6.3 -0.8 21 16 q2 4.77 24 1.6 4.7 -0.9 16 16 4.79 23 1.7 6.3 0.8 19 17 q1 4.77 21 1.5 5.3 0.2 16 17 4.78 23 1.8 6.3 -0.2 18 18 q4 4.78 23 1.8 6.7 0.5 16 18 4.78 24 2.4 9.4 -0.1 16 19 4.77 23 2.1 6.3 -0.6 16 19 4.79 22 1.7 7.0 0.4 18 20 4.76 23 2.2 8.0 -0.9 16 20 4.79 22 2.1 7.4 0.2 16 21 4.77 22 2.6 10.0 0.9 0 21 4.79 22 2.0 8.4 0.0 25 22 d5 4.77 23 3.5 14.4 -0.1 0 22 4.79 23 3.4 14.0 -0.2 18 23 d1 4.81 24 5.9 22.4 2.3 0 23 d2 4.82 24 6.7 27.4 2.1 22 24 4.77 23 2.3 8.0 -2.0 0 24 d3 4.82 22 5.5 26.7 -0.4 19 25 4.78 23 3.0 12.4 0.7 0 25 d4 4.81 24 4.0 20.4 -0.4 16 26 4.77 24 2.9 10.4 -0.7 19 26 q5 4.80 24 1.4 6.7 -0.8 14 27 d3 4.79 23 5.2 24.7 1.1 18 27 q4 4.80 22 1.3 4.7 0.4 14 28 4.77 21 2.4 8.7 -1.4 29 28 q1 4.80 23 1.1 4.0 -0.3 11 29 4.78 23 2.3 9.4 0.8 21 29 4.80 24 1.5 5.7 0.0 10 30 4.78 23 2.1 7.0 0.0 22 30 q2 4.79 21 1.2 3.7 -0.6 0 31 4.79 24 2.6 11.4 0.4 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.78 0.6 2.9 11.0 0.0 9.9 All 4.79 0.9 2.6 10.2 0.0 14.3 Quiet 4.77 0.3 1.8 6.2 0.0 9.6 Quiet 4.79 0.3 1.2 4.7 -0.3 11.6 Dist. 4.78 0.8 4.8 20.3 0.7 6.8 Dist. 4.81 1.1 5.8 24.5 1.3 18.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.67 (west) is -4.66 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.39 (Sep 23) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.21 (Oct 6) Minimum -4.85 (Sep 27) Minimum -4.79 (Oct 11) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.80 24 1.4 6.7 0.4 0 1 4.81 24 2.4 9.0 0.3 0 2 4.81 24 1.6 8.0 0.9 21 2 4.80 21 1.2 5.0 0.0 0 3 4.82 23 2.6 10.4 0.2 15 3 4.80 23 1.4 5.3 -0.2 0 4 4.80 23 1.7 7.4 -1.1 14 4 4.80 24 1.3 5.3 0.1 0 5 4.80 24 1.2 5.0 0.2 16 5 q5 4.79 24 0.7 3.0 -0.5 0 6 4.80 23 1.1 4.0 -0.3 16 6 q4 4.79 24 0.7 2.3 0.0 0 7 4.80 23 1.4 5.7 0.2 0 7 4.80 23 0.7 2.7 0.4 0 8 4.79 22 1.7 5.7 -0.6 0 8 q2 4.80 24 0.6 3.0 -0.2 0 9 4.80 23 1.2 4.0 0.3 0 9 4.80 22 0.8 2.7 -0.1 0 10 d1 4.78 23 6.9 35.8 -0.9 0 10 d1 4.80 23 5.7 30.4 0.0 0 11 d3 4.83 24 5.0 20.1 2.9 0 11 4.83 24 2.9 11.0 1.8 0 12 4.82 24 2.7 14.0 -0.5 0 12 4.82 24 2.7 13.4 -0.3 0 13 d2 4.81 22 5.2 28.7 -0.5 0 13 4.81 24 1.1 5.0 -0.6 0 14 q2 4.81 23 0.7 2.7 0.1 16 14 4.81 23 1.0 4.0 0.2 0 15 d5 4.82 23 3.9 19.4 0.3 34 15 4.81 24 1.0 4.7 -0.3 0 16 4.81 23 1.8 9.0 -0.3 34 16 4.80 24 0.8 3.3 -0.6 0 17 q5 4.80 24 0.9 3.7 -0.4 36 17 d4 4.82 24 3.6 18.7 1.0 0 18 4.79 24 1.8 6.3 -0.7 19 18 d5 4.83 24 3.4 15.0 0.7 18 19 4.81 23 1.9 8.4 1.0 19 19 4.81 24 2.0 8.4 -1.0 21 20 4.81 23 2.9 15.7 0.0 18 20 q3 4.81 24 0.7 3.0 0.0 22 21 4.81 24 1.6 7.7 0.1 15 21 d3 4.83 24 3.8 16.4 1.2 25 22 4.80 24 1.3 4.7 -0.9 0 22 d2 4.82 24 3.9 18.7 -0.5 24 23 4.80 24 1.0 3.3 0.4 14 23 4.81 24 2.6 12.4 -0.5 39 24 q3 4.81 23 0.8 2.7 0.1 10 24 4.80 23 1.6 7.7 -0.6 26 25 4.81 24 1.1 4.3 0.0 0 25 4.81 23 1.3 5.0 0.4 16 26 d4 4.81 21 4.1 16.4 0.3 0 26 4.81 24 1.0 4.0 0.2 13 27 4.81 24 2.3 11.0 -0.1 0 27 4.81 24 0.8 3.7 -0.2 17 28 4.81 23 1.0 3.7 0.2 0 28 q1 4.81 23 0.5 2.0 -0.2 16 29 q1 4.81 23 0.6 2.3 -0.4 0 29 4.81 24 0.9 4.0 -0.2 16 30 q4 4.80 23 0.8 3.3 -0.1 0 30 4.80 24 0.9 4.3 -0.1 0 31 4.81 24 0.9 3.3 0.2 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.81 0.5 2.1 9.3 0.0 9.9 All 4.81 0.6 1.7 7.6 0.0 8.2 Quiet 4.81 0.2 0.8 2.9 -0.2 12.4 Quiet 4.80 0.4 0.6 2.7 -0.2 7.6 Dist. 4.81 1.0 5.0 24.1 0.4 6.8 Dist. 4.82 0.7 4.1 19.9 0.5 13.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.64 (west) is -4.64 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.28 (Nov 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.30 (Dec 10) Minimum -4.88 (Nov 10) Minimum -4.80 (Dec 10) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 6 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.72 2.0 8.7 0.1 0.7 14.3 744 723 Feb 4.72 2.4 10.1 0.0 1.1 15.0 696 671 Mar 4.73 3.1 12.2 0.0 0.6 30.6 744 707 Apr 4.73 3.0 10.6 0.1 0.5 2.3 720 696 May 4.74 3.2 11.1 0.0 0.5 5.1 744 713 Jun 4.75 3.7 13.0 0.1 0.7 1.6 720 691 Jul 4.78 3.6 12.8 0.0 0.7 15.2 744 723 Aug 4.77 3.5 12.6 0.0 0.7 8.8 744 731 Sep 4.78 2.9 11.0 0.0 0.6 9.9 720 697 Oct 4.79 2.6 10.2 0.0 0.9 14.3 744 711 Nov 4.81 2.1 9.3 0.0 0.5 9.9 720 698 Dec 4.81 1.7 7.6 0.0 0.6 8.2 744 732 Mean 4.76 2.8 10.8 0.0 0.7 11.3 8784 8493 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.71 0.8 3.4 0.0 0.2 2.8 120 117 Feb 4.72 0.8 3.1 -0.1 0.2 7.0 120 117 Mar 4.72 1.4 4.9 -0.2 0.2 9.6 120 112 Apr 4.74 2.4 8.8 0.1 0.7 0.0 120 115 May 4.74 2.4 8.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 120 118 Jun 4.77 2.8 10.0 0.8 0.8 3.2 120 119 Jul 4.77 2.7 10.0 -0.6 0.6 11.0 120 117 Aug 4.77 2.6 9.4 0.5 0.3 11.8 120 119 Sep 4.77 1.8 6.2 0.0 0.3 9.6 120 115 Oct 4.79 1.2 4.7 -0.3 0.3 11.6 120 113 Nov 4.81 0.8 2.9 -0.2 0.2 12.4 120 116 Dec 4.80 0.6 2.7 -0.2 0.4 7.6 120 119 Mean 4.76 1.7 6.2 0.0 0.4 7.2 1440 1397 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.74 4.9 21.5 1.1 0.7 20.0 120 117 Feb 4.72 6.9 28.7 -0.5 2.5 11.2 120 117 Mar 4.74 5.7 24.3 0.2 0.8 35.2 120 114 Apr 4.73 3.6 12.8 -0.3 0.6 3.8 120 117 May 4.74 4.1 13.7 0.1 0.4 3.6 120 114 Jun 4.75 4.8 16.6 0.6 0.4 0.0 120 114 Jul 4.78 4.7 17.2 0.0 1.3 21.8 120 117 Aug 4.76 4.3 15.5 -0.3 0.5 12.0 120 119 Sep 4.78 4.8 20.3 0.7 0.8 6.8 120 117 Oct 4.81 5.8 24.5 1.3 1.1 18.8 120 114 Nov 4.81 5.0 24.1 0.4 1.0 6.8 120 113 Dec 4.82 4.1 19.9 0.5 0.7 13.4 120 119 Mean 4.76 4.9 19.9 0.3 0.9 12.8 1440 1392 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.73 -4.24 -4.84 Feb -4.73 -4.31 -5.45 Mar -4.72 -4.43 -4.94 Apr -4.72 -4.59 -4.85 May -4.71 -4.56 -4.89 Jun -4.70 -4.50 -4.85 Jul -4.67 -4.49 -4.89 Aug -4.68 -4.50 -4.85 Sep -4.67 -4.39 -4.85 Oct -4.66 -4.21 -4.79 Nov -4.64 -4.28 -4.88 Dec -4.64 -4.30 -4.80 Mean -4.69 -4.40 -4.91 Results for 1877 HELSINKI D 1877 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 10 3 0 -2 -8 -4 -2 2 1 -1 -8 -15 -19 -16 -11 -12 -11 -5 4 4 17 25 25 19 -4 38.2 FEBRUARY 6 3 1 3 4 -2 2 2 1 -3 -10 -20 -28 -23 -19 -9 -8 0 6 11 22 25 21 10 -4 37.8 MARCH 8 3 7 5 12 14 12 21 20 2 -16 -39 -46 -44 -28 -10 3 10 9 7 11 17 13 12 -4 37.7 APRIL 10 11 4 15 21 21 30 36 34 15 -11 -38 -56 -57 -41 -24 -13 -4 2 6 6 6 13 11 -4 36.8 MAY 13 25 26 19 25 32 35 41 32 13 -15 -43 -56 -56 -49 -30 -23 -6 -5 -4 0 8 9 11 -4 36.2 JUNE 8 17 20 30 46 47 48 48 39 19 -6 -35 -53 -57 -52 -40 -28 -19 -12 -7 -5 -7 0 9 -4 36.0 JULY 15 18 23 30 41 48 46 45 34 13 -11 -40 -56 -62 -49 -40 -23 -15 -15 -11 -1 2 5 11 -4 35.7 AUGUST 11 15 20 27 31 38 40 38 29 7 -25 -50 -64 -60 -44 -25 -12 -4 0 -1 3 3 4 11 -4 34.7 SEPTEMBER 13 18 17 21 21 25 29 28 21 2 -22 -40 -49 -50 -29 -17 -4 -4 -4 1 4 7 10 8 -4 34.4 OCTOBER 9 9 10 11 11 10 9 14 16 10 -4 -20 -32 -38 -32 -15 -7 -6 -2 1 6 14 13 8 -4 34.1 NOVEMBER 10 6 5 0 -5 0 3 2 1 -1 -9 -19 -22 -19 -13 -8 -2 -5 6 11 13 16 9 9 -4 32.7 DECEMBER 8 9 5 5 -3 -4 -2 -5 -6 -9 -13 -16 -16 -11 -8 -9 -7 5 7 9 16 21 17 8 -4 32.4 WINTER 8 5 2 2 -2 -3 -1 0 -1 -4 -10 -17 -21 -17 -13 -10 -9 0 6 8 18 24 21 12 -4 36.1 EQUINOX 11 12 12 12 14 17 20 24 21 7 -13 -33 -44 -44 -32 -17 -8 -3 1 4 7 11 11 10 -4 35.3 SUMMER 11 17 21 29 39 44 45 44 34 13 -14 -42 -58 -60 -48 -35 -21 -13 -9 -6 -1 -1 3 10 -4 35.5 YEAR 10 12 12 14 17 19 21 23 19 6 -12 -31 -41 -41 -31 -20 -11 -4 0 3 8 12 12 11 -4 35.6 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 3 5 1 2 0 0 2 4 4 3 -6 -8 -10 -8 -4 -2 -3 -4 -1 0 3 8 9 9 -4 38.5 FEBRUARY 1 1 -4 -5 3 3 5 10 8 2 -8 -9 -17 -17 -5 -5 -3 -1 2 4 8 9 10 6 -4 38.0 MARCH 7 6 6 9 7 9 7 13 16 4 -11 -18 -27 -26 -19 -7 -3 -3 1 1 1 8 5 4 -4 37.8 APRIL 12 2 7 11 15 13 25 30 27 16 -7 -31 -50 -46 -30 -10 -8 -4 -2 -1 1 2 10 11 -4 36.9 MAY 3 8 22 17 29 29 24 18 18 10 -11 -33 -40 -46 -33 -19 -5 -2 0 2 0 2 3 6 -4 36.4 JUNE 5 10 14 23 34 40 40 42 28 14 5 -25 -38 -45 -39 -35 -25 -20 -13 -9 -8 -6 -2 7 -4 35.8 JULY 12 3 9 20 35 36 35 29 34 16 -2 -27 -36 -40 -28 -30 -22 -6 -10 -13 -3 -6 -2 6 -4 35.6 AUGUST 3 5 13 19 26 32 31 31 30 15 -11 -34 -54 -52 -36 -18 -1 4 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 1 -4 34.7 SEPTEMBER 8 13 11 14 18 16 23 21 19 7 -13 -32 -34 -37 -19 -11 -7 -5 3 1 -3 3 3 7 -4 34.1 OCTOBER 7 0 3 7 6 7 11 16 22 17 1 -14 -21 -32 -23 -8 -2 -5 1 -3 1 5 6 5 -4 33.9 NOVEMBER 5 5 4 -1 0 -1 1 1 2 -2 -7 -13 -14 -10 -5 -1 -1 1 0 3 5 8 11 8 -4 32.7 DECEMBER 5 3 2 -1 -1 0 2 1 0 -4 -9 -12 -9 -5 -1 0 1 0 1 3 5 9 5 5 -4 32.3 WINTER 3 3 0 -1 1 1 3 5 4 0 -8 -10 -12 -10 -3 -2 -2 -2 1 2 5 9 8 7 -4 36.3 EQUINOX 7 6 9 10 13 12 15 17 17 9 -8 -24 -31 -33 -22 -9 -4 -3 1 1 1 5 6 7 -4 35.3 SUMMER 7 6 12 21 32 36 35 34 31 15 -3 -29 -43 -46 -34 -28 -16 -7 -8 -8 -4 -5 -2 5 -4 35.4 YEAR 6 5 8 10 15 16 18 18 18 8 -6 -21 -29 -30 -20 -12 -6 -3 -1 -1 1 4 5 7 -4 35.6 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 21 -12 2 -10 -19 -6 -4 1 -8 -12 -31 -24 -20 -34 -23 -32 -34 -23 19 -2 37 81 76 47 -4 38.1 FEBRUARY 9 0 -3 2 -4 -27 -2 -2 -5 -7 -15 -29 -41 -29 -21 -24 -19 -4 37 24 48 53 34 18 -4 37.8 MARCH 15 24 14 -31 12 25 8 16 8 -33 -40 -72 -63 -57 -25 -17 11 30 36 15 32 52 36 12 -4 37.6 APRIL 12 24 9 22 36 32 33 29 31 -1 -30 -56 -63 -74 -53 -37 -30 -12 -3 20 9 23 49 22 -4 37.1 MAY 45 125 108 18 -6 24 25 41 19 -3 -31 -68 -80 -78 -90 -38 -53 11 -15 -15 -3 23 28 26 -4 35.7 JUNE 25 23 22 39 67 51 57 61 48 25 -13 -47 -71 -66 -71 -48 -36 -36 -24 -10 -8 -11 0 13 -4 36.3 JULY 35 42 56 40 40 49 42 53 31 11 -12 -43 -70 -91 -68 -71 -42 -30 -30 -24 19 19 15 25 -4 36.1 AUGUST 11 7 29 37 38 49 35 28 25 -2 -37 -63 -80 -74 -58 -34 -22 -13 2 3 17 15 33 43 -4 34.9 SEPTEMBER 33 41 59 49 26 36 25 25 15 -17 -42 -62 -62 -72 -38 -34 3 -14 -9 -3 -2 -1 28 11 -4 34.3 OCTOBER 22 25 21 20 24 27 6 11 2 3 0 -18 -43 -48 -56 -35 -15 -10 2 12 10 43 11 1 -4 34.7 NOVEMBER 27 42 28 0 -24 -8 0 -7 -9 -3 -15 -39 -32 -25 -26 -23 3 -17 25 30 28 37 8 2 -4 32.3 DECEMBER 13 34 23 14 -13 -15 -14 -26 -26 -25 -26 -24 -24 -16 -29 -33 -28 30 30 26 48 44 32 -6 -4 32.4 WINTER 14 7 7 2 -12 -16 -7 -9 -13 -15 -24 -26 -28 -26 -24 -30 -27 1 29 16 44 59 47 20 -4 36.1 EQUINOX 26 47 40 13 11 23 16 19 11 -9 -26 -53 -57 -59 -48 -31 -14 -2 6 10 12 30 27 12 -4 35.3 SUMMER 24 24 36 39 48 50 45 47 35 11 -21 -51 -74 -77 -66 -51 -33 -26 -17 -10 9 8 16 27 -4 35.8 YEAR 22 31 31 17 15 20 17 19 11 -5 -24 -45 -54 -56 -47 -36 -22 -7 6 6 20 31 29 18 -4 35.6 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 7 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 4.81 24 0.6 2.3 0.0 0 1 q5 4.82 23 1.0 5.0 -0.1 10 2 q5 4.81 24 0.8 3.3 0.0 0 2 4.82 23 2.6 12.4 0.1 11 3 q1 4.81 24 0.6 1.7 -0.1 0 3 d2 4.80 24 3.3 16.0 -1.0 11 4 4.81 23 0.9 3.3 -0.1 10 4 4.81 24 1.4 5.0 0.5 0 5 q3 4.81 24 0.6 2.0 0.0 19 5 q3 4.82 23 0.9 3.7 0.2 0 6 d1 4.83 24 6.1 28.1 1.5 19 6 4.82 22 1.9 9.4 0.0 10 7 d4 4.82 24 3.2 16.0 -0.6 29 7 q4 4.81 24 0.9 3.7 -0.1 13 8 4.83 24 1.6 6.0 0.4 35 8 4.82 24 1.4 6.0 0.2 11 9 4.82 23 1.2 5.3 -0.5 29 9 q1 4.81 24 0.8 3.0 -0.4 10 10 4.81 24 1.3 5.0 -0.4 49 10 d1 4.82 24 3.3 16.0 0.7 14 11 4.81 24 0.8 3.7 -0.1 44 11 d3 4.82 23 3.2 13.4 -0.3 16 12 4.80 22 0.8 3.0 -0.4 32 12 4.82 22 2.0 10.7 0.0 13 13 4.80 23 1.0 3.7 -0.2 42 13 d5 4.82 24 3.0 14.7 0.3 13 14 4.82 24 2.2 9.0 0.9 42 14 4.83 23 2.3 9.4 0.2 13 15 d3 4.80 22 3.6 15.0 -0.9 47 15 4.82 23 2.1 8.7 -0.1 14 16 4.83 24 2.5 10.7 1.7 38 16 4.82 24 1.0 3.3 -0.1 13 17 4.81 24 1.1 4.0 -1.4 51 17 4.81 24 2.3 11.4 -0.5 13 18 4.81 24 1.2 5.7 0.1 56 18 4.82 24 1.3 5.7 0.6 2 19 d5 4.80 23 2.7 10.0 -0.4 53 19 4.81 24 2.3 9.4 -0.6 0 20 4.81 23 1.3 5.3 0.7 42 20 d4 4.83 24 3.2 12.0 0.9 0 21 4.80 23 2.0 7.4 -0.6 39 21 4.82 24 2.0 7.0 -0.6 2 22 4.81 24 0.9 3.7 0.5 18 22 4.82 24 1.9 7.0 0.0 0 23 d2 4.82 24 5.2 23.7 0.2 15 23 4.82 24 1.5 5.3 0.1 0 24 4.82 23 1.9 10.0 0.2 12 24 4.83 24 2.8 11.7 0.8 0 25 4.81 24 2.4 10.4 -0.5 0 25 4.83 22 1.2 5.3 -0.5 0 26 4.82 24 1.6 6.0 0.6 11 26 4.82 23 1.4 5.0 -0.1 14 27 4.81 24 2.3 8.7 -0.7 10 27 q2 4.82 23 0.8 3.7 0.0 22 28 4.82 23 1.2 5.7 0.5 15 28 4.82 23 1.0 4.0 -0.2 18 29 4.81 24 1.0 3.7 -0.2 0 30 q4 4.81 24 0.7 2.7 -0.1 0 31 4.82 24 1.0 4.7 0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.81 0.5 1.8 7.4 0.0 24.4 All 4.82 0.4 1.9 8.1 0.0 8.7 Quiet 4.81 0.1 0.7 2.4 0.0 3.8 Quiet 4.82 0.3 0.9 3.8 -0.1 11.0 Dist. 4.81 0.7 4.1 18.6 0.0 32.6 Dist. 4.82 0.5 3.2 14.4 0.1 10.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.64 (west) is -4.63 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.26 (Jan 6) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.42 (Feb 10) Minimum -4.75 (Jan 19) Minimum -4.79 (Feb 3) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 4.81 24 3.2 17.4 -0.6 30 1 q2 4.83 24 2.1 8.7 0.6 0 2 d3 4.82 22 4.2 17.7 0.9 36 2 q4 4.83 23 2.3 9.4 0.1 0 3 4.81 24 2.2 9.7 -1.0 36 3 4.83 24 2.7 10.4 -0.3 0 4 4.82 24 2.7 11.4 0.9 31 4 4.83 23 2.7 10.4 0.3 0 5 4.82 23 2.2 8.4 -0.1 18 5 d4 4.82 24 3.9 14.7 -0.8 0 6 q2 4.82 24 1.2 4.7 -0.3 30 6 4.83 24 2.6 9.4 0.5 0 7 q1 4.82 22 1.0 3.7 0.1 34 7 4.82 22 2.8 10.4 -0.4 9 8 q3 4.82 24 1.3 5.3 0.1 19 8 d3 4.84 24 3.9 17.7 0.9 14 9 q4 4.81 23 1.5 5.3 -0.5 8 9 d2 4.84 22 4.1 15.7 0.4 12 10 d1 4.83 23 5.8 21.7 0.9 14 10 4.84 21 2.9 11.0 0.0 0 11 4.82 22 2.1 9.7 -0.2 8 11 4.84 22 2.5 10.0 0.1 0 12 4.82 24 2.2 8.0 -0.1 0 12 4.84 23 2.7 10.7 -0.3 0 13 4.84 22 2.8 10.0 0.8 0 13 q5 4.84 23 2.3 10.4 0.3 0 14 4.83 24 2.3 8.4 -0.7 0 14 4.83 23 2.7 10.4 -0.6 0 15 4.83 23 1.9 7.0 0.0 0 15 d1 4.84 24 5.1 19.4 0.7 27 16 q5 4.82 24 1.6 6.7 -0.2 0 16 4.85 24 3.1 12.4 0.2 24 17 4.82 24 2.0 7.7 0.1 0 17 4.84 24 2.8 10.4 -0.3 26 18 4.82 24 2.4 9.4 -0.3 26 18 4.84 22 2.6 9.7 -0.4 28 19 4.82 23 2.2 7.4 -0.2 28 19 4.83 24 3.0 10.4 -0.3 18 20 4.82 24 2.5 8.7 0.0 18 20 4.84 24 3.0 11.0 0.8 34 21 4.82 23 2.3 7.4 0.2 20 21 q3 4.84 23 2.2 8.7 -0.3 23 22 4.83 23 2.5 9.4 0.5 14 22 4.83 24 2.4 9.4 -0.4 31 23 4.82 24 3.1 11.0 -0.6 0 23 d5 4.81 23 3.5 10.4 -1.5 14 24 d2 4.83 24 4.5 17.0 0.4 0 24 4.85 23 3.1 11.4 2.3 38 25 4.82 23 2.7 9.7 -0.1 0 25 4.85 23 3.5 13.7 0.3 41 26 4.82 23 3.2 11.4 -0.4 0 26 4.85 23 2.8 9.4 0.0 35 27 4.82 24 1.8 7.4 0.4 0 27 q1 4.83 23 2.0 7.4 -1.2 33 28 4.82 24 2.7 10.7 0.0 0 28 4.83 23 2.9 10.0 -0.4 23 29 d4 4.83 18 4.0 15.4 0.3 0 29 4.84 24 3.3 13.0 0.7 30 30 4.83 24 3.0 12.7 0.1 0 30 4.84 24 2.8 10.0 0.2 14 31 4.82 24 2.7 9.0 -0.7 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.82 0.4 2.6 10.0 0.0 11.9 All 4.84 0.6 2.9 11.2 0.0 15.8 Quiet 4.82 0.2 1.3 5.1 -0.1 18.2 Queit 4.84 0.3 2.2 8.9 -0.1 11.2 Dist. 4.82 0.4 4.3 17.8 0.4 16.0 Dist. 4.83 0.9 4.1 15.6 0.0 13.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.63 (west) is -4.61 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.45 (Mar 10) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.43 (Apr 8) Minimum -4.82 (Mar 10) Minimum -4.78 (Apr 15) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 7 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.83 24 3.6 14.0 -0.6 29 1 4.87 23 3.4 10.4 0.3 0 2 d3 4.84 24 5.3 17.4 0.7 15 2 q4 4.86 24 2.7 10.0 -0.9 18 3 d4 4.85 23 4.8 20.7 0.8 32 3 4.86 23 3.0 10.0 0.1 22 4 q2 4.84 21 2.3 9.7 -0.7 32 4 4.85 24 3.4 11.7 -0.8 22 5 q1 4.84 23 2.1 8.7 0.1 15 5 4.85 23 3.0 10.7 0.3 23 6 4.85 24 2.8 9.4 0.0 25 6 d3 4.84 23 4.1 13.0 -1.0 26 7 4.84 24 3.3 12.7 0.0 27 7 4.84 23 3.8 13.7 0.2 19 8 q3 4.84 24 2.3 8.7 -0.1 18 8 4.85 23 3.3 11.7 0.7 22 9 4.85 24 2.7 10.0 0.3 28 9 q1 4.85 21 2.6 10.0 -0.2 22 10 4.85 24 3.6 13.4 0.0 34 10 q3 4.85 21 2.7 9.4 0.2 23 11 d2 4.82 22 7.9 33.4 -1.8 32 11 4.85 23 3.6 12.7 0.1 20 12 4.86 23 3.0 10.0 2.5 31 12 4.86 24 3.9 14.4 0.7 18 13 4.85 20 3.4 11.7 -0.7 36 13 4.84 24 3.7 14.0 -1.5 14 14 d5 4.85 24 3.9 14.0 -0.1 28 14 4.84 24 3.4 13.7 0.0 9 15 4.84 24 3.1 11.0 -0.8 18 15 d5 4.85 24 4.1 17.4 0.9 5 16 4.83 23 3.0 10.0 -0.2 20 16 4.85 24 3.3 11.4 -0.3 5 17 4.84 22 2.8 8.0 0.6 29 17 4.85 23 3.1 10.0 0.3 5 18 q5 4.85 24 2.6 8.4 0.6 19 18 q2 4.85 23 2.6 9.7 -0.2 5 19 4.86 24 2.6 9.4 0.2 18 19 q5 4.85 24 2.9 10.0 0.1 11 20 4.84 21 2.6 9.0 -1.1 15 20 4.84 24 3.0 10.7 -0.6 11 21 4.82 24 3.9 11.4 -0.8 15 21 4.85 22 3.1 9.7 0.4 0 22 4.85 24 2.9 10.4 1.8 28 22 4.85 23 3.9 13.0 -0.2 0 23 4.84 24 3.5 12.4 -0.5 31 23 d2 4.84 22 5.0 16.7 -0.6 0 24 4.85 22 2.8 11.0 0.4 23 24 d1 4.84 22 5.1 16.0 0.1 20 25 4.84 24 2.8 10.4 -0.7 20 25 d4 4.84 23 4.1 14.4 -0.1 22 26 4.84 23 3.2 11.7 0.3 16 26 4.85 23 3.8 13.4 0.5 13 27 q4 4.83 24 2.6 9.7 -0.6 18 27 4.86 23 3.7 12.0 0.4 19 28 4.86 24 3.9 17.4 1.3 14 28 4.85 24 3.9 13.4 -0.1 16 29 d1 4.89 24 10.0 40.8 2.4 5 29 4.85 24 3.7 12.4 -0.1 17 30 4.86 24 2.6 9.0 -2.3 0 30 4.85 23 3.9 13.7 0.0 18 31 4.87 24 2.7 9.4 0.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.85 0.8 3.5 13.0 0.1 21.6 All 4.85 0.5 3.5 12.3 0.0 14.2 Quiet 4.84 0.3 2.4 9.0 -0.1 20.4 Quiet 4.85 0.2 2.7 9.8 -0.2 15.8 Dist. 4.85 1.5 6.4 25.3 0.4 22.4 Dist. 4.84 0.4 4.5 15.5 -0.1 14.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.60 (west) is -4.60 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.02 (May 29) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.39 (Jun 15) Minimum -4.93 (May 11) Minimum -4.77 (Jun 23) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.85 18 3.1 11.0 0.1 21 1 4.88 24 3.9 13.7 0.6 16 2 4.85 24 3.8 12.0 -0.4 23 2 q4 4.87 24 2.7 10.0 -0.5 16 3 4.86 23 2.9 10.7 1.1 20 3 4.86 24 3.3 12.4 -1.0 10 4 4.85 23 3.6 11.7 -1.0 20 4 d3 4.86 23 4.3 14.0 0.1 0 5 q5 4.85 22 2.9 11.4 0.3 18 5 4.87 24 3.3 12.0 0.7 0 6 d4 4.86 24 4.4 18.4 0.6 6 6 q5 4.86 24 2.7 10.4 -0.3 0 7 4.86 23 3.3 10.4 -0.4 6 7 4.85 23 3.0 9.7 -0.6 0 8 d1 4.80 19 5.6 22.1 -3.3 5 8 4.87 24 3.0 11.0 1.1 0 9 4.86 24 3.0 10.0 3.3 3 9 d5 4.85 24 3.9 14.0 -1.3 0 10 q3 4.86 23 2.8 11.0 0.1 0 10 4.87 22 2.8 9.7 1.0 0 11 4.84 23 3.0 10.7 -1.0 3 11 4.86 24 3.5 11.7 -0.4 0 12 4.85 23 3.1 11.4 0.6 10 12 4.85 22 3.3 11.4 -0.6 0 13 4.85 22 3.6 12.4 0.1 0 13 q2 4.87 24 2.4 9.4 1.0 3 14 4.85 22 3.7 12.4 -0.1 0 14 4.87 23 3.1 10.7 0.0 0 15 d5 4.84 23 4.1 15.7 -0.5 0 15 4.88 24 3.1 11.0 1.0 0 16 4.86 24 3.3 11.7 1.2 0 16 4.87 24 3.0 11.0 -0.7 0 17 4.85 23 3.1 11.4 -0.7 18 17 4.87 24 3.5 11.7 0.3 0 18 q4 4.85 23 2.9 10.0 -0.2 15 18 d4 4.88 24 4.2 15.4 0.1 0 19 q1 4.86 23 2.5 8.7 1.1 6 19 4.88 24 3.2 11.7 0.4 0 20 4.85 24 3.4 12.0 -1.0 0 20 4.88 23 3.6 12.7 -0.2 0 21 d2 4.85 24 5.5 17.7 0.4 0 21 4.89 23 3.5 12.7 0.8 0 22 4.87 23 3.8 12.4 1.1 0 22 q3 4.87 24 2.6 10.0 -1.5 10 23 q2 4.86 23 2.6 8.7 -0.5 0 23 4.88 24 3.1 10.4 0.6 11 24 4.86 24 3.4 13.4 0.0 0 24 4.86 22 2.9 10.0 -1.3 18 25 4.86 24 3.2 12.0 -0.1 0 25 4.87 24 3.1 12.4 0.8 17 26 4.86 24 3.7 14.0 -0.1 0 26 4.88 22 3.2 12.4 0.4 18 27 4.86 23 2.9 10.7 -0.2 0 27 4.87 22 2.9 10.0 -0.2 18 28 4.85 22 3.4 12.0 -0.2 0 28 d2 4.88 24 4.8 20.1 0.3 17 29 4.86 24 4.0 14.0 0.3 0 29 d1 4.87 23 5.2 19.0 -0.5 17 30 4.87 24 3.8 12.7 0.9 0 30 q1 4.89 24 2.1 7.7 0.9 14 31 d3 4.87 24 5.3 18.7 -0.4 13 31 4.87 24 3.3 13.0 -1.0 11 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.85 0.8 3.5 12.6 0.0 6.0 All 4.87 0.6 3.3 12.0 0.0 6.3 Quiet 4.86 0.4 2.7 10.0 0.1 7.8 Quiet 4.87 0.5 2.5 9.5 -0.1 8.6 Dist. 4.85 1.4 5.0 18.5 -0.6 4.8 Dist. 4.87 0.7 4.5 16.5 -0.3 6.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.60 (west) is -4.58 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.39 (Jul 6) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.37 (Aug 28) Minimum -4.88 (Jul 8) Minimum -4.74 (Aug 9) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 7 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.88 23 2.9 10.0 0.9 5 1 d1 4.87 22 4.5 19.4 -0.4 5 2 4.87 23 2.7 9.0 -0.8 0 2 d3 4.85 24 3.3 9.4 -1.5 0 3 4.88 23 2.5 10.4 0.6 14 3 4.85 23 2.0 9.0 0.0 0 4 4.87 23 2.1 8.4 -0.6 14 4 d4 4.90 22 3.2 15.0 2.8 0 5 4.89 24 2.5 9.4 0.9 22 5 4.89 23 1.9 7.4 -0.2 0 6 4.89 19 2.0 8.0 0.3 21 6 4.89 24 1.4 5.7 0.1 0 7 4.87 23 2.7 9.4 -1.5 24 7 4.89 24 1.7 8.0 -0.3 0 8 4.87 24 2.2 8.0 0.3 23 8 4.89 20 1.9 7.4 0.1 0 9 4.86 21 2.5 8.4 -0.5 20 9 4.89 24 1.5 5.0 -0.2 0 10 d3 4.87 24 3.2 11.7 0.6 24 10 4.88 23 1.6 5.3 -0.4 0 11 d4 4.86 23 3.2 11.7 -1.0 31 11 4.88 23 1.8 7.0 -0.1 0 12 4.87 24 2.2 7.7 0.8 30 12 d2 4.87 23 3.7 13.0 -0.4 0 13 4.87 23 2.2 8.0 -0.1 29 13 d5 4.88 24 2.7 10.0 0.3 0 14 4.87 23 2.3 8.7 -0.2 30 14 q1 4.89 24 1.3 5.0 0.8 0 15 4.87 19 3.0 11.7 0.2 24 15 4.90 21 1.7 7.4 0.6 0 16 d5 4.89 23 3.1 11.4 1.0 22 16 4.88 24 1.5 5.3 -0.8 0 17 q1 4.88 22 1.5 5.0 -0.4 21 17 4.88 24 1.6 6.7 -0.2 0 18 d2 4.88 23 4.0 15.4 0.1 25 18 4.87 24 2.3 8.0 -0.7 0 19 d1 4.89 23 8.6 31.7 0.3 28 19 4.88 24 1.5 5.3 0.8 0 20 q2 4.87 16 1.7 6.3 -0.8 18 20 q5 4.88 24 1.4 5.0 0.1 0 21 q5 4.89 23 2.0 6.7 1.0 10 21 4.88 23 1.8 6.7 -0.1 5 22 4.88 22 2.1 7.4 -0.7 0 22 4.89 23 1.9 7.0 0.6 0 23 4.87 24 2.1 7.7 -0.3 0 23 4.89 24 2.2 9.4 -0.3 0 24 q4 4.89 23 1.9 7.0 0.8 0 24 4.90 24 2.5 10.4 0.5 0 25 4.88 24 2.0 6.7 -0.3 9 25 4.88 23 2.6 8.4 -1.0 0 26 4.88 23 2.9 10.7 -0.3 23 26 q3 4.88 23 1.3 5.3 0.3 14 27 4.89 22 2.1 7.7 0.5 14 27 4.88 23 1.5 4.7 -0.3 22 28 4.88 24 2.1 8.0 -0.3 12 28 4.88 24 1.8 6.3 0.2 36 29 4.87 23 2.7 10.0 -0.7 9 29 4.88 23 1.7 8.7 0.0 43 30 q3 4.88 22 1.7 7.0 0.5 5 30 q4 4.88 24 1.4 6.0 0.1 45 31 q2 4.89 24 1.3 5.7 0.2 38 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.88 0.5 2.6 9.6 0.0 16.9 All 4.88 0.7 2.0 7.8 0.0 6.7 Quiet 4.88 0.3 1.8 6.4 0.2 10.8 Quiet 4.89 0.1 1.3 5.4 0.3 19.4 Dist. 4.88 0.6 4.4 16.4 0.2 26.0 Dist. 4.87 0.9 3.5 13.4 0.2 1.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.57 (west) is -4.57 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.29 (Sep 19) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.40 (Oct 4) Minimum -4.82 (Sep 19) Minimum -4.78 (Oct 1) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.89 23 1.1 4.3 -0.2 44 1 4.90 24 0.9 3.3 0.3 15 2 4.89 21 1.2 4.7 0.0 34 2 4.89 23 1.3 4.3 -0.8 13 3 d2 4.89 23 4.6 18.7 0.3 38 3 4.92 23 2.0 10.7 1.7 11 4 4.91 23 1.5 6.7 1.3 38 4 d2 4.89 23 4.3 15.0 -1.8 11 5 d4 4.92 22 3.5 12.0 0.2 20 5 d3 4.92 23 3.7 18.7 1.6 0 6 4.91 23 2.2 11.4 -0.8 15 6 d4 4.92 22 2.8 10.4 0.5 0 7 4.90 23 1.4 6.3 -0.2 13 7 4.92 22 1.5 7.0 -0.5 0 8 d3 4.92 24 4.0 20.1 1.1 0 8 4.91 24 0.9 3.7 -0.5 0 9 4.91 23 3.0 14.4 -0.9 0 9 q3 4.91 23 0.5 2.3 0.4 0 10 4.92 23 2.3 12.4 0.5 0 10 4.90 22 1.1 5.0 -0.7 0 11 q5 4.90 24 0.9 3.7 -0.6 0 11 4.91 22 0.9 4.0 0.6 0 12 4.90 24 0.9 3.0 -0.1 0 12 d1 4.91 24 5.2 26.1 -0.2 0 13 4.90 24 1.0 3.7 -0.2 7 13 d5 4.91 24 2.6 13.7 0.1 0 14 q2 4.90 24 0.7 2.3 -0.3 0 14 4.91 23 0.8 3.0 -0.1 0 15 4.90 23 1.1 4.3 0.4 17 15 4.91 24 0.8 3.3 0.2 0 16 4.90 22 1.1 4.3 -0.2 17 16 4.92 23 2.4 10.4 0.4 0 17 4.90 24 1.6 7.0 0.1 11 17 4.91 24 1.2 4.7 -0.6 0 18 4.90 23 1.4 6.3 -0.3 6 18 4.91 24 0.7 2.3 0.1 0 19 4.89 23 1.4 6.7 -0.2 0 19 4.91 23 0.9 3.7 0.2 0 20 d1 4.95 24 5.3 20.4 3.3 0 20 q5 4.92 24 0.6 3.0 0.1 0 21 4.91 23 1.3 5.3 -2.1 0 21 q2 4.91 22 0.5 2.3 -0.1 5 22 q3 4.91 22 0.7 2.7 -0.2 0 22 4.90 24 1.0 3.7 -0.5 5 23 4.90 24 1.1 4.7 -0.6 15 23 q4 4.91 24 0.6 2.3 0.1 0 24 d5 4.88 24 3.4 16.7 -1.3 29 24 4.91 22 1.1 4.7 0.3 0 25 4.90 23 1.5 6.3 1.7 20 25 4.91 24 0.9 3.7 -0.1 0 26 q4 4.91 22 0.8 2.7 0.4 23 26 4.90 23 0.9 4.0 -0.4 2 27 4.91 22 0.9 3.0 0.1 20 27 q1 4.91 22 0.5 2.0 0.4 0 28 4.91 24 0.9 4.3 -0.3 20 28 4.91 24 1.7 7.7 0.3 0 29 q1 4.91 24 0.6 2.3 0.0 25 29 4.91 24 2.0 11.4 -0.2 0 30 4.90 23 1.7 7.4 -0.2 15 30 4.91 23 0.8 3.3 0.2 0 31 4.91 24 1.2 5.0 0.0 5 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.90 0.7 1.8 7.6 0.0 14.2 All 4.91 0.4 1.5 6.6 0.0 2.2 Quiet 4.91 0.3 0.7 2.7 -0.2 9.6 Quiet 4.91 0.2 0.6 2.4 0.2 1.0 Dist. 4.91 1.5 4.2 17.6 0.7 17.4 Dist. 4.91 0.7 3.7 16.8 0.0 2.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.55 (west) is -4.54 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.29 (Nov 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.29 (Dec 12) Minimum -4.76 (Nov 3) Minimum -4.72 (Dec 12) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 7 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.81 1.8 7.4 0.0 0.5 24.4 744 732 Feb 4.82 1.9 8.1 0.0 0.4 8.7 672 657 Mar 4.82 2.6 10.0 0.0 0.4 11.9 744 721 Apr 4.84 2.9 11.2 0.0 0.6 15.8 720 697 May 4.85 3.5 13.0 0.1 0.8 21.6 744 723 Jun 4.85 3.5 12.3 0.0 0.5 14.2 720 694 Jul 4.85 3.5 12.6 0.0 0.8 6.0 744 712 Aug 4.87 3.3 12.0 0.0 0.6 6.3 744 728 Sep 4.88 2.6 9.6 0.0 0.5 16.9 720 676 Oct 4.88 2.0 7.8 0.0 0.7 6.7 744 722 Nov 4.90 1.8 7.6 0.0 0.7 14.2 720 694 Dec 4.91 1.5 6.6 0.0 0.4 2.2 744 720 Mean 4.86 2.6 9.8 0.0 0.6 12.4 8760 8476 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.81 0.7 2.4 0.0 0.1 3.8 120 120 Feb 4.82 0.9 3.8 -0.1 0.3 11.0 120 117 Mar 4.82 1.3 5.1 -0.1 0.2 18.2 120 117 Apr 4.84 2.2 8.9 -0.1 0.3 11.2 120 116 May 4.84 2.4 9.0 -0.1 0.3 20.4 120 116 Jun 4.85 2.7 9.8 -0.2 0.2 15.8 120 113 Jul 4.86 2.7 10.0 0.1 0.4 7.8 120 114 Aug 4.87 2.5 9.5 -0.1 0.5 8.6 120 120 Sep 4.88 1.8 6.4 0.2 0.3 10.8 120 106 Oct 4.89 1.3 5.4 0.3 0.1 19.4 120 119 Nov 4.91 0.7 2.7 -0.2 0.3 9.6 120 116 Dec 4.91 0.6 2.4 0.2 0.2 1.0 120 115 Mean 4.86 1.6 6.3 0.0 0.3 11.5 1440 1389 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.81 4.1 18.6 0.0 0.7 32.6 120 117 Feb 4.82 3.2 14.4 0.1 0.5 10.8 120 119 Mar 4.82 4.3 17.8 0.4 0.4 16.0 120 111 Apr 4.83 4.1 15.6 0.0 0.9 13.4 120 117 May 4.85 6.4 25.3 0.4 1.5 22.4 120 117 Jun 4.84 4.5 15.5 -0.1 0.4 14.6 120 114 Jul 4.85 5.0 18.5 -0.6 1.4 4.8 120 114 Aug 4.87 4.5 16.5 -0.3 0.7 6.8 120 118 Sep 4.88 4.4 16.4 0.2 0.6 26.0 120 116 Oct 4.87 3.5 13.4 0.2 0.9 1.0 120 115 Nov 4.91 4.2 17.6 0.7 1.5 17.4 120 117 Dec 4.91 3.7 16.8 0.0 0.7 2.2 120 116 Mean 4.86 4.3 17.2 0.1 0.8 14.0 1440 1391 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.64 -4.26 -4.75 Feb -4.63 -4.42 -4.79 Mar -4.63 -4.45 -4.82 Apr -4.61 -4.43 -4.78 May -4.60 -4.02 -4.93 Jun -4.60 -4.39 -4.77 Jul -4.60 -4.39 -4.88 Aug -4.58 -4.37 -4.74 Sep -4.57 -4.29 -4.82 Oct -4.57 -4.40 -4.78 Nov -4.55 -4.29 -4.76 Dec -4.54 -4.29 -4.72 Mean -4.59 -4.33 -4.80 Results for 1878 HELSINKI D 1878 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 4 6 6 1 0 5 1 -2 -9 -11 -17 -17 -11 -4 -3 -4 -2 5 9 13 12 13 8 -4 32.1 FEBRUARY 4 6 2 5 3 5 4 4 3 -3 -15 -21 -25 -22 -17 -8 -8 -1 13 12 24 17 16 11 -4 31.2 MARCH 7 6 11 9 9 11 17 24 20 10 -14 -34 -44 -42 -29 -14 2 1 3 7 12 11 10 7 -4 31.1 APRIL 8 10 9 11 17 23 32 36 35 19 -7 -34 -56 -57 -48 -31 -18 -5 -1 10 12 8 9 11 -4 30.6 MAY 17 9 15 21 28 35 38 41 29 13 -13 -36 -50 -54 -43 -31 -21 -11 -6 -4 0 9 3 13 -4 29.9 JUNE 5 11 13 25 34 40 45 47 37 21 -16 -48 -64 -69 -52 -33 -27 -2 -3 0 5 -4 14 9 -4 29.3 JULY 11 18 23 27 30 31 33 37 33 18 -6 -34 -50 -55 -52 -36 -21 -7 -5 -4 0 -4 5 6 -4 29.3 AUGUST 9 13 17 20 30 37 37 36 23 4 -21 -48 -61 -60 -45 -24 -9 3 3 2 5 7 9 10 -4 29.3 SEPTEMBER 13 8 11 13 15 20 24 26 21 3 -19 -39 -46 -44 -33 -19 -4 -6 -3 4 9 20 16 16 -4 28.6 OCTOBER 8 9 9 7 8 7 6 6 7 -2 -13 -25 -29 -26 -13 -10 -6 -2 4 5 11 11 12 13 -4 27.7 NOVEMBER 12 7 5 2 1 0 1 2 2 -3 -10 -17 -23 -20 -12 -7 -4 -3 -1 6 16 18 17 16 -4 26.7 DECEMBER 8 4 9 -1 -1 -2 -2 -6 -8 -14 -15 -16 -17 -16 -11 -8 -5 9 6 17 23 23 17 16 -4 26.2 WINTER 6 5 6 3 1 1 2 0 -2 -9 -14 -18 -20 -16 -11 -6 -6 2 8 13 20 17 15 12 -4 29.8 EQUINOX 11 8 10 11 13 16 20 23 19 7 -13 -31 -41 -41 -30 -19 -9 -4 -1 5 10 13 11 13 -4 29.1 SUMMER 8 14 18 24 31 36 38 40 31 14 -14 -43 -58 -61 -50 -31 -19 -2 -2 -1 3 0 9 8 -4 29.3 YEAR 9 8 11 12 14 17 20 21 16 4 -14 -31 -41 -40 -30 -19 -11 -2 1 5 11 10 11 11 -4 29.3 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 5 5 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 1 -1 -4 -9 -13 -9 -3 3 0 3 3 1 0 5 5 4 6 -4 32.5 FEBRUARY -7 5 5 3 3 2 5 4 1 -5 -11 -15 -13 -11 -7 -1 0 1 7 8 5 5 8 5 -4 31.5 MARCH 6 2 4 10 8 10 9 12 5 -3 -19 -26 -27 -25 -9 -1 2 -1 0 3 7 11 9 5 -4 31.1 APRIL 5 10 10 13 11 14 28 29 26 18 -1 -22 -39 -37 -33 -23 -12 -3 -2 4 0 4 6 5 -4 30.6 MAY 1 1 12 10 22 21 22 32 24 10 -4 -24 -43 -47 -36 -26 -16 -5 -6 3 12 9 7 13 -4 30.0 JUNE 4 10 17 24 32 38 35 35 33 18 -6 -34 -46 -51 -40 -31 -17 -4 -2 -6 -5 0 2 -3 -4 29.2 JULY -6 16 12 12 17 25 25 22 23 15 6 -17 -32 -40 -34 -20 -11 -1 -3 -3 3 -14 5 7 -4 28.9 AUGUST 6 6 11 19 20 32 35 28 25 5 -18 -43 -56 -48 -33 -8 5 4 0 -3 -4 -1 5 8 -4 29.2 SEPTEMBER 8 4 9 10 12 14 19 25 19 0 -14 -32 -34 -33 -25 -8 -2 0 -2 -1 4 5 3 12 -4 28.6 OCTOBER 5 10 5 2 4 10 6 6 11 2 -8 -15 -16 -16 -10 -6 -5 -8 -5 -2 0 6 5 5 -4 27.4 NOVEMBER 9 9 7 5 7 5 4 5 6 3 -5 -12 -17 -14 -9 -4 -5 -4 -3 2 3 5 7 5 -4 26.9 DECEMBER 6 4 3 -2 1 0 2 -2 0 -6 -7 -12 -11 -5 -4 0 0 1 3 2 7 9 9 6 -4 26.6 WINTER 1 5 3 -1 0 0 1 1 0 -5 -9 -13 -11 -6 -3 0 1 2 4 3 6 6 7 6 -4 30.2 EQUINOX 6 6 8 8 11 12 15 18 15 5 -9 -22 -29 -29 -20 -11 -6 -4 -3 2 4 7 6 8 -4 29.1 SUMMER 1 11 13 18 23 32 32 28 27 13 -6 -31 -45 -46 -36 -20 -8 0 -2 -4 -2 -5 4 4 -4 29.1 YEAR 4 7 8 9 12 14 16 17 15 5 -8 -22 -28 -27 -20 -10 -5 -1 -1 1 3 4 6 7 -4 29.4 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 9 5 32 19 -6 -17 10 -16 -20 -37 -26 -28 -33 -27 -7 0 -9 -9 28 36 37 24 29 3 -4 31.5 FEBRUARY 6 0 -1 -1 -3 4 1 4 0 -6 -26 -33 -38 -45 -41 -16 -23 17 29 35 75 39 13 5 -4 30.7 MARCH 10 9 15 7 9 13 19 21 16 5 -19 -43 -57 -58 -47 -24 14 8 2 15 39 27 11 11 -4 31.3 APRIL 23 12 6 19 24 30 38 47 44 32 -14 -46 -68 -80 -81 -55 -42 -22 -2 59 44 6 8 23 -4 31.0 MAY 62 -5 5 36 36 43 54 58 21 10 -26 -52 -71 -65 -55 -38 -28 -28 -14 -10 12 30 4 28 -4 29.4 JUNE -2 19 11 21 31 39 55 58 32 30 -45 -89 -94-117 -69 -26 -57 37 2 25 42 -20 79 35 -4 29.2 JULY 24 21 23 41 29 11 18 22 48 28 -1 -35 -61 -43 -70 -56 -36 -15 -2 5 4 14 20 16 -4 30.4 AUGUST 8 18 28 29 34 39 38 40 25 -3 -27 -62 -70 -77 -67 -46 -24 -1 12 21 19 35 15 6 -4 29.0 SEPTEMBER 11 6 5 14 12 16 22 20 21 1 -36 -48 -66 -68 -58 -32 -1 -9 4 30 30 54 47 22 -4 28.6 OCTOBER -13 -2 3 1 -5 -7 -16 -5 -8 -10 -8 -37 -29 -29 3 -16 -1 23 42 22 30 29 27 10 -4 27.1 NOVEMBER 16 -1 4 -1 -8 -13 -14 -12 -12 -13 -19 -26 -38 -35 -23 -18 -1 -4 3 13 58 53 32 48 -4 26.5 DECEMBER 6 -4 17 1 -2 -3 -6 -24 -28 -31 -29 -26 -36 -45 -36 -24 -18 29 13 49 67 50 25 61 -4 25.4 WINTER 7 0 16 6 -4 -5 2 -12 -16 -25 -27 -29 -36 -39 -28 -13 -17 12 23 40 60 38 22 23 -4 29.2 EQUINOX 18 3 6 13 11 14 17 22 14 4 -20 -42 -55 -56 -44 -31 -10 -5 6 22 36 33 22 24 -4 29.0 SUMMER 10 19 21 30 31 30 37 40 35 18 -24 -62 -75 -79 -69 -43 -39 7 4 17 22 10 38 19 -4 29.5 YEAR 14 7 13 16 13 13 19 18 12 1 -23 -44 -55 -57 -46 -29 -19 2 10 25 38 29 26 23 -4 29.2 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 8 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d5 4.91 23 1.8 7.7 0.3 0 1 4.92 24 1.6 6.0 0.0 0 2 4.91 23 1.4 7.4 -0.3 0 2 q2 4.92 24 0.9 4.3 0.0 6 3 q2 4.91 23 0.7 2.3 -0.2 0 3 q3 4.92 24 0.9 3.0 0.2 25 4 q5 4.90 24 0.7 2.7 -0.2 0 4 q5 4.92 22 0.9 3.3 -0.3 39 5 4.90 24 1.3 5.0 0.0 0 5 d5 4.92 24 2.5 10.7 -0.2 37 6 q4 4.91 24 0.7 3.0 0.3 0 6 4.92 24 2.0 10.0 0.3 27 7 q3 4.91 23 0.7 3.0 0.4 0 7 d2 4.94 24 4.1 17.4 1.0 24 8 4.91 24 1.1 4.0 -0.3 0 8 4.93 23 1.2 5.0 -0.5 25 9 4.90 23 0.9 4.3 -0.2 0 9 4.93 24 1.1 4.7 0.4 2 10 d3 4.91 23 2.1 9.4 0.7 0 10 4.94 23 1.6 7.0 0.5 0 11 d2 4.92 22 2.6 11.7 0.1 0 11 4.92 23 1.6 6.7 -1.2 0 12 4.92 24 1.0 4.0 0.1 0 12 4.92 23 1.7 6.3 0.0 0 13 4.91 22 0.7 2.3 -0.4 0 13 q4 4.93 24 0.9 3.7 0.3 0 14 4.91 24 1.1 4.3 0.1 0 14 4.94 22 2.2 10.0 0.5 0 15 4.92 23 1.0 3.7 0.2 1 15 d3 4.93 23 3.2 15.4 -0.5 0 16 4.91 24 0.9 3.7 -0.1 0 16 4.92 23 1.4 5.7 -0.5 0 17 4.92 23 0.8 3.7 0.2 0 17 4.93 24 2.4 13.0 0.3 0 18 q1 4.91 21 0.5 1.7 -0.3 0 18 4.95 13 1.9 5.7 1.6 0 19 4.92 24 1.4 5.7 0.1 0 19 d4 4.96 23 2.8 13.0 0.5 0 20 4.91 22 1.2 5.3 0.0 0 20 4.93 23 1.0 3.3 -1.8 0 21 4.92 23 0.9 4.7 0.2 13 21 q1 4.93 23 0.9 3.7 0.0 0 22 4.92 23 0.8 4.3 -0.2 4 22 4.92 23 1.5 5.0 -0.9 0 23 4.91 23 0.8 3.0 -0.4 14 23 4.92 24 1.6 7.0 0.4 0 24 d1 4.95 23 6.0 22.7 2.7 17 24 4.96 23 1.5 6.0 2.0 0 25 4.92 24 1.4 7.0 -1.7 15 25 4.95 24 2.5 8.0 -0.2 0 26 4.93 23 1.3 5.0 0.3 18 26 d1 4.95 24 4.9 23.4 -0.1 0 27 4.93 24 0.8 3.0 -0.1 14 27 4.92 24 1.5 6.3 -2.0 0 28 4.92 23 1.0 3.3 -0.5 7 28 4.93 23 2.0 7.0 0.9 0 29 d4 4.92 24 2.0 8.7 0.3 0 30 4.92 24 0.8 3.3 -0.3 0 31 4.92 23 1.0 5.3 0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.92 0.6 1.3 5.3 0.0 3.3 All 4.93 0.8 1.9 7.9 0.0 6.6 Quiet 4.91 0.3 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.0 Quiet 4.92 0.3 0.9 3.6 0.1 14.0 Dist. 4.92 0.9 2.9 12.0 0.8 3.4 Dist. 4.94 1.0 3.5 16.0 0.2 12.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.53 (west) is -4.52 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.31 (Jan 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.19 (Feb 26) Minimum -4.69 (Jan 24) Minimum -4.64 (Feb 5) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q4 4.93 20 1.4 5.3 0.1 0 1 q3 4.93 23 2.0 6.7 -0.7 0 2 q2 4.93 24 1.2 4.0 -0.3 0 2 d2 4.94 24 4.9 20.4 0.7 0 3 q5 4.93 23 1.5 5.0 0.4 15 3 d1 4.90 21 5.9 21.4 -2.6 3 4 4.92 23 1.5 5.0 -0.5 27 4 q2 4.94 21 2.0 7.7 2.9 0 5 4.93 22 1.7 6.3 0.1 29 5 4.93 24 3.0 11.7 -0.7 0 6 q3 4.93 24 1.3 4.7 0.4 17 6 d5 4.96 24 4.0 20.7 1.3 0 7 4.92 24 1.8 6.7 -0.8 2 7 4.94 23 3.1 11.7 -1.0 0 8 4.93 24 1.7 5.7 0.6 13 8 4.94 23 2.5 10.0 0.2 0 9 4.92 22 2.6 8.7 -0.6 4 9 4.94 22 2.7 11.4 -0.3 0 10 4.92 24 1.6 6.3 0.1 0 10 q1 4.94 20 1.7 6.7 0.0 0 11 d4 4.94 24 3.2 16.0 1.2 10 11 4.93 23 2.8 10.4 -0.1 0 12 q1 4.93 22 1.2 4.3 -0.8 18 12 q4 4.94 22 2.1 8.0 0.2 0 13 d2 4.93 22 3.6 19.4 0.0 18 13 4.94 24 2.5 8.4 0.3 0 14 4.94 22 2.7 12.0 0.7 20 14 4.94 24 2.4 11.0 0.0 0 15 4.94 23 2.8 10.7 0.0 21 15 4.92 19 2.9 10.0 -1.2 0 16 4.93 24 1.6 6.3 -0.7 19 16 4.92 23 3.4 14.0 -0.1 0 17 4.93 24 2.4 8.7 0.3 16 17 d4 4.94 21 4.2 13.4 1.1 0 18 4.93 23 1.6 6.7 0.0 11 18 4.94 22 3.0 10.0 -0.1 0 19 4.94 23 2.0 8.0 0.1 0 19 4.96 23 3.6 12.0 1.3 0 20 d1 4.92 24 3.7 17.0 -1.2 0 20 4.94 24 3.2 11.7 -1.1 0 21 4.92 22 2.6 9.4 0.3 0 21 d3 4.92 23 4.3 16.4 -1.4 0 22 4.93 24 2.3 9.4 0.5 0 22 4.95 22 2.5 9.4 1.5 0 23 4.93 24 2.2 8.7 0.3 3 23 4.94 23 2.2 7.4 -0.1 0 24 d3 4.92 23 3.3 11.7 -0.9 0 24 q5 4.95 22 2.2 8.4 0.6 0 25 4.94 22 2.9 10.4 1.4 0 25 4.94 23 2.5 9.0 -0.7 0 26 4.95 22 2.9 14.0 0.2 0 26 4.95 24 2.3 8.4 0.5 0 27 d5 4.93 22 3.0 12.4 -0.7 0 27 4.95 22 2.2 8.4 -0.4 0 28 4.93 23 2.2 8.4 0.0 0 28 4.94 23 3.1 10.4 -0.3 0 29 4.93 24 2.8 10.7 0.0 0 29 4.93 22 3.2 12.4 -0.3 0 30 4.94 24 2.5 11.0 0.3 0 30 4.95 23 3.0 10.0 0.8 0 31 4.94 23 2.1 8.4 0.0 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.93 0.4 2.2 9.1 0.0 7.8 All 4.94 0.7 3.0 11.2 0.0 0.1 Quiet 4.93 0.2 1.3 4.7 0.0 10.0 Quiet 4.94 0.5 2.0 7.5 0.6 0.0 Dist. 4.93 0.6 3.4 15.3 -0.3 5.6 Dist. 4.93 1.2 4.7 18.4 -0.2 0.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.52 (west) is -4.51 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.27 (Mar 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.26 (Apr 6) Minimum -4.65 (Mar 24) Minimum -4.81 (Apr 3) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 8 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.93 20 3.2 10.7 -1.2 0 1 4.96 23 3.7 12.4 -0.2 32 2 q5 4.95 21 2.4 8.7 1.0 0 2 d2 4.94 24 5.2 16.4 -1.1 28 3 4.95 24 3.2 11.0 0.2 0 3 d1 4.99 24 13.9 59.8 3.1 30 4 4.94 23 2.6 10.4 -0.2 0 4 4.96 22 3.0 11.0 -1.9 23 5 4.94 22 3.3 10.7 -0.2 0 5 q1 4.97 23 2.2 7.0 0.6 5 6 4.95 24 2.7 9.7 0.3 0 6 4.97 22 3.0 9.7 0.2 4 7 4.95 23 2.7 9.7 0.0 0 7 d4 4.96 24 4.0 14.4 -0.8 0 8 4.95 21 2.6 10.4 0.1 0 8 q2 4.99 17 2.3 9.0 1.9 0 9 q1 4.95 23 2.1 7.4 0.1 0 9 4.93 23 3.5 12.7 -3.6 0 10 4.95 22 2.7 9.4 -0.1 0 10 4.96 24 3.8 14.0 2.0 0 11 4.95 22 2.5 9.0 0.3 0 11 4.95 22 3.5 12.4 -0.7 0 12 4.95 19 2.8 9.7 -0.1 0 12 4.97 23 2.9 10.0 1.2 0 13 4.94 22 3.1 11.0 -0.6 0 13 4.96 22 3.1 11.0 -0.5 0 14 d2 4.97 24 6.5 25.7 1.6 0 14 4.97 21 3.3 12.0 0.4 0 15 d1 4.98 23 6.9 33.4 1.2 0 15 4.98 24 3.1 11.0 0.4 0 16 q4 4.96 22 2.4 8.7 -1.8 0 16 4.96 21 3.3 11.4 -0.7 0 17 4.96 24 2.8 9.0 0.0 0 17 4.95 22 3.5 12.4 -0.6 0 18 4.96 24 3.0 10.4 0.1 0 18 4.97 22 3.6 13.4 0.9 0 19 4.97 23 2.9 10.7 0.5 0 19 q3 4.95 21 2.4 8.7 -0.9 0 20 4.96 22 2.4 8.0 -0.3 0 20 4.97 22 3.2 10.7 1.1 0 21 4.96 24 2.8 9.7 -0.1 8 21 4.95 20 3.8 13.4 -1.2 0 22 4.95 23 3.0 10.0 -0.4 3 22 4.96 22 3.5 11.0 0.5 0 23 d4 4.95 21 3.8 13.7 0.0 0 23 d5 4.96 24 3.9 14.4 -0.1 3 24 d3 4.93 20 4.1 14.7 -1.1 0 24 q4 4.95 20 2.8 9.7 -0.2 6 25 4.94 23 2.6 9.0 0.6 9 25 4.96 23 3.1 11.4 0.2 0 26 q2 4.96 23 2.3 8.4 0.7 16 26 q5 4.96 23 2.8 10.0 -0.1 17 27 q3 4.94 22 2.4 8.4 -0.7 21 27 4.96 21 3.6 12.4 0.3 20 28 4.95 22 2.7 9.7 0.1 22 28 4.94 23 3.3 12.0 -1.0 16 29 4.94 23 3.1 10.0 -0.1 22 29 4.96 24 3.8 12.4 0.8 9 30 d5 4.95 23 3.3 12.0 0.3 39 30 d3 4.97 23 4.3 15.0 0.6 0 31 4.96 23 2.7 9.4 0.5 43 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.95 0.6 3.1 11.2 0.0 5.9 All 4.96 0.8 3.7 13.4 0.0 6.4 Quiet 4.95 0.3 2.3 8.3 -0.1 7.4 Quiet 4.96 0.8 2.5 8.9 0.2 5.6 Dist. 4.96 1.0 4.9 19.9 0.4 7.8 Dist. 4.96 1.0 6.3 24.0 0.3 12.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.50 (west) is -4.49 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.00 (May 15) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.92 (Jun 3) Minimum -4.64 (May 14) Minimum -4.92 (Jun 3) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.97 22 3.0 10.7 -0.2 0 1 4.94 23 2.9 11.7 -0.5 0 2 4.95 23 3.6 13.4 -1.0 0 2 4.95 24 3.3 11.7 0.5 0 3 4.97 22 3.5 12.0 1.4 0 3 d4 4.95 22 3.5 12.4 0.2 0 4 d2 4.96 23 4.7 15.7 -0.9 0 4 4.95 23 3.3 11.4 0.0 0 5 4.95 23 2.9 10.7 -0.4 0 5 q2 4.96 22 2.4 9.0 0.5 0 6 4.94 21 4.0 12.4 -0.8 0 6 4.97 23 3.3 12.0 0.3 0 7 d3 4.94 22 4.3 13.0 0.4 0 7 4.97 24 3.2 13.0 0.6 0 8 4.96 23 3.4 11.7 0.7 0 8 d2 4.96 23 4.7 15.4 -0.8 0 9 q5 4.96 24 2.4 8.4 0.1 0 9 4.97 24 2.9 9.7 0.4 0 10 4.96 23 3.1 9.0 -0.1 0 10 4.96 21 2.9 10.0 -0.4 0 11 d1 4.94 24 5.6 24.7 -1.1 0 11 4.96 22 2.8 9.7 -0.1 0 12 4.96 21 2.7 9.7 1.4 0 12 4.95 17 2.7 9.0 -0.5 0 13 4.95 24 3.3 10.4 -0.7 0 13 4.95 23 3.1 10.7 0.1 0 14 4.95 23 3.6 13.7 0.0 0 14 4.96 22 3.0 11.7 0.4 0 15 4.96 24 3.6 12.4 0.6 0 15 4.97 24 3.3 11.4 0.3 0 16 d5 4.94 23 4.2 15.4 -1.0 0 16 q3 4.96 23 2.4 9.4 -0.5 0 17 4.96 23 3.5 13.0 0.9 0 17 4.94 22 2.8 9.0 -0.9 0 18 d4 4.94 23 4.2 14.0 -1.2 0 18 4.97 24 2.8 10.0 1.4 0 19 4.98 22 3.5 13.0 2.5 0 19 4.96 23 3.3 12.0 -0.6 0 20 4.95 24 3.0 10.7 -1.5 0 20 4.95 23 3.0 10.4 -0.4 0 21 4.99 24 2.9 13.7 2.4 0 21 q4 4.96 24 2.6 9.4 0.4 0 22 q3 5.00 21 2.4 9.7 0.5 0 22 4.97 21 3.1 10.7 0.8 0 23 5.01 23 3.0 10.4 0.2 0 23 d5 4.96 24 3.4 12.7 -0.5 0 24 4.98 24 3.9 12.4 -1.6 0 24 4.96 23 3.0 11.0 -0.2 0 25 4.96 23 2.7 9.7 -1.3 0 25 4.95 24 2.8 9.7 -0.3 0 26 q4 4.95 24 2.4 9.0 -0.2 4 26 4.94 24 3.3 11.0 -0.5 0 27 4.95 22 3.5 13.0 -0.2 0 27 d3 4.95 22 3.5 12.7 0.5 0 28 4.95 24 2.7 9.0 0.2 0 28 q1 4.98 21 2.1 7.4 1.6 0 29 q1 4.99 23 2.0 7.0 2.1 0 29 q5 4.97 23 2.7 9.7 -0.9 0 30 4.99 23 3.9 11.7 0.1 0 30 4.98 24 3.2 15.4 1.1 0 31 q2 4.95 23 2.1 7.4 -2.6 0 31 d1 5.00 20 6.0 20.4 1.0 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.96 1.1 3.3 11.8 0.0 0.1 All 4.96 0.7 3.1 11.3 0.1 0.0 Quiet 4.97 1.3 2.3 8.3 0.0 0.8 Quiet 4.96 0.5 2.4 9.0 0.2 0.0 Dist. 4.94 0.5 4.6 16.6 -0.8 0.0 Dist. 4.97 1.0 4.2 14.7 0.1 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.49 (west) is -4.49 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.30 (Jul 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.25 (Aug 31) Minimum -4.71 (Jul 11) Minimum -4.66 (Aug 8) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 8 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 4.97 24 3.0 10.4 -1.8 0 1 d5 4.99 22 2.3 9.4 1.2 0 2 4.98 23 2.1 8.7 0.5 5 2 4.99 22 1.7 6.0 -0.2 0 3 4.96 24 2.5 10.4 -0.9 13 3 4.98 23 1.9 6.7 -0.5 0 4 d5 4.97 23 3.3 13.0 0.6 14 4 4.98 23 1.5 5.0 0.2 0 5 4.98 21 2.5 7.7 0.2 14 5 q5 4.98 22 1.1 4.0 0.0 0 6 4.97 23 2.9 11.4 -0.2 15 6 4.98 24 1.8 8.0 0.1 0 7 4.97 23 2.2 8.4 -0.2 15 7 4.98 21 2.0 6.7 0.1 0 8 4.97 21 2.1 7.7 -0.2 13 8 q3 4.99 23 1.0 4.0 0.4 0 9 q5 4.97 24 1.8 6.7 0.0 13 9 4.99 24 1.7 6.7 0.0 0 10 4.98 23 2.8 10.7 0.9 16 10 4.98 24 2.0 7.0 -0.8 0 11 4.98 23 2.0 7.4 -0.4 13 11 4.97 24 1.8 5.7 -0.1 0 12 4.97 22 2.6 10.4 -0.6 16 12 4.98 24 1.2 5.0 0.4 0 13 4.97 23 2.7 10.0 0.6 11 13 4.97 24 2.2 8.4 -0.6 0 14 4.97 24 2.5 8.0 -0.1 0 14 4.98 23 1.5 4.7 0.3 0 15 4.97 22 1.9 7.0 0.0 0 15 4.97 24 1.8 6.7 -0.4 0 16 4.97 23 2.1 7.4 -0.3 0 16 4.98 24 1.7 6.3 0.7 0 17 4.96 23 2.4 9.7 -0.2 0 17 4.98 24 1.2 4.3 0.1 0 18 4.97 23 2.4 8.0 0.0 0 18 d2 4.99 23 3.9 21.4 0.4 0 19 q2 4.97 24 1.8 7.0 0.5 0 19 d3 4.99 24 2.5 10.0 0.2 0 20 4.98 21 1.9 7.7 0.3 0 20 d4 5.01 22 2.3 8.7 0.9 0 21 q1 4.98 24 1.7 5.7 0.0 0 21 5.00 24 2.1 11.0 -0.6 0 22 4.98 23 2.2 8.7 0.2 0 22 4.97 23 1.7 7.4 -1.7 0 23 d4 4.97 22 3.3 13.0 -0.7 0 23 d1 5.02 23 3.9 17.4 2.8 0 24 q3 4.97 23 1.8 7.0 0.4 0 24 q4 5.00 24 1.0 3.0 -1.2 0 25 q4 4.97 20 1.8 7.4 -0.1 0 25 q1 4.99 24 0.9 4.3 -0.1 0 26 d1 4.98 24 4.6 16.7 0.6 0 26 4.99 22 1.3 4.7 -0.1 0 27 4.99 22 2.4 10.0 0.6 0 27 5.00 24 1.2 4.7 0.3 0 28 4.98 21 2.4 8.0 -0.6 0 28 5.01 20 1.9 7.0 0.5 0 29 d2 4.97 23 3.8 16.0 -0.9 0 29 5.00 24 1.2 4.3 -0.4 13 30 d3 4.97 24 3.3 11.7 0.3 0 30 4.99 24 1.1 4.7 -0.6 13 31 q2 5.00 22 0.9 3.3 0.5 9 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 4.97 0.4 2.5 9.4 -0.1 5.3 All 4.99 0.7 1.8 7.0 0.1 1.1 Quiet 4.97 0.2 1.8 6.8 0.1 2.6 Quiet 4.99 0.3 1.0 3.7 -0.1 1.8 Dist. 4.97 0.3 3.7 14.1 0.0 2.8 Dist. 5.00 0.6 3.0 13.4 1.1 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.48 (west) is -4.46 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.33 (Sep 26) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.20 (Oct 23) Minimum -4.65 (Sep 29) Minimum -4.58 (Oct 18) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 5.00 23 1.0 3.3 -0.3 13 1 d2 4.99 19 5.1 22.1 -0.9 0 2 q4 5.00 20 0.8 3.3 0.4 16 2 d3 5.04 23 4.0 17.7 3.2 0 3 q3 4.99 24 0.8 3.0 -0.5 16 3 5.02 24 1.7 7.0 -1.3 0 4 d2 4.98 24 2.5 11.7 -0.5 14 4 5.01 23 0.9 3.3 -0.6 0 5 5.01 23 2.0 8.0 1.5 9 5 5.02 24 1.5 6.0 0.7 0 6 5.01 24 1.0 5.3 -0.2 13 6 5.02 23 1.4 5.7 -0.2 0 7 5.00 23 1.5 6.0 -0.4 13 7 5.02 22 1.7 6.3 0.0 0 8 5.00 24 1.4 5.3 -0.1 8 8 5.01 24 0.8 3.0 -0.6 0 9 q5 5.01 24 0.9 3.3 0.5 8 9 q5 5.01 22 0.8 3.0 0.1 0 10 5.01 23 1.2 5.3 0.0 0 10 q3 5.01 24 0.7 2.7 -0.1 0 11 5.01 23 1.2 4.3 0.1 0 11 q4 5.01 23 0.7 3.0 -0.1 0 12 q1 5.01 21 0.7 2.7 -0.2 0 12 d5 5.01 24 2.4 11.4 0.1 0 13 5.01 24 1.5 6.0 0.1 0 13 5.02 23 1.8 6.3 0.4 0 14 d1 5.03 23 6.6 29.7 1.3 0 14 5.02 22 1.4 5.0 0.3 0 15 d5 5.01 24 2.1 10.0 -1.3 0 15 5.01 22 1.0 5.3 -0.6 0 16 5.01 23 2.1 11.0 0.2 0 16 5.01 24 1.1 4.3 -0.3 0 17 5.01 24 1.3 6.0 -0.2 0 17 5.01 24 1.6 6.0 0.1 0 18 5.00 24 1.0 3.7 -0.2 0 18 5.01 24 1.5 5.7 0.3 0 19 d3 5.01 23 2.5 9.4 0.6 2 19 5.02 23 2.2 8.4 0.7 16 20 5.01 23 1.5 5.7 0.1 0 20 5.00 23 1.5 5.7 -1.1 1 21 5.00 21 1.0 4.0 -0.7 9 21 q2 5.01 24 0.6 2.3 0.3 0 22 5.01 24 1.2 4.7 0.5 0 22 q1 5.00 23 0.4 2.0 -0.4 0 23 5.01 23 0.9 4.0 -0.2 0 23 5.00 24 2.0 9.4 0.2 0 24 5.01 24 1.3 5.3 0.1 0 24 5.01 24 1.3 5.7 0.3 0 25 5.01 23 1.0 3.7 0.0 0 25 5.01 23 1.8 7.7 0.3 0 26 5.00 23 0.9 3.3 -0.5 0 26 5.01 23 0.9 3.3 -0.1 0 27 q2 5.01 23 0.8 2.7 0.1 0 27 5.01 18 1.0 3.7 0.0 0 28 5.00 24 1.1 4.0 -0.3 0 28 5.01 22 1.5 8.4 -0.2 0 29 d4 5.01 24 2.1 7.7 0.5 0 29 d4 5.02 24 2.7 12.0 0.6 0 30 5.00 24 1.4 6.0 -0.7 1 30 5.02 24 2.0 8.7 0.1 0 31 d1 5.06 24 6.3 19.0 2.6 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.01 0.5 1.5 6.3 0.0 4.1 All 5.01 0.8 1.8 7.1 0.1 0.5 Quiet 5.00 0.3 0.8 3.0 0.1 8.0 Quiet 5.01 0.2 0.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 Dist. 5.01 0.8 3.2 13.7 0.1 3.2 Dist. 5.02 1.6 4.1 16.4 1.1 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.44 (west) is -4.44 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.07 (Nov 14) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.18 (Dec 31) Minimum -4.57 (Nov 14) Minimum -4.62 (Dec 1) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 8 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.92 1.3 5.3 0.0 0.6 3.3 744 720 Feb 4.93 1.9 7.9 0.0 0.8 6.6 672 645 Mar 4.93 2.2 9.1 0.0 0.4 7.8 744 714 Apr 4.94 3.0 11.2 0.0 0.7 0.1 720 677 May 4.95 3.1 11.2 0.0 0.6 5.9 744 695 Jun 4.96 3.7 13.4 0.0 0.8 6.4 720 669 Jul 4.96 3.3 11.8 0.0 1.1 0.1 744 711 Aug 4.96 3.1 11.3 0.1 0.7 0.0 744 702 Sep 4.97 2.5 9.4 -0.1 0.4 5.3 720 683 Oct 4.99 1.8 7.0 0.1 0.7 1.1 744 718 Nov 5.01 1.5 6.3 0.0 0.5 4.1 720 697 Dec 5.01 1.8 7.1 0.1 0.8 0.5 744 713 Mean 4.96 2.4 9.3 0.0 0.7 3.4 8760 8344 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.91 0.6 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 120 115 Feb 4.92 0.9 3.6 0.1 0.3 14.0 120 117 Mar 4.93 1.3 4.7 0.0 0.2 10.0 120 113 Apr 4.94 2.0 7.5 0.6 0.5 0.0 120 108 May 4.95 2.3 8.3 -0.1 0.3 7.4 120 111 Jun 4.96 2.5 8.9 0.2 0.8 5.6 120 104 Jul 4.97 2.3 8.3 0.0 1.3 0.8 120 115 Aug 4.96 2.4 9.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 120 113 Sep 4.97 1.8 6.8 0.1 0.2 2.6 120 115 Oct 4.99 1.0 3.7 -0.1 0.3 1.8 120 115 Nov 5.00 0.8 3.0 0.1 0.3 8.0 120 112 Dec 5.01 0.7 2.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 120 116 Mean 4.96 1.6 5.7 0.1 0.4 4.2 1440 1354 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 4.92 2.9 12.0 0.8 0.9 3.4 120 115 Feb 4.94 3.5 16.0 0.2 1.0 12.2 120 118 Mar 4.93 3.4 15.3 -0.3 0.6 5.6 120 115 Apr 4.93 4.7 18.4 -0.2 1.2 0.6 120 113 May 4.96 4.9 19.9 0.4 1.0 7.8 120 111 Jun 4.96 6.3 24.0 0.3 1.0 12.2 120 119 Jul 4.94 4.6 16.6 -0.8 0.5 0.0 120 115 Aug 4.97 4.2 14.7 0.1 1.0 0.0 120 111 Sep 4.97 3.7 14.1 0.0 0.3 2.8 120 116 Oct 5.00 3.0 13.4 1.1 0.6 0.0 120 114 Nov 5.01 3.2 13.7 0.1 0.8 3.2 120 118 Dec 5.02 4.1 16.4 1.1 1.6 0.0 120 114 Mean 4.96 4.0 16.2 0.2 0.9 4.0 1440 1379 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.53 -4.31 -4.69 Feb -4.52 -4.19 -4.64 Mar -4.52 -4.27 -4.65 Apr -4.51 -4.26 -4.81 May -4.50 -4.00 -4.64 Jun -4.49 -3.92 -4.92 Jul -4.49 -4.30 -4.71 Aug -4.49 -4.25 -4.66 Sep -4.48 -4.33 -4.65 Oct -4.46 -4.20 -4.58 Nov -4.44 -4.07 -4.57 Dec -4.44 -4.18 -4.62 Mean -4.49 -4.19 -4.68 Results for 1879 HELSINKI D 1879 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 13 10 6 3 1 1 0 -1 -4 -5 -11 -17 -21 -16 -11 -4 -2 -1 1 7 16 19 13 10 -4 25.8 FEBRUARY 4 6 6 5 6 6 5 8 6 -1 -9 -18 -22 -22 -14 -6 -3 -1 3 6 10 16 11 10 -4 26.0 MARCH 5 4 9 11 8 10 15 22 22 8 -7 -29 -44 -47 -35 -16 -6 1 7 10 9 16 12 10 -4 25.5 APRIL 6 7 2 14 15 20 31 36 34 16 -5 -33 -52 -53 -39 -21 -7 1 2 3 1 6 9 8 -4 24.9 MAY 10 15 19 26 32 35 40 40 31 6 -18 -46 -61 -57 -48 -31 -18 -6 2 2 5 8 5 12 -4 24.3 JUNE 9 14 20 28 36 48 52 49 35 13 -12 -43 -60 -65 -55 -37 -21 -9 -3 -2 0 1 1 7 -4 23.8 JULY 3 11 19 27 38 43 48 45 37 16 -8 -38 -58 -62 -53 -35 -19 -8 -3 1 -2 -4 -1 3 -4 22.9 AUGUST 11 14 19 26 31 37 40 40 30 10 -19 -46 -64 -62 -47 -23 -9 -1 -1 -3 -3 3 6 12 -4 22.3 SEPTEMBER 10 13 15 16 20 20 24 25 17 3 -19 -37 -48 -47 -37 -24 -10 -3 0 10 9 7 13 11 -4 21.4 OCTOBER 9 12 8 5 6 6 10 14 14 6 -10 -27 -35 -36 -27 -14 -8 -6 -1 5 18 12 19 16 -4 20.9 NOVEMBER 13 4 3 3 2 0 5 2 2 1 -9 -18 -20 -19 -15 -9 -6 -3 -2 5 11 15 17 16 -4 20.2 DECEMBER 14 8 5 -3 -1 -4 -7 -5 -4 -4 -11 -15 -20 -18 -13 -8 -6 -8 0 16 21 31 24 12 -4 19.3 WINTER 10 8 6 2 2 1 -1 1 -1 -3 -10 -17 -21 -19 -13 -6 -4 -3 1 10 16 22 16 11 -4 23.7 EQUINOX 9 9 9 13 14 15 21 23 20 7 -11 -32 -43 -43 -34 -19 -9 -3 1 6 9 11 13 12 -4 22.9 SUMMER 8 13 19 27 35 43 47 45 34 13 -13 -42 -61 -63 -52 -32 -16 -6 -2 -1 -2 0 2 7 -4 23.0 YEAR 9 10 11 13 16 18 22 23 18 6 -12 -31 -42 -42 -33 -19 -10 -4 0 5 8 11 11 10 -4 23.1 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 4 4 -1 0 0 2 5 2 -2 -6 -9 -14 -9 -8 -1 1 0 0 6 6 8 8 2 -4 26.0 FEBRUARY 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 7 7 2 -6 -12 -16 -15 -8 -4 -2 0 1 1 2 6 3 2 -4 26.0 MARCH -3 4 4 6 7 8 9 15 15 2 -8 -18 -26 -25 -20 -8 -3 8 2 5 0 4 6 2 -4 25.8 APRIL -3 1 6 8 11 16 25 32 30 13 0 -23 -39 -39 -28 -11 0 0 -4 -3 -6 -1 4 2 -4 24.9 MAY 3 10 11 20 30 29 32 30 20 -5 -20 -40 -45 -38 -27 -17 -8 0 -1 -2 0 2 5 10 -4 23.7 JUNE 2 9 12 20 28 41 47 38 34 16 -13 -37 -47 -59 -49 -30 -16 -5 0 0 0 6 3 6 -4 23.5 JULY 8 12 17 24 25 19 39 27 25 17 -6 -24 -51 -45 -38 -28 -11 -4 1 0 0 1 1 4 -4 23.4 AUGUST -1 8 16 18 17 32 36 34 25 10 -13 -37 -49 -50 -31 -13 -5 0 0 -3 -2 -2 4 4 -4 22.1 SEPTEMBER 7 10 7 11 11 15 18 22 19 7 -7 -23 -33 -33 -27 -16 -7 -9 -5 2 1 9 13 16 -4 21.4 OCTOBER 8 9 -3 4 7 4 6 9 11 7 -6 -18 -25 -19 -11 -2 -5 -3 -1 9 5 4 4 5 -4 20.6 NOVEMBER 7 3 7 -2 -2 -1 1 1 -2 -5 -7 -13 -16 -12 -7 -5 1 9 4 6 8 9 11 15 -4 20.2 DECEMBER 3 5 0 -1 0 -2 3 3 5 1 -6 -9 -13 -9 -7 0 -2 -1 -1 3 5 5 6 6 -4 19.6 WINTER 5 4 2 0 1 0 3 5 5 0 -6 -10 -14 -11 -8 -2 -1 0 0 3 4 6 6 3 -4 23.9 EQUINOX 3 6 5 8 11 12 15 18 16 3 -8 -23 -31 -28 -20 -10 -4 1 -1 3 1 5 7 8 -4 22.8 SUMMER 3 10 15 21 23 31 41 33 28 14 -11 -33 -49 -51 -39 -24 -11 -3 0 -1 -1 2 3 5 -4 23.0 YEAR 3 6 7 9 11 14 18 18 16 5 -8 -22 -31 -29 -22 -11 -5 0 0 2 2 4 6 6 -4 23.1 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 32 26 9 8 2 -7 -6 -7 -9 -12 -18 -31 -29 -19 -22 -6 -10 -9 5 13 32 45 16 7 -4 24.3 FEBRUARY 17 20 15 11 12 9 1 5 -4 -4 -10 -24 -26 -31 -24 -11 -10 -8 0 2 10 23 8 15 -4 25.2 MARCH 3 5 8 15 10 11 11 19 21 7 -12 -43 -64 -76 -66 -32 -16 13 25 21 16 47 32 38 -4 25.0 APRIL 21 8 18 28 8 20 31 40 32 19 -7 -38 -66 -64 -58 -39 -16 -8 -3 0 0 14 25 26 -4 25.0 MAY 13 9 24 35 25 26 43 47 27 5 -18 -49 -74 -77 -67 -42 -36 -10 13 6 25 30 14 36 -4 25.0 JUNE 17 14 21 28 40 57 61 61 43 14 -13 -56 -78 -80 -65 -43 -27 -16 -8 -9 5 15 2 19 -4 24.0 JULY 6 21 37 22 45 49 52 57 50 28 5 -42 -68 -79 -77 -67 -39 -29 -2 17 2 -9 4 11 -4 22.6 AUGUST 24 23 30 40 43 49 52 40 24 0 -29 -55 -79 -85 -63 -25 -24 -6 -6 -2 -1 20 17 21 -4 22.1 SEPTEMBER 17 33 30 31 33 32 37 18 5 -28 -45 -52 -67 -65 -48 -27 -2 6 -1 27 27 11 25 11 -4 22.1 OCTOBER 3 9 6 2 10 8 6 8 6 2 -26 -39 -48 -52 -37 -21 -13 -11 -8 4 55 34 65 47 -4 20.6 NOVEMBER 8 -19 -14 -5 -1 -11 14 1 0 6 -8 -19 -18 -20 -21 -18 -16 -15 -1 11 32 46 42 21 -4 19.7 DECEMBER 11 -3 -3 -3 0 -26 -39 -22 -17 -8 -22 -23 -33 -29 -21 -22 -25 -20 -8 72 55 110 70 8 -4 18.8 WINTER 20 14 7 5 5 -8 -15 -8 -10 -8 -17 -26 -29 -26 -22 -13 -15 -12 -1 29 32 59 31 10 -4 22.8 EQUINOX 11 8 12 18 14 14 24 22 15 2 -19 -40 -56 -59 -50 -30 -17 -4 4 12 26 30 34 30 -4 22.9 SUMMER 16 19 29 30 43 52 55 53 39 14 -12 -51 -75 -81 -68 -45 -30 -17 -5 2 2 9 8 17 -4 22.9 YEAR 14 12 15 18 19 18 22 23 15 3 -17 -39 -54 -56 -47 -29 -19 -9 1 14 22 33 27 22 -4 22.9 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 9 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d2 5.02 22 3.9 15.4 -2.4 0 1 q4 5.02 24 0.9 2.7 0.6 0 2 5.02 23 1.5 5.3 -0.1 3 2 q5 5.02 22 0.9 3.7 -0.1 0 3 d3 5.08 24 3.5 8.7 3.7 0 3 q2 5.01 24 0.7 2.7 -0.3 0 4 d1 5.06 24 4.6 14.0 -0.9 4 4 5.01 24 1.0 4.0 -0.4 0 5 q5 5.02 24 0.8 3.3 -2.9 0 5 d1 5.06 24 3.8 11.0 3.1 0 6 5.02 23 1.1 4.0 0.0 0 6 d2 5.06 23 3.6 9.7 0.1 0 7 q3 5.01 24 0.7 3.7 -0.1 0 7 5.01 24 1.0 4.0 -2.8 0 8 5.01 23 0.8 4.0 -0.1 0 8 q1 5.01 23 0.6 2.3 -0.1 0 9 q4 5.02 23 0.7 3.0 0.3 0 9 5.01 23 1.0 3.3 0.0 0 10 5.01 24 1.0 4.7 -0.2 0 10 5.02 22 2.0 10.0 0.3 0 11 5.02 23 0.9 3.0 0.3 0 11 5.02 23 1.2 4.7 0.1 0 12 q2 5.02 23 0.6 2.3 0.3 0 12 5.01 24 1.5 6.3 -0.7 0 13 5.02 24 1.1 5.0 -0.4 0 13 d5 5.00 21 2.1 9.4 -0.3 0 14 5.01 23 1.3 4.7 -0.5 0 14 5.01 23 1.4 4.7 0.5 8 15 5.00 19 1.6 5.7 -0.4 0 15 5.01 23 1.6 6.3 -0.1 8 16 5.01 22 1.7 7.0 0.3 0 16 5.01 24 1.1 3.7 -0.2 0 17 5.01 24 1.0 4.3 0.2 0 17 q3 5.02 22 0.8 3.3 0.5 0 18 5.01 24 1.0 4.3 0.1 0 18 5.02 22 1.4 6.0 0.2 0 19 q1 5.01 23 0.6 2.3 0.1 0 19 5.02 24 1.2 4.7 0.3 0 20 d4 5.04 23 3.4 15.4 1.3 0 20 5.02 21 1.4 5.7 -0.5 0 21 5.03 24 2.1 10.7 -0.6 0 21 d4 5.03 24 2.6 9.7 0.8 0 22 5.03 23 0.8 3.0 -0.1 0 22 5.01 23 1.9 7.7 -1.0 0 23 5.02 23 1.2 5.0 -0.3 0 23 5.01 22 1.2 4.7 -0.2 0 24 5.02 22 2.3 9.7 0.2 0 24 d3 4.99 24 2.6 10.4 -1.0 0 25 5.00 22 1.1 4.3 -1.2 0 25 5.01 23 1.8 6.3 0.9 0 26 5.01 22 1.1 4.7 0.6 0 26 5.01 23 1.4 5.0 0.0 0 27 5.01 23 2.3 8.0 -0.1 0 27 5.02 23 1.7 6.7 0.5 0 28 d5 5.02 21 2.3 10.4 0.5 5 28 5.02 24 1.0 3.7 0.2 0 29 5.01 24 0.9 3.7 -0.7 0 30 5.02 22 1.7 8.7 0.7 5 31 5.01 24 1.2 4.7 -0.5 14 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.02 0.9 1.6 6.2 -0.1 1.0 All 5.02 0.8 1.6 5.8 0.0 0.6 Quiet 5.02 0.2 0.7 2.9 -0.5 0.0 Quiet 5.02 0.2 0.8 2.9 0.1 0.0 Dist. 5.04 1.4 3.5 12.8 0.5 1.8 Dist. 5.03 1.6 2.9 10.0 0.5 0.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.43 (west) is -4.43 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.23 (Jan 20) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.31 (Feb 6) Minimum -4.51 (Jan 1) Minimum -4.58 (Feb 24) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q3 5.02 23 1.4 6.0 0.0 0 1 q2 5.04 22 1.8 6.3 0.0 0 2 q2 5.01 24 1.3 5.7 -0.4 0 2 q5 5.03 24 2.1 8.0 -0.4 0 3 5.00 23 2.2 9.4 -0.6 0 3 5.03 23 2.7 9.7 -0.1 0 4 q1 5.02 24 1.2 4.0 0.9 0 4 5.03 24 2.6 9.7 -0.1 0 5 5.02 23 2.1 9.7 0.1 0 5 q4 5.03 24 2.0 8.4 0.0 0 6 q4 5.03 21 1.5 6.0 0.3 0 6 q3 5.04 23 2.0 8.4 0.4 0 7 5.01 24 2.7 9.7 -0.6 0 7 5.03 24 2.9 11.0 -0.3 0 8 q5 5.02 21 1.5 5.0 0.2 0 8 5.03 24 2.5 9.7 -0.1 0 9 d3 5.01 22 3.8 15.7 -0.5 0 9 5.03 20 2.9 10.4 -0.1 0 10 5.02 24 2.8 12.0 0.6 0 10 5.04 24 2.7 10.7 0.5 0 11 5.02 23 1.9 8.0 0.0 0 11 5.03 23 2.7 10.4 -0.6 6 12 5.01 24 1.9 6.7 -0.4 0 12 5.04 22 2.1 8.7 0.8 6 13 d1 5.05 21 4.8 20.4 1.9 0 13 d2 5.03 23 3.7 12.0 -0.9 15 14 5.03 23 1.9 6.7 -1.2 0 14 5.05 23 2.4 8.7 1.2 16 15 5.03 24 2.4 10.7 0.4 0 15 5.03 23 2.2 8.7 -1.0 18 16 5.03 23 2.6 11.4 -0.3 0 16 5.04 23 2.6 10.4 0.8 25 17 5.03 23 1.6 6.7 0.1 0 17 5.04 22 2.7 10.4 -0.4 22 18 5.02 23 1.9 9.0 -0.6 0 18 5.03 20 2.8 10.0 -0.4 20 19 5.03 22 2.0 8.0 0.7 0 19 d1 5.04 24 4.0 15.7 0.5 11 20 d4 5.02 21 3.2 10.7 -0.9 0 20 d4 5.02 22 3.3 12.7 -1.0 12 21 5.02 23 2.2 9.4 0.5 0 21 q1 5.04 24 1.6 5.7 0.7 16 22 5.02 21 3.0 12.0 -0.2 0 22 5.04 24 2.7 10.0 0.3 12 23 d5 5.05 21 3.1 13.7 1.5 0 23 d5 5.04 22 3.2 12.7 -0.3 8 24 5.02 23 2.3 8.0 -1.3 0 24 5.04 24 2.9 11.0 0.3 0 25 5.02 24 2.4 9.4 0.1 0 25 d3 5.04 22 3.3 12.4 -0.3 0 26 5.02 22 2.3 8.0 -0.4 0 26 5.03 22 2.2 9.0 -0.5 0 27 5.03 21 2.2 8.0 0.8 0 27 5.03 23 2.9 10.7 0.3 0 28 5.03 23 2.4 9.0 -0.3 0 28 5.04 23 2.6 9.7 0.5 0 29 d2 5.04 23 4.7 21.7 0.9 0 29 5.04 24 2.5 8.7 -0.1 0 30 5.04 23 2.6 8.7 -0.2 0 30 5.05 23 2.8 10.0 0.3 0 31 5.04 24 2.5 8.7 -0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.02 0.6 2.4 9.6 0.0 0.0 All 5.03 0.3 2.6 10.0 0.0 6.2 Quiet 5.02 0.2 1.4 5.3 0.2 0.0 Quiet 5.03 0.2 1.9 7.4 0.1 3.2 Dist. 5.03 0.9 3.9 16.4 0.6 0.0 Dist. 5.03 0.3 3.5 13.1 -0.4 9.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.43 (west) is -4.42 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.17 (Mar 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.26 (Apr 19) Minimum -4.60 (Mar 29) Minimum -4.55 (Apr 23) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 9 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 5.05 24 2.2 7.4 0.2 0 1 5.05 22 3.2 12.0 0.3 0 2 5.05 23 2.6 10.0 0.0 0 2 q1 5.05 21 2.8 10.0 0.2 0 3 q1 5.06 22 2.0 7.7 0.2 0 3 5.05 24 3.4 11.7 -0.1 0 4 5.05 23 3.6 11.7 -0.1 0 4 q3 5.04 21 2.9 11.0 -0.1 4 5 5.04 24 2.7 9.4 -1.1 0 5 5.03 21 3.9 12.7 -0.6 17 6 5.03 23 2.9 10.0 -0.3 0 6 d5 5.05 22 4.0 15.4 0.8 4 7 q4 5.04 24 2.4 8.7 0.6 9 7 5.04 23 3.2 12.4 -0.3 0 8 5.03 23 3.1 11.4 -0.7 12 8 d1 5.05 23 4.5 16.0 0.2 0 9 5.03 24 3.1 10.7 -0.1 10 9 d4 5.07 24 4.0 15.0 1.4 0 10 5.03 23 3.4 11.4 0.4 7 10 5.06 20 3.7 12.4 -0.4 8 11 5.04 23 3.0 11.4 0.5 16 11 5.07 22 3.3 11.7 0.2 4 12 d3 5.04 21 4.2 12.7 -0.3 16 12 q5 5.06 24 3.0 11.4 -0.6 0 13 d4 5.04 23 3.9 14.0 0.1 4 13 5.06 24 3.4 12.4 0.6 0 14 5.04 24 3.6 13.0 0.1 0 14 5.05 24 3.3 11.4 -0.9 0 15 5.04 23 3.1 11.0 0.1 0 15 5.05 21 3.2 11.4 -0.2 0 16 q5 5.06 23 2.5 8.7 1.1 0 16 5.05 22 3.4 12.4 0.0 0 17 5.05 24 3.3 11.0 -0.6 0 17 5.04 23 3.8 14.0 -0.4 0 18 5.04 23 2.9 10.0 -0.5 0 18 5.04 23 3.5 10.7 -0.1 0 19 d5 5.03 23 3.8 12.7 -0.6 0 19 q4 5.06 23 2.9 10.7 1.6 0 20 5.04 24 3.8 13.7 0.3 0 20 q2 5.07 23 2.9 10.4 0.2 0 21 q3 5.06 23 2.4 8.0 1.2 0 21 5.05 22 3.4 11.7 -1.0 0 22 5.05 23 3.6 12.0 -0.3 0 22 5.06 24 3.5 13.4 0.3 0 23 5.05 23 3.0 10.4 -0.2 0 23 d3 5.05 24 4.1 13.4 -0.4 0 24 d1 5.01 22 4.9 17.7 -2.3 0 24 5.06 22 3.5 13.0 0.6 0 25 5.07 23 3.0 10.0 3.3 0 25 5.05 22 3.9 13.7 -0.4 0 26 5.06 24 3.0 11.4 -0.6 0 26 d2 5.03 23 4.5 15.4 -1.2 13 27 5.05 22 3.2 11.4 -0.4 0 27 5.05 24 3.6 12.0 1.4 22 28 5.06 23 3.4 12.0 0.7 0 28 5.07 23 3.2 12.0 0.6 27 29 d2 5.04 23 4.2 14.7 -1.4 0 29 5.07 24 3.3 11.7 0.5 23 30 5.04 23 3.5 11.7 0.2 0 30 5.05 24 3.6 11.7 -1.6 21 31 5.04 21 3.2 11.4 -0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.04 0.7 3.2 11.2 0.0 2.4 All 5.05 0.6 3.5 12.4 0.0 4.8 Quiet 5.05 0.4 2.3 8.1 0.7 1.8 Quiet 5.06 0.5 2.9 10.7 0.2 0.8 Dist. 5.03 0.7 4.2 14.4 -0.9 4.0 Dist. 5.05 0.7 4.2 15.0 0.2 3.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.41 (west) is -4.40 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.29 (May 24) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.26 (Jun 9) Minimum -4.59 (May 24) Minimum -4.58 (Jun 26) JULY AUGUST DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 q2 5.04 23 2.3 8.0 -0.5 21 1 5.04 19 3.4 12.7 -1.4 0 2 q5 5.07 22 2.6 10.4 1.4 25 2 d1 5.07 24 5.2 17.7 2.0 0 3 5.08 24 2.7 10.0 0.7 32 3 5.08 24 3.5 13.0 0.7 0 4 5.05 21 3.5 11.4 -1.6 18 4 d2 5.10 24 4.2 13.7 0.9 0 5 d1 5.06 24 6.6 26.7 0.7 4 5 5.08 24 3.5 12.4 -1.3 0 6 d2 5.08 23 4.6 17.7 0.9 4 6 d5 5.08 24 3.6 13.4 0.0 0 7 d5 5.08 22 4.1 14.4 0.1 0 7 5.09 22 3.2 11.7 0.6 0 8 5.06 22 3.8 13.4 -0.9 5 8 q3 5.08 23 2.5 9.4 -0.6 0 9 5.06 23 4.0 15.4 -0.3 5 9 5.07 23 3.5 13.4 -0.3 0 10 d4 5.07 24 4.1 14.4 0.5 15 10 5.07 23 2.7 11.0 -0.3 17 11 5.08 21 3.1 10.0 0.5 20 11 5.09 24 3.5 13.0 1.3 20 12 q3 5.06 24 2.5 8.7 -1.0 16 12 q2 5.08 24 2.2 8.7 -0.5 34 13 5.08 24 3.5 11.7 0.9 16 13 5.08 24 3.1 11.4 -0.1 28 14 5.06 24 3.8 14.0 -1.0 14 14 5.08 23 3.2 12.0 0.3 21 15 q4 5.07 24 2.6 9.4 0.7 12 15 5.08 23 2.8 10.7 0.1 7 16 5.07 23 2.8 9.7 -0.2 12 16 5.07 23 3.1 10.4 -1.1 2 17 5.06 24 2.8 9.7 -0.2 4 17 5.08 24 3.2 11.7 1.0 0 18 5.06 23 3.4 12.7 0.1 0 18 5.07 22 3.5 13.4 -0.6 0 19 5.07 24 3.6 14.4 0.1 0 19 5.07 24 2.8 10.0 0.1 0 20 5.08 23 2.9 10.7 0.8 0 20 q4 5.08 23 2.5 9.7 0.4 0 21 5.08 24 3.4 12.7 -0.1 0 21 5.06 23 3.5 12.4 -1.2 0 22 5.06 23 3.7 13.0 -1.1 0 22 5.07 24 3.5 12.0 0.8 0 23 d3 5.07 23 4.4 15.7 0.6 0 23 5.08 24 3.0 11.0 0.3 18 24 5.06 24 3.0 9.4 -0.3 0 24 5.09 24 2.9 11.7 0.9 22 25 q1 5.06 21 2.3 7.7 -0.1 3 25 5.08 24 2.8 9.7 -0.8 20 26 5.07 22 3.1 10.0 0.3 0 26 q1 5.08 24 2.2 7.7 0.1 13 27 5.07 23 3.1 11.4 0.5 0 27 5.08 23 2.9 12.0 0.2 26 28 5.06 24 2.9 10.0 -0.8 5 28 q5 5.09 23 2.6 9.0 0.3 27 29 5.07 24 3.4 13.4 0.5 3 29 d4 5.09 24 3.9 15.4 0.0 36 30 5.08 21 2.8 10.4 0.8 0 30 d3 5.08 24 4.1 14.7 -0.6 27 31 5.06 24 3.4 13.4 -1.4 0 31 5.08 23 3.0 14.0 -0.2 15 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.07 0.6 3.4 12.2 0.0 7.5 All 5.08 0.7 3.2 11.9 0.0 10.7 Quiet 5.06 0.6 2.5 8.8 0.1 15.4 Quiet 5.08 0.2 2.4 8.9 -0.1 14.8 Dist. 5.07 0.3 4.8 17.8 0.6 4.6 Dist. 5.08 0.5 4.2 15.0 0.5 12.6 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.38 (west) is -4.37 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.19 (Jul 5) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.24 (Aug 2) Minimum -4.63 (Jul 5) Minimum -4.53 (Aug 30) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 9 SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 d1 5.08 24 5.1 18.7 0.0 16 1 5.10 23 1.9 7.4 0.0 8 2 5.10 24 3.0 11.0 0.9 14 2 5.06 12 1.8 5.7 -2.3 11 3 5.09 24 3.2 12.7 -0.3 14 3 5.09 24 2.1 7.4 1.7 15 4 5.08 24 2.9 10.7 -0.3 11 4 d1 5.09 24 4.3 18.7 0.3 0 5 5.08 22 3.1 11.4 -0.3 13 5 5.08 23 2.2 8.4 -0.6 0 6 5.09 23 2.4 9.7 0.7 16 6 5.11 22 2.5 10.7 1.4 0 7 d2 5.06 23 4.0 15.4 -1.8 11 7 d2 5.12 21 4.0 15.0 0.7 7 8 5.08 24 2.3 7.4 1.2 0 8 5.11 23 2.1 10.0 -0.7 16 9 5.09 21 3.1 10.4 0.5 0 9 5.09 24 1.5 6.7 -1.1 22 10 5.09 24 3.3 13.4 -0.1 0 10 5.09 24 1.6 5.7 0.2 26 11 5.11 21 3.4 14.0 1.4 3 11 5.10 23 1.5 5.7 0.6 22 12 d3 5.09 24 3.9 16.0 -1.2 4 12 5.10 24 1.5 5.3 -0.3 24 13 5.11 24 1.9 7.0 1.1 0 13 q5 5.11 23 1.4 5.3 0.8 33 14 5.10 24 2.0 6.7 -0.4 0 14 d5 5.09 24 2.6 10.4 -0.9 35 15 q3 5.10 24 1.8 6.3 -0.4 0 15 5.09 24 2.6 8.4 0.1 23 16 q1 5.09 24 1.6 5.3 -0.4 0 16 5.11 24 1.9 7.7 0.8 3 17 q5 5.09 23 1.9 7.0 0.3 0 17 d4 5.12 24 2.9 12.0 0.4 24 18 q2 5.09 23 1.7 6.3 0.1 3 18 5.10 24 2.2 10.0 -0.7 30 19 5.10 23 2.3 7.4 0.2 0 19 5.10 24 1.5 5.0 -0.2 27 20 d4 5.07 21 3.5 12.4 -1.4 0 20 5.10 23 1.5 5.7 0.1 24 21 5.09 24 2.4 8.0 1.2 0 21 5.10 23 1.9 7.4 0.1 18 22 5.09 23 2.3 8.0 -0.1 0 22 5.10 23 1.7 6.7 -0.6 12 23 q4 5.10 24 1.9 7.4 0.3 5 23 5.10 24 1.6 7.7 0.5 0 24 5.10 24 2.0 7.4 0.5 12 24 d3 5.12 24 3.0 13.0 0.8 0 25 5.08 24 1.9 6.3 -1.2 12 25 5.11 23 2.3 11.0 -0.4 0 26 d5 5.11 22 3.4 12.0 1.3 12 26 q4 5.10 22 1.4 6.0 -0.3 0 27 5.10 24 2.8 13.7 -0.2 14 27 q2 5.11 24 0.9 4.0 0.3 0 28 5.10 18 1.9 7.4 -0.4 6 28 q3 5.10 23 1.1 3.7 -0.4 0 29 5.09 21 2.5 7.7 -0.2 11 29 q1 5.11 24 0.9 2.7 0.4 0 30 5.10 24 2.1 8.7 0.6 5 30 5.11 23 1.7 7.4 0.0 0 31 5.10 24 1.8 7.7 -0.3 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.09 0.6 2.7 9.9 0.0 6.1 All 5.10 0.7 2.0 8.0 0.0 12.3 Quiet 5.09 0.1 1.8 6.5 -0.1 1.6 Quiet 5.11 0.1 1.1 4.3 0.1 6.6 Dist. 5.08 0.9 4.0 14.9 -0.6 8.6 Dist. 5.11 0.7 3.3 13.8 0.3 13.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.36 (west) is -4.35 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.19 (Sep 11) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.17 (Oct 24) Minimum -4.57 (Sep 7) Minimum -4.49 (Oct 4) NOVEMBER DECEMBER DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 5.11 22 1.1 4.3 0.9 0 1 5.12 23 2.7 10.7 0.6 9 2 5.11 23 1.0 4.0 -0.1 0 2 5.12 22 1.2 5.0 0.0 17 3 d2 5.12 22 2.9 13.4 0.6 0 3 5.12 23 0.9 3.7 0.0 13 4 5.10 24 1.1 4.7 -1.3 4 4 q5 5.11 23 0.7 2.0 -0.4 15 5 5.11 24 1.4 6.0 0.3 13 5 5.12 22 0.9 3.0 0.1 9 6 5.10 23 1.8 6.0 -0.4 13 6 5.12 23 1.2 4.3 0.0 1 7 5.10 22 1.2 4.0 0.1 37 7 5.13 23 2.6 11.4 1.0 0 8 5.10 24 1.5 5.0 -0.1 38 8 d4 5.14 24 4.4 19.4 0.3 0 9 5.11 24 1.0 4.3 0.3 37 9 5.15 23 3.0 16.4 0.5 12 10 5.12 24 1.1 4.0 0.7 37 10 d2 5.15 22 5.7 28.1 0.2 4 11 d4 5.11 24 2.4 9.4 -0.5 24 11 d1 5.14 24 7.2 36.8 -0.6 0 12 d5 5.12 22 2.1 8.4 0.5 17 12 5.13 24 1.7 9.0 -0.7 0 13 d1 5.13 22 3.0 16.4 0.7 22 13 q1 5.13 24 0.5 2.0 0.0 0 14 5.10 22 1.5 5.7 -1.6 16 14 5.13 23 0.8 3.0 -0.1 0 15 5.11 21 1.0 4.3 0.6 17 15 5.12 24 0.8 3.0 -0.2 0 16 q4 5.11 23 1.0 4.0 0.0 13 16 q4 5.13 23 0.7 2.7 0.5 0 17 q5 5.12 23 1.0 5.3 0.4 11 17 5.13 23 2.7 11.7 0.3 21 18 5.11 22 1.4 6.3 -0.5 8 18 5.14 19 1.4 5.0 0.1 16 19 d3 5.12 23 2.5 9.4 0.7 0 19 5.13 22 0.9 3.7 -0.6 18 20 5.12 24 1.6 7.7 -0.4 0 20 5.12 24 0.7 2.3 -0.1 14 21 5.12 21 1.7 8.0 -0.1 0 21 5.12 23 0.9 3.7 -0.2 15 22 5.12 23 1.4 5.3 0.5 0 22 d3 5.12 24 4.7 24.1 0.0 13 23 q2 5.11 22 0.9 4.0 -0.7 0 23 5.13 23 1.3 5.0 0.6 12 24 5.11 24 1.1 3.7 -0.1 0 24 q2 5.13 24 0.6 2.0 -0.2 14 25 5.12 24 1.7 6.7 0.4 0 25 5.14 24 2.8 12.0 0.8 16 26 q3 5.12 23 0.9 3.3 0.0 18 26 d5 5.14 24 3.2 16.0 0.1 0 27 q1 5.11 23 0.9 2.7 -0.3 14 27 5.14 24 2.4 10.7 0.1 0 28 5.12 23 1.5 6.0 0.3 16 28 5.14 21 2.2 8.4 -0.4 4 29 5.12 24 1.2 5.7 0.0 24 29 5.13 24 1.2 4.7 -0.6 3 30 5.11 24 1.0 3.7 -0.3 14 30 q3 5.11 22 0.6 2.0 -0.8 0 31 5.11 23 1.0 4.0 -0.1 0 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.11 0.4 1.5 6.1 0.0 13.1 All 5.13 0.6 2.0 8.9 0.0 7.3 Quiet 5.11 0.2 0.9 3.9 -0.1 11.2 Quiet 5.12 0.4 0.6 2.1 -0.2 5.8 Dist. 5.12 0.4 2.6 11.4 0.4 12.6 Dist. 5.14 0.6 5.0 24.9 0.0 3.4 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.34 (west) is -4.32 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.15 (Nov 13) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.87 (Dec 11) Minimum -4.43 (Nov 13) Minimum -4.53 (Dec 22) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 7 9 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.02 1.6 6.2 -0.1 0.9 1.0 744 712 Feb 5.02 1.6 5.8 0.0 0.8 0.6 672 646 Mar 5.02 2.4 9.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 744 704 Apr 5.03 2.6 10.0 0.0 0.3 6.2 720 688 May 5.04 3.2 11.2 0.0 0.7 2.4 744 714 Jun 5.05 3.5 12.4 0.0 0.6 4.8 720 682 Jul 5.07 3.4 12.2 0.0 0.6 7.5 744 715 Aug 5.08 3.2 11.9 0.0 0.7 10.7 744 724 Sep 5.09 2.7 9.9 0.0 0.6 6.1 720 692 Oct 5.10 2.0 8.0 0.0 0.7 12.3 744 714 Nov 5.11 1.5 6.1 0.0 0.4 13.1 720 689 Dec 5.13 2.0 8.9 0.0 0.6 7.3 744 714 Mean 5.06 2.5 9.3 0.0 0.6 6.0 8760 8394 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.02 0.7 2.9 -0.5 0.2 0.0 120 117 Feb 5.02 0.8 2.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 120 115 Mar 5.02 1.4 5.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 120 113 Apr 5.03 1.9 7.4 0.1 0.2 3.2 120 117 May 5.05 2.3 8.1 0.7 0.4 1.8 120 116 Jun 5.06 2.9 10.7 0.2 0.5 0.8 120 112 Jul 5.06 2.5 8.8 0.1 0.6 15.4 120 114 Aug 5.08 2.4 8.9 -0.1 0.2 14.8 120 117 Sep 5.09 1.8 6.5 -0.1 0.1 1.6 120 118 Oct 5.11 1.1 4.3 0.1 0.1 6.6 120 116 Nov 5.11 0.9 3.9 -0.1 0.2 11.2 120 114 Dec 5.12 0.6 2.1 -0.2 0.4 5.8 120 116 Mean 5.06 1.6 6.0 0.0 0.3 5.1 1440 1385 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.04 3.5 12.8 0.5 1.4 1.8 120 114 Feb 5.03 2.9 10.0 0.5 1.6 0.0 120 116 Mar 5.03 3.9 16.4 0.6 0.9 0.0 120 108 Apr 5.03 3.5 13.1 -0.4 0.3 9.2 120 113 May 5.03 4.2 14.4 -0.9 0.7 4.0 120 112 Jun 5.05 4.2 15.0 0.2 0.7 3.4 120 116 Jul 5.07 4.8 17.8 0.6 0.3 4.6 120 116 Aug 5.08 4.2 15.0 0.5 0.5 12.6 120 120 Sep 5.08 4.0 14.9 -0.6 0.9 8.6 120 114 Oct 5.11 3.3 13.8 0.3 0.7 13.2 120 117 Nov 5.12 2.6 11.4 0.4 0.4 12.6 120 113 Dec 5.14 5.0 24.9 0.0 0.6 3.4 120 118 Mean 5.07 3.8 15.0 0.1 0.8 6.1 1440 1377 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.43 -4.23 -4.51 Feb -4.43 -4.31 -4.58 Mar -4.43 -4.17 -4.60 Apr -4.42 -4.26 -4.55 May -4.41 -4.29 -4.59 Jun -4.40 -4.26 -4.58 Jul -4.38 -4.19 -4.63 Aug -4.37 -4.24 -4.53 Sep -4.36 -4.19 -4.57 Oct -4.35 -4.17 -4.49 Nov -4.34 -4.15 -4.43 Dec -4.32 -3.87 -4.53 Mean -4.39 -4.19 -4.55 Results for 1880 HELSINKI D 1880 DIURNAL HOURLY MEANS ALL DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 8 7 0 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 -2 -7 -15 -21 -21 -13 -10 -8 -2 6 8 12 26 15 12 -4 19.6 FEBRUARY 13 8 4 7 3 3 6 10 12 5 -3 -16 -26 -24 -19 -11 -9 -6 -3 4 7 12 12 14 -4 19.4 MARCH 8 9 9 13 7 7 14 27 29 18 -1 -26 -43 -44 -36 -24 -11 -5 2 13 16 9 7 5 -4 18.7 APRIL 7 5 10 17 18 21 31 43 43 26 -1 -34 -58 -64 -52 -36 -23 -3 2 5 11 9 8 6 -4 18.1 MAY 17 14 15 9 31 37 42 42 36 17 -13 -39 -54 -59 -48 -39 -26 -11 -3 -3 3 6 15 16 -4 17.6 JUNE 12 12 23 31 39 44 49 53 44 21 -16 -50 -64 -67 -54 -41 -26 -12 -8 -2 -2 -3 1 8 -4 16.9 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER WINTER 11 8 2 3 1 2 4 7 7 2 -5 -16 -24 -23 -16 -11 -9 -4 2 6 10 19 14 13 -4 19.5 EQUINOX 11 9 11 13 19 22 29 37 36 20 -5 -33 -52 -56 -45 -33 -20 -6 0 5 10 8 10 9 -4 18.1 SUMMER 12 12 23 31 39 44 49 53 44 21 -16 -50 -64 -67 -54 -41 -26 -12 -8 -2 -2 -3 1 8 -4 16.9 YEAR 11 9 10 13 16 19 24 30 28 14 -7 -30 -44 -46 -37 -27 -17 -6 0 4 8 10 10 10 -4 18.4 QUIET DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 7 0 -3 1 -1 1 3 4 5 0 -5 -10 -14 -14 -8 -5 -2 -2 1 5 5 8 8 5 -4 19.7 FEBRUARY 0 4 1 1 5 3 10 16 10 5 -4 -11 -19 -14 -13 -7 -5 -5 2 4 5 5 8 8 -4 19.4 MARCH 11 1 0 8 6 7 9 22 26 13 -2 -21 -32 -29 -19 -10 -3 0 -1 -1 3 4 8 6 -4 18.9 APRIL 5 5 9 8 9 11 27 38 42 27 2 -23 -46 -48 -36 -23 -10 -2 -5 2 2 3 4 7 -4 18.4 MAY 10 7 6 22 29 33 24 24 20 15 -7 -26 -40 -34 -31 -26 -18 -8 -4 -3 0 1 9 7 -4 17.5 JUNE 5 9 19 21 33 38 44 43 35 15 -19 -44 -50 -49 -37 -25 -17 -7 -3 -2 3 -2 -3 1 -4 17.0 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER WINTER 4 2 -1 1 2 2 7 10 8 3 -5 -11 -17 -14 -11 -6 -4 -4 2 5 5 7 8 7 -4 19.6 EQUINOX 9 4 5 13 15 17 20 28 29 18 -2 -23 -39 -37 -29 -20 -10 -3 -3 -1 2 3 7 7 -4 18.3 SUMMER 5 9 19 21 33 38 44 43 35 15 -19 -44 -50 -49 -37 -25 -17 -7 -3 -2 3 -2 -3 1 -4 17.0 YEAR 6 5 6 10 14 16 20 25 23 13 -6 -22 -33 -31 -24 -16 -9 -4 -2 1 3 3 6 6 -4 18.5 DIST. DAYS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Mean JANUARY 5 15 14 3 4 4 -1 -4 -4 -7 -11 -18 -24 -29 -26 -33 -36 -11 21 11 16 58 28 33 -4 19.4 FEBRUARY 34 34 16 13 0 -8 -2 3 1 -2 -10 -22 -31 -38 -29 -16 -18 -13 2 10 14 13 14 24 -4 19.0 MARCH 38 34 17 47 4 -2 5 11 0 -4 -9 -33 -51 -59 -60 -55 -41 -9 11 39 47 22 31 20 -4 18.6 APRIL 9 12 18 27 34 42 38 49 42 23 -2 -44 -78 -85 -90 -69 -82 3 29 21 43 29 19 21 -4 18.4 MAY 32 25 17 -16 39 27 45 40 46 14 -17 -52 -74 -93 -85 -72 -36 -7 10 15 37 22 56 34 -4 17.9 JUNE 14 16 34 49 58 58 57 64 46 22 -28 -61 -76 -87 -87 -66 -43 -22 -15 23 8 0 10 19 -4 16.7 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER WINTER 20 25 15 8 2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -5 -11 -20 -28 -34 -28 -25 -27 -12 12 11 15 36 21 29 -4 19.2 EQUINOX 26 24 17 19 26 22 29 33 29 11 -9 -43 -68 -79 -78 -65 -53 -4 17 25 42 24 35 25 -4 18.3 SUMMER 14 16 34 49 58 58 57 64 46 22 -28 -61 -76 -87 -87 -66 -43 -22 -15 23 8 0 10 19 -4 16.7 YEAR 22 22 19 20 23 20 23 27 21 7 -13 -39 -56 -66 -63 -52 -43 -10 9 19 27 24 26 25 -4 18.3 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 8 0 JANUARY FEBRUARY DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 5.11 23 1.2 4.3 0.1 0 1 5.13 22 1.2 3.3 0.3 40 2 q5 5.12 24 0.8 3.3 0.5 4 2 5.12 23 1.3 5.0 -0.2 40 3 q4 5.12 22 0.8 3.0 -0.2 17 3 q4 5.12 23 1.1 4.0 -0.2 55 4 5.12 21 1.2 5.3 -0.1 33 4 5.13 24 1.1 3.3 0.8 47 5 q2 5.13 24 0.7 2.3 0.6 33 5 5.12 24 1.1 3.7 -0.5 45 6 5.12 24 0.8 2.7 -0.1 46 6 d3 5.12 22 2.4 12.4 -0.1 48 7 d2 5.12 24 3.5 16.7 0.0 46 7 d2 5.12 23 2.4 9.4 -0.1 52 8 5.13 22 2.3 9.7 0.3 48 8 5.13 23 1.8 6.7 0.7 64 9 5.12 24 1.5 7.4 -0.4 38 9 5.13 23 1.7 7.7 -0.1 70 10 5.13 23 1.4 7.0 0.2 38 10 5.12 23 1.2 5.0 -0.6 52 11 q3 5.12 22 0.7 2.7 -0.3 37 11 5.14 24 1.8 7.7 1.0 33 12 5.12 23 1.0 4.0 0.0 46 12 d1 5.16 23 3.1 13.0 1.2 37 13 5.12 24 1.3 5.3 0.2 51 13 5.13 22 1.4 5.3 -1.7 43 14 5.12 22 1.1 5.0 -0.3 37 14 5.12 24 1.1 4.7 -0.3 21 15 5.12 23 1.8 7.0 0.1 41 15 5.12 23 1.3 4.3 -0.2 0 16 5.13 20 1.6 7.4 0.3 31 16 5.12 23 1.3 4.7 0.1 0 17 5.13 24 2.1 9.4 0.0 32 17 5.11 21 1.6 6.0 -0.8 0 18 5.12 24 1.1 5.0 -0.1 28 18 5.12 23 1.3 5.0 1.1 0 19 5.13 24 2.0 11.4 0.3 24 19 q1 5.12 22 0.8 3.0 0.0 0 20 d3 5.12 23 2.8 12.0 -0.2 13 20 d4 5.12 23 2.0 7.7 0.0 0 21 5.12 23 1.5 6.0 -0.3 0 21 q3 5.13 22 1.0 4.0 0.5 13 22 5.13 23 1.0 4.3 0.4 0 22 5.14 23 1.6 6.0 0.1 14 23 d1 5.11 21 3.8 21.1 -0.9 0 23 d5 5.14 19 1.9 6.7 0.5 14 24 5.13 23 0.9 3.3 1.2 0 24 q5 5.13 22 1.1 4.3 -0.7 15 25 5.12 23 1.0 3.7 -0.4 0 25 5.12 23 1.4 6.0 -0.7 16 26 5.12 22 1.5 7.0 -0.5 8 26 5.13 23 1.5 5.7 0.5 14 27 5.12 23 0.8 3.0 0.3 0 27 q2 5.13 23 1.0 3.7 -0.2 13 28 q1 5.12 23 0.7 2.3 -0.1 28 28 5.13 23 1.8 7.4 0.0 19 29 d4 5.13 24 2.7 10.7 0.6 13 29 5.13 23 1.8 6.3 0.0 23 30 d5 5.14 24 2.5 9.0 0.5 25 31 5.12 22 1.0 3.7 -1.0 28 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.12 0.3 1.5 6.6 0.0 24.0 All 5.13 0.5 1.5 5.9 0.0 27.2 Quiet 5.12 0.1 0.7 2.7 0.1 23.8 Quiet 5.13 0.3 1.0 3.8 -0.1 19.2 Dist. 5.13 0.6 3.1 13.9 0.0 19.4 Dist. 5.13 0.8 2.3 9.8 0.3 30.2 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.33 (west) is -4.32 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.13 (Jan 7) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.17 (Feb 12) Minimum -4.52 (Jan 23) Minimum -4.40 (Feb 17) MARCH APRIL DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 5.13 23 2.3 7.0 0.1 20 1 5.14 24 2.9 11.7 0.1 16 2 5.10 22 2.3 8.7 -1.7 18 2 5.15 22 2.9 13.0 0.4 18 3 q4 5.13 23 1.6 6.0 1.6 17 3 5.15 23 2.6 10.0 -0.1 28 4 q5 5.13 22 1.6 6.7 -0.2 18 4 5.13 22 3.2 12.0 -0.9 34 5 5.12 24 2.1 8.4 -0.1 0 5 5.13 24 3.1 13.7 -0.1 25 6 5.14 22 1.7 7.7 0.7 15 6 q1 5.15 22 2.0 9.4 1.2 22 7 d2 5.11 23 5.0 16.4 -1.8 19 7 5.16 22 2.5 10.0 0.3 14 8 q3 5.14 21 1.6 5.3 1.8 29 8 q4 5.15 23 2.4 9.7 -0.6 14 9 5.14 23 1.9 6.7 0.3 31 9 5.15 23 2.7 10.7 0.1 23 10 5.14 23 1.9 8.0 -0.1 32 10 5.14 23 2.7 10.7 -0.3 24 11 5.14 24 2.3 10.0 0.1 27 11 5.14 22 3.3 12.7 -0.2 19 12 5.13 24 2.8 11.0 -0.4 23 12 5.15 23 2.8 11.4 0.8 21 13 d4 5.14 22 4.3 21.4 0.4 49 13 5.14 23 3.0 12.4 -0.6 27 14 d5 5.15 24 3.4 12.4 0.5 32 14 q3 5.13 24 2.3 8.0 -0.7 23 15 5.15 23 1.8 7.0 0.1 32 15 5.15 23 3.6 14.7 1.4 18 16 5.14 24 1.8 7.4 -0.5 25 16 d4 5.14 23 4.3 19.0 -0.7 4 17 d1 5.13 20 6.3 26.1 -0.4 26 17 q2 5.15 24 2.2 9.0 0.3 0 18 d3 5.17 23 4.6 19.0 2.1 26 18 5.16 22 3.6 14.0 0.5 14 19 5.14 23 3.2 14.4 -1.5 20 19 d2 5.14 23 5.5 20.7 -1.2 0 20 q1 5.15 22 1.4 5.0 0.2 13 20 q5 5.15 24 2.4 9.7 0.9 4 21 5.14 23 1.7 6.3 -0.2 0 21 d3 5.15 21 4.9 17.4 -0.2 4 22 5.15 23 2.6 11.4 0.6 0 22 5.16 22 2.9 11.4 0.6 29 23 q2 5.13 22 1.5 6.7 -1.1 0 23 5.15 23 2.7 10.4 -0.4 8 24 5.15 22 2.4 9.4 0.7 0 24 5.15 22 3.7 11.7 0.1 14 25 5.14 21 2.1 7.7 -0.1 4 25 5.14 24 3.8 15.0 -0.5 18 26 5.11 21 3.2 10.7 -1.7 6 26 5.17 20 2.5 9.0 1.3 30 27 5.16 24 3.3 13.0 2.7 18 27 5.15 22 3.2 10.4 -1.0 34 28 5.13 21 2.7 10.0 -1.6 17 28 d1 5.16 24 6.5 20.4 0.3 32 29 5.14 24 2.5 9.7 0.2 19 29 5.16 22 4.0 14.0 0.4 23 30 5.15 23 2.5 10.4 0.6 32 30 d5 5.14 22 4.0 14.7 -1.2 44 31 5.14 23 2.5 10.4 -0.2 30 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.14 0.8 2.6 10.3 0.0 19.3 All 5.15 0.5 3.3 12.6 0.0 19.5 Quiet 5.13 0.4 1.5 5.9 0.4 15.4 Quiet 5.15 0.5 2.3 9.2 0.2 12.6 Dist. 5.14 1.2 4.7 19.0 0.2 30.4 Dist. 5.14 0.4 5.0 18.4 -0.6 16.8 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.31 (west) is -4.30 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.02 (Mar 17) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.10 (Apr 16) Minimum -4.52 (Mar 7) Minimum -4.53 (Apr 19) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 8 0 MAY JUNE DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R DAY D N STD RANGE DIFF. R 1 5.18 24 3.9 17.0 2.2 40 1 5.16 21 3.5 13.0 -0.3 40 2 d1 5.18 21 8.9 37.1 0.4 39 2 q3 5.16 23 2.8 9.4 0.0 41 3 5.17 21 3.1 15.0 -0.7 47 3 5.16 23 3.5 12.7 -0.1 32 4 q5 5.16 23 2.5 9.7 -1.0 35 4 q5 5.15 18 2.9 11.4 -0.8 27 5 q1 5.17 21 1.7 6.0 0.8 34 5 5.16 22 3.8 12.7 0.9 9 6 q2 5.16 22 2.0 6.3 -0.8 32 6 q4 5.16 23 2.9 10.0 -0.1 14 7 q3 5.16 23 2.2 9.0 0.2 18 7 5.16 23 3.3 11.4 -0.3 13 8 5.15 22 3.0 9.7 -0.6 20 8 q2 5.16 21 2.8 9.7 0.6 13 9 5.15 24 2.6 9.0 0.2 19 9 5.17 24 3.2 11.4 0.2 23 10 5.15 23 2.7 10.4 -0.2 16 10 5.16 23 3.2 12.0 -0.3 35 11 q4 5.16 23 2.4 8.7 0.7 26 11 5.17 24 4.0 16.0 0.2 31 12 5.15 22 2.8 10.0 -0.3 17 12 5.16 23 3.9 13.4 -0.7 19 13 5.17 23 3.3 12.4 0.8 20 13 5.17 23 3.7 12.4 0.9 17 14 5.16 21 3.3 11.4 -0.7 17 14 5.14 23 3.7 13.0 -1.6 19 15 d2 5.12 22 5.3 18.4 -2.1 0 15 d2 5.16 21 5.3 16.7 0.8 13 16 5.15 22 3.0 10.7 1.7 14 16 d3 5.16 23 4.9 17.4 0.0 19 17 5.15 20 3.7 13.0 0.4 0 17 5.17 23 3.6 12.7 0.9 32 18 5.17 20 3.2 10.7 0.9 0 18 5.17 23 3.7 13.0 0.1 44 19 5.16 24 3.2 11.0 -0.9 5 19 5.16 22 3.4 11.7 -0.7 52 20 5.16 23 3.5 11.4 0.1 16 20 5.15 21 4.1 13.7 -0.3 54 21 5.15 24 3.5 10.7 -0.2 15 21 5.18 23 3.5 13.4 1.5 52 22 5.14 23 3.1 14.0 -0.7 9 22 5.16 24 4.2 13.7 -1.3 56 23 5.15 22 3.5 12.7 0.5 0 23 d1 5.19 22 5.5 21.1 2.1 61 24 5.14 23 4.1 13.4 -0.8 19 24 5.18 23 3.7 12.0 -0.6 61 25 5.16 23 3.0 10.7 1.1 23 25 5.18 23 3.3 9.7 0.1 41 26 d4 5.14 22 4.9 17.7 -1.2 44 26 d5 5.15 24 4.8 15.7 -1.7 43 27 d3 5.15 24 4.9 16.4 0.8 27 27 d4 5.18 22 4.9 16.7 1.5 44 28 d5 5.16 20 4.2 14.7 0.8 32 28 5.16 23 3.9 14.4 -1.1 59 29 5.16 24 4.0 14.7 -0.4 47 29 5.18 22 4.1 12.4 1.1 34 30 5.17 24 4.1 14.7 1.0 50 30 q1 5.17 23 2.7 9.4 -0.3 26 31 5.17 21 3.6 13.4 -0.4 48 Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R Means D STD1 STD RANGE DIFF. R All 5.16 0.8 3.5 12.9 0.1 23.5 All 5.17 0.7 3.8 13.1 0.0 34.1 Quiet 5.16 0.3 2.2 8.0 0.0 29.0 Quiet 5.16 0.5 2.8 10.0 -0.1 24.2 Dist. 5.15 1.3 5.6 20.9 -0.2 28.4 Dist. 5.17 0.9 5.1 17.5 0.5 36.0 Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) Approximate absolute monthly mean of D (all days) is -4.29 (west) is -4.28 (west) Maximum momentary value of D is -3.90 (May 2) Maximum momentary value of D is -4.07 (Jun 23) Minimum -4.51 (May 2) Minimum -4.45 (Jun 26) H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N 1 8 8 0 MONTHLY MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.12 1.5 6.6 0.0 0.3 24.0 744 711 Feb 5.13 1.5 5.9 0.0 0.5 27.2 696 659 Mar 5.14 2.6 10.3 0.0 0.8 19.3 744 702 Apr 5.15 3.3 12.6 0.0 0.5 19.5 720 681 May 5.16 3.5 12.9 0.1 0.8 23.5 744 694 Jun 5.17 3.8 13.1 0.0 0.7 34.1 720 676 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean 5.14 2.7 10.2 0.0 0.6 24.6 4368 4123 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.12 0.7 2.7 0.1 0.1 23.8 120 115 Feb 5.13 1.0 3.8 -0.1 0.3 19.2 120 112 Mar 5.13 1.5 5.9 0.4 0.4 15.4 120 110 Apr 5.15 2.3 9.2 0.2 0.5 12.6 120 117 May 5.16 2.2 8.0 0.0 0.3 29.0 120 112 Jun 5.16 2.8 10.0 -0.1 0.5 24.2 120 108 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean 5.14 1.8 6.6 0.1 0.3 20.7 720 674 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) Jan 5.13 3.1 13.9 0.0 0.6 19.4 120 116 Feb 5.13 2.3 9.8 0.3 0.8 30.2 120 110 Mar 5.14 4.7 19.0 0.2 1.2 30.4 120 112 Apr 5.14 5.0 18.4 -0.6 0.4 16.8 120 113 May 5.15 5.6 20.9 -0.2 1.3 28.4 120 109 Jun 5.17 5.1 17.5 0.5 0.9 36.0 120 112 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean 5.14 4.3 16.6 0.0 0.9 26.9 720 672 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) Jan -4.33 -4.13 -4.52 Feb -4.32 -4.17 -4.40 Mar -4.31 -4.02 -4.52 Apr -4.30 -4.10 -4.53 May -4.29 -3.90 -4.51 Jun -4.28 -4.07 -4.45 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean -4.30 -4.07 -4.49 H E L S I N K I D E C L I N A T I O N ANNUAL MEANS ALL DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) 1844 0.26 3.5 17.8 0.0 0.8 17.7 26496 26405 1845 0.34 3.5 16.3 0.0 0.9 40.1 52560 52545 1846 0.47 3.6 17.7 0.0 0.9 61.5 52560 52534 1847 0.59 4.2 20.9 0.0 1.4 98.5 52560 52523 1848 0.73 4.8 23.5 0.0 1.3 124.7 52704 52612 1849 0.87 4.2 19.5 0.0 1.0 96.3 52560 52426 1850 1.01 4.1 18.6 0.0 0.8 66.6 52560 52209 1851 1.15 4.1 19.9 0.0 1.1 64.5 52560 52207 1852 1.28 4.7 24.7 0.0 1.1 57.2 52704 43642 1853 1.41 4.2 20.9 0.0 1.0 39.0 52560 51680 1854 1.56 3.9 19.5 0.0 0.9 20.6 52560 52445 1855 1.68 3.4 16.7 0.0 0.7 6.7 52560 52410 1856 1.80 2.9 12.8 0.0 0.7 4.3 31176 29611 1857 1.94 3.4 13.9 0.0 0.9 22.2 16008 15831 1858 2.09 4.2 16.5 0.0 1.1 54.8 8760 8684 1859 2.23 4.7 18.8 0.0 1.3 93.8 8760 8575 1860 2.37 4.5 17.5 0.0 1.2 95.8 8784 8585 1861 2.51 4.3 16.8 0.0 1.2 77.2 8760 8633 1862 2.67 4.3 17.2 0.0 1.2 59.1 8760 8613 1863 2.82 4.4 17.5 0.0 1.1 44.0 8760 8341 1864 2.95 4.1 16.7 0.0 1.0 46.9 8784 8543 1865 3.11 4.3 17.5 0.0 1.2 30.5 8760 8490 1866 3.28 3.8 15.6 0.0 1.0 16.3 8760 8431 1867 3.43 3.4 13.6 0.0 1.1 7.3 8760 8342 1868 3.58 3.7 14.5 0.0 1.0 37.6 8784 8436 1869 3.75 4.3 17.1 0.0 1.1 74.0 8760 8400 1870 3.91 5.0 19.8 0.1 1.5 138.1 6648 6167 1871 4.04 5.0 19.2 0.0 1.5 111.2 8760 7982 1872 4.15 4.9 19.4 0.0 1.3 101.6 8784 7861 1873 4.30 4.3 16.9 0.0 1.0 66.2 8760 7969 1874 4.45 3.6 14.1 0.0 1.1 45.2 8040 7366 1875 4.63 3.0 11.6 0.0 0.7 17.0 8760 8549 1876 4.76 2.8 10.8 0.0 0.7 11.3 8784 8493 1877 4.86 2.6 9.8 0.0 0.6 12.4 8760 8476 1878 4.96 2.4 9.3 0.0 0.7 3.4 8760 8344 1879 5.06 2.5 9.3 0.0 0.6 6.0 8760 8394 1880 5.14 2.7 10.2 0.0 0.6 24.6 4368 4123 QUIET DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) 1844 0.26 1.9 8.7 0.1 0.4 20.3 4320 4318 1845 0.34 2.0 8.9 0.1 0.4 34.9 8640 8638 1846 0.46 2.2 10.3 0.0 0.4 62.3 8640 8634 1847 0.59 2.3 9.8 -0.2 0.8 100.8 8640 8637 1848 0.73 2.9 12.6 0.0 0.5 125.8 8640 8634 1849 0.87 2.7 11.9 0.0 0.4 90.0 8640 8622 1850 1.01 2.7 11.4 -0.1 0.4 61.4 8640 8590 1851 1.14 2.3 10.2 -0.2 0.4 69.2 8640 8577 1852 1.27 2.5 11.5 -0.1 0.5 56.0 8640 7140 1853 1.41 2.5 10.6 0.1 0.6 35.7 8640 8518 1854 1.55 2.2 9.6 -0.2 0.4 20.0 8640 8626 1855 1.68 2.0 9.0 0.1 0.4 6.8 8640 8613 1856 1.80 1.9 7.8 0.0 0.5 3.4 5400 5066 1857 1.94 2.0 7.7 0.0 0.3 19.7 2640 2619 1858 2.09 2.5 9.5 0.0 0.5 55.5 1440 1430 1859 2.22 2.8 10.7 -0.1 0.5 92.7 1440 1414 1860 2.37 2.7 10.0 -0.2 0.6 89.1 1440 1405 1861 2.50 2.5 9.4 -0.1 0.6 75.1 1440 1414 1862 2.67 2.4 9.2 -0.2 0.6 56.6 1440 1416 1863 2.81 2.4 9.6 -0.1 0.6 41.2 1440 1360 1864 2.95 2.3 8.4 -0.1 0.5 45.0 1440 1406 1865 3.10 2.2 8.5 -0.2 0.5 33.5 1440 1389 1866 3.28 2.1 8.0 0.0 0.5 17.7 1440 1389 1867 3.42 2.0 7.7 -0.1 0.5 4.9 1440 1375 1868 3.58 2.2 8.2 -0.1 0.5 35.5 1440 1384 1869 3.75 2.5 9.3 -0.2 0.5 66.4 1440 1382 1870 3.91 2.7 10.2 0.1 0.9 130.4 1200 1080 1871 4.04 2.8 10.5 -0.2 0.6 102.0 1440 1320 1872 4.14 2.8 10.4 -0.2 0.7 100.8 1440 1269 1873 4.29 2.5 9.3 0.0 0.5 65.5 1440 1302 1874 4.45 2.1 7.8 -0.3 0.7 47.4 1320 1229 1875 4.63 1.8 6.9 0.0 0.3 15.4 1440 1411 1876 4.76 1.7 6.2 0.0 0.4 7.2 1440 1397 1877 4.86 1.6 6.3 0.0 0.3 11.5 1440 1389 1878 4.96 1.6 5.7 0.1 0.4 4.2 1440 1354 1879 5.06 1.6 6.0 0.0 0.3 5.1 1440 1385 1880 5.14 1.8 6.6 0.1 0.3 20.7 720 674 DISTURBED DAYS D STD RANGE DIFF. STD1 R N(max) N(obs) 1844 0.27 6.8 38.4 0.1 1.0 20.7 4320 4314 1845 0.35 6.0 29.7 0.2 1.2 40.8 8640 8637 1846 0.47 6.2 32.8 0.3 0.9 58.0 8640 8630 1847 0.61 8.4 48.3 0.5 2.1 101.2 8640 8619 1848 0.75 8.7 46.9 0.8 1.6 128.1 8640 8634 1849 0.87 6.5 32.0 0.0 1.1 108.0 8640 8622 1850 1.01 6.4 30.9 0.6 1.0 70.5 8640 8586 1851 1.16 7.5 40.7 0.6 1.6 60.0 8640 8571 1852 1.29 8.7 49.6 0.5 1.5 64.2 8640 7144 1853 1.42 7.5 41.9 0.1 1.3 39.2 8640 8503 1854 1.57 7.2 39.3 0.9 1.0 21.9 8640 8630 1855 1.68 5.9 31.5 0.4 0.9 6.8 8640 8628 1856 1.80 4.7 21.3 0.1 0.8 3.9 5400 5040 1857 1.94 6.1 27.3 0.2 1.3 21.6 2640 2620 1858 2.09 7.3 30.1 0.6 1.6 54.7 1440 1426 1859 2.23 8.4 36.1 0.2 1.8 99.4 1440 1391 1860 2.38 8.1 33.0 0.7 1.9 103.9 1440 1390 1861 2.52 7.6 31.2 0.7 1.5 74.7 1440 1419 1862 2.68 8.2 34.0 0.6 1.5 59.2 1440 1414 1863 2.83 7.3 29.6 0.5 1.4 44.7 1440 1371 1864 2.96 7.1 30.3 0.4 1.0 46.4 1440 1395 1865 3.12 7.8 33.2 1.0 1.9 32.3 1440 1374 1866 3.29 6.6 28.2 0.4 1.3 13.1 1440 1376 1867 3.44 6.0 24.7 0.8 1.3 9.0 1440 1375 1868 3.59 6.4 26.0 0.3 1.1 33.5 1440 1368 1869 3.76 7.8 32.8 0.7 1.7 81.4 1440 1378 1870 3.91 9.5 38.8 0.3 2.2 146.0 1200 1107 1871 4.06 8.7 36.1 0.9 2.0 114.3 1440 1319 1872 4.16 8.6 35.8 0.8 1.9 109.8 1440 1280 1873 4.30 6.9 29.4 0.3 1.2 60.5 1440 1327 1874 4.46 6.4 26.2 0.8 1.5 46.5 1320 1203 1875 4.64 4.8 19.5 0.2 0.9 19.8 1440 1405 1876 4.76 4.9 19.9 0.3 0.9 12.8 1440 1392 1877 4.86 4.3 17.2 0.1 0.8 14.0 1440 1391 1878 4.96 4.0 16.2 0.2 0.9 4.0 1440 1379 1879 5.07 3.8 15.0 0.1 0.8 6.1 1440 1377 1880 5.14 4.3 16.6 0.0 0.9 26.9 720 672 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE MEANS (ALL DAYS) D(obs) D(max) D(min) 1844 -9.19 -8.57 -9.56 1845 -9.11 -8.63 -9.38 1846 -8.98 -8.50 -9.33 1847 -8.86 -8.10 -9.57 1848 -8.72 -7.92 -9.14 1849 -8.58 -8.15 -8.93 1850 -8.44 -7.94 -8.75 1851 -8.30 -7.71 -8.74 1852 -8.16 -7.34 -8.71 1853 -8.04 -7.38 -8.48 1854 -7.89 -7.30 -8.24 1855 -7.77 -7.29 -8.06 1856 -7.65 -7.27 -7.84 1857 -7.51 -7.11 -7.84 1858 -7.36 -6.88 -7.78 1859 -7.22 -6.68 -7.71 1860 -7.08 -6.62 -7.55 1861 -6.94 -6.44 -7.23 1862 -6.78 -6.22 -7.18 1863 -6.63 -6.17 -6.93 1864 -6.50 -6.02 -6.77 1865 -6.34 -5.83 -6.66 1866 -6.17 -5.75 -6.46 1867 -6.03 -5.63 -6.25 1868 -5.87 -5.50 -6.16 1869 -5.70 -5.15 -6.07 1870 -5.54 -5.02 -6.15 1871 -5.41 -4.73 -5.76 1872 -5.30 -4.70 -5.73 1873 -5.16 -4.71 -5.47 1874 -5.00 -4.55 -5.30 1875 -4.82 -4.51 -5.05 1876 -4.69 -4.40 -4.91 1877 -4.59 -4.33 -4.80 1878 -4.49 -4.19 -4.68 1879 -4.39 -4.19 -4.55 1880 -4.30 -4.07 -4.49 APPENDIX 2: TABLES OF DAILY AkVALUES AS CALCULATED FROM HOURLY READINGS OF DECLINATION 18441880 Explanations The following tables give values of daily Akindices which have been determined from the hourly observations of declination at the Helsinki observatory 18441880. The indices have been derived numerically using the methods explained in Chap. 3.2. If the Akvalues are corrected by the relationship: 1.07Ak + 0.9, the tabulated values correspond to Mayauds aaindices with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 in the monthly means. HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1844 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 23 8 115 9 11 2 3 18 6 15 16 6 3 6 9 10 17 17 6 4 6 19 13 15 14 18 5 5 14 9 9 13 20 6 8 6 10 19 11 4 7 8 3 7 12 6 3 8 17 4 14 7 2 4 9 8 20 17 5 1 10 10 12 12 4 9 6 11 4 17 6 3 31 6 12 8 8 5 2 27 18 13 12 13 5 2 9 7 14 6 3 11 4 10 25 15 9 6 23 4 4 46 16 7 9 10 5 52 29 17 16 7 10 8 43 5 18 18 8 5 7 20 5 19 5 5 10 3 20 16 20 6 6 47 34 12 36 21 6 4 17 52 5 43 22 5 19 21 30 59 22 23 4 33 8 17 49 10 24 3 20 18 8 15 7 25 22 13 19 30 14 2 26 12 13 45 43 1 20 27 20 8 27 18 4 6 28 15 6 19 16 20 13 29 16 9 41 26 10 103 30 8 20 47 10 2 35 31 16 21 16 24 Mean 9.5 12.1 16.7 17.9 16.8 17.9 15.2 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1845 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 17 9 5 9 36 15 8 15 13 13 26 4 2 20 9 4 9 4 8 6 15 23 7 19 6 3 2 2 10 11 3 4 10 26 37 15 18 61 4 2 12 3 10 9 21 5 22 11 11 7 11 5 2 15 2 5 5 6 5 20 15 3 23 10 6 4 15 2 12 8 8 11 5 15 10 7 4 7 7 8 13 6 6 6 8 19 19 9 12 6 8 3 6 6 7 6 6 9 26 13 7 17 9 9 23 13 13 9 4 8 9 16 14 17 5 4 10 61 11 13 7 7 13 8 12 6 25 7 3 11 14 10 7 2 4 6 8 7 9 10 20 2 12 19 3 8 2 5 4 10 4 18 8 6 4 13 9 13 9 28 9 4 7 5 16 3 1 20 14 5 2 25 76 17 4 1 7 4 4 2 19 15 9 3 23 13 17 7 5 16 6 6 2 45 16 7 5 28 13 12 3 5 5 9 6 2 13 17 13 8 18 4 5 5 5 8 13 14 39 15 18 6 21 10 16 4 4 18 30 9 22 17 19 29 5 28 19 23 6 6 6 12 7 18 2 20 54 19 23 19 10 6 10 4 13 12 7 4 21 13 32 17 14 11 8 10 1 9 50 5 3 22 9 31 11 7 12 7 4 10 7 27 3 8 23 24 27 21 6 8 5 12 20 2 2 4 8 24 28 51 26 8 5 8 15 7 10 5 7 5 25 36 39 40 18 6 5 25 11 49 8 5 3 26 23 43 32 9 1 4 11 6 21 4 4 4 27 21 21 30 12 2 3 7 5 46 6 6 5 28 15 24 13 37 2 9 6 6 29 3 18 5 29 28 13 12 4 7 4 60 12 8 24 1 30 25 7 10 9 8 3 45 7 2 8 22 31 8 4 18 9 36 5 9 Mean 17.3 15.5 15.3 13.5 9.2 6.9 7.9 14.9 16.3 10.2 11.5 10.7 12.4 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1846 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 4 10 17 11 8 17 15 26 11 39 35 11 2 4 10 8 8 6 24 26 16 8 29 22 12 3 6 10 5 7 8 17 20 15 5 20 11 5 4 9 11 16 10 35 10 22 8 28 11 2 14 5 8 5 9 11 15 9 21 14 40 9 8 10 6 7 1 5 42 23 13 14 18 15 15 3 4 7 21 11 5 23 12 13 20 52 7 29 13 3 8 20 3 7 17 13 9 17 30 32 50 14 9 7 24 2 9 20 34 6 33 10 30 12 13 10 3 7 2 17 12 18 11 25 19 32 3 27 11 7 4 11 28 12 5 36 17 60 24 11 15 12 18 2 10 9 64 12 20 25 28 30 5 15 13 5 6 39 25 35 22 29 19 15 11 4 6 14 27 17 45 18 14 14 12 26 25 13 10 6 15 5 25 29 28 8 23 21 26 20 8 3 5 16 14 33 16 48 3 29 11 18 5 17 2 8 17 23 15 36 20 9 19 12 12 16 8 52 3 18 20 16 19 5 6 8 17 17 12 14 14 8 19 12 4 10 14 15 14 27 10 27 14 3 5 20 3 3 6 18 24 4 15 8 6 41 28 2 21 6 8 9 10 19 8 12 15 27 16 20 4 22 2 2 6 11 16 17 8 28 86 27 9 7 23 9 3 3 9 14 29 9 11 23 16 5 26 24 70 3 7 11 19 11 13 25 16 13 34 25 8 6 4 26 16 8 48 36 15 13 2 16 26 1 26 16 13 10 8 12 21 20 13 23 17 27 5 12 16 8 10 8 20 43 15 6 36 13 28 5 3 11 8 3 15 7 25 16 8 24 15 29 15 17 8 6 17 18 29 7 14 29 6 30 9 18 8 25 16 13 28 12 12 21 3 31 7 5 28 32 6 9 1 Mean 11.6 10.0 13.2 16.0 16.4 15.0 18.2 22.0 20.9 19.1 14.1 10.1 15.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1847 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 1 17 32 3 19 11 12 3 10 12 38 10 2 4 2 19 11 7 8 3 4 7 10 32 27 3 3 5 2 40 10 8 4 9 16 2 12 32 4 10 3 15 39 7 7 6 5 19 4 13 14 5 12 1 14 20 8 2 4 36 21 11 6 1 6 17 50 6 12 6 2 5 15 11 3 10 3 7 8 20 28 33 6 6 15 19 15 8 6 8 6 23 14 68 45 5 7 23 3 15 31 18 9 6 24 29 21 5 9 29 20 22 13 23 20 10 6 19 11 4 6 23 65 7 7 34 27 28 11 15 8 5 2 4 14 12 9 6 15 8 41 12 7 9 6 15 4 8 14 7 11 19 17 18 13 19 3 12 9 5 35 12 5 22 43 14 21 14 14 4 9 8 4 35 10 16 13 9 30 16 15 4 11 8 10 14 8 9 10 2 13 12 6 16 4 14 7 10 70 13 8 9 8 17 40 17 6 10 6 21 19 11 10 15 20 12 5 85 18 2 8 5 3 18 13 14 13 13 22 12 56 19 3 4 65 6 10 6 8 21 4 16 36 132 20 11 4 28 32 19 3 4 13 11 14 22 178 21 34 4 18 38 9 8 6 9 12 11 6 26 22 9 39 5 13 8 13 8 19 12 8 24 13 23 5 21 8 5 3 4 19 13 13 102 37 35 24 6 43 33 4 2 4 8 8 160 103 8 19 25 2 31 17 6 2 2 23 26 9 138 116 9 26 4 32 6 5 6 6 9 14 44 7 97 12 27 7 12 5 6 10 15 10 4 65 2 36 5 28 1 9 5 10 15 8 23 9 15 8 14 9 29 19 2 12 23 7 5 5 42 15 5 17 30 44 5 34 5 14 6 17 12 11 3 9 31 35 5 5 4 6 16 5 Mean 10.5 15.4 13.9 16.7 12.1 10.3 12.0 12.5 20.8 23.0 24.7 27.8 16.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1848 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 6 2 13 15 32 4 18 6 3 18 20 16 2 8 7 8 49 26 5 5 11 5 40 14 15 3 22 3 2 44 21 6 7 7 6 10 5 4 4 31 9 9 43 31 26 18 11 25 6 4 8 5 4 4 16 13 9 18 31 6 9 4 8 3 6 4 9 18 39 16 10 6 11 10 7 10 24 7 9 35 4 62 5 6 7 7 6 14 4 6 8 10 59 24 36 44 5 9 22 26 17 3 20 9 4 35 14 6 18 4 8 31 33 23 13 30 10 6 24 6 7 23 17 7 4 15 4 34 20 11 14 7 1 8 10 7 48 18 11 8 25 16 12 63 6 8 4 9 8 59 32 7 8 16 13 13 46 11 4 4 12 6 15 18 2 11 13 27 14 20 25 9 4 6 13 12 10 5 12 12 16 15 18 31 25 20 6 11 10 18 7 15 24 22 16 97 12 24 26 7 7 4 6 2 3 26 9 17 30 5 46 21 16 5 9 8 20 5 137 37 18 16 7 10 31 64 4 6 11 28 59 108 36 19 27 15 37 10 35 8 8 16 21 75 33 15 20 30 61 103 7 18 11 8 13 7 32 19 11 21 16 111 28 18 10 22 6 22 8 17 29 8 22 19 54 6 25 11 44 6 36 3 31 50 9 23 23 48 8 18 4 14 25 18 9 43 47 12 24 36 80 15 12 17 11 56 12 6 32 38 11 25 18 66 49 7 17 9 11 9 4 29 5 11 26 10 16 23 4 21 10 15 6 4 44 13 21 27 16 23 19 3 24 8 17 5 1 42 30 19 28 20 31 23 5 18 6 11 17 6 27 21 8 29 46 8 11 21 10 15 13 19 21 28 11 12 30 27 12 29 7 11 10 13 24 80 18 14 31 11 35 5 9 13 37 9 Mean 22.8 27.7 19.7 19.7 17.8 11.0 15.3 14.1 11.1 25.2 26.3 15.5 18.9 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1849 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 11 20 10 8 26 10 7 34 5 14 7 40 2 5 3 15 18 6 23 7 10 9 18 6 7 3 8 13 20 35 11 14 12 4 14 15 13 8 4 29 11 21 13 8 11 18 7 25 4 11 6 5 5 11 10 17 15 19 19 15 5 5 18 8 6 5 10 9 10 13 9 7 6 5 7 17 5 7 20 3 8 8 23 43 4 4 6 15 3 7 8 26 2 11 10 10 21 7 7 14 19 10 5 9 18 5 9 16 11 12 10 16 18 6 3 1 10 24 12 5 15 6 4 16 17 18 18 6 10 11 10 10 4 6 9 12 6 9 14 13 15 33 12 6 21 9 11 11 11 14 13 16 2 12 27 13 5 17 5 9 22 24 22 23 49 5 16 10 14 39 22 6 32 14 12 16 33 21 44 14 8 15 25 12 15 13 10 7 17 8 1 37 13 6 16 43 6 5 15 9 3 11 18 23 18 10 3 17 5 15 10 15 14 6 8 11 24 16 2 18 4 36 33 21 18 8 12 15 27 25 9 10 19 2 32 37 27 5 9 7 16 33 26 26 6 20 4 38 12 8 15 7 4 8 18 22 42 9 21 7 25 17 24 11 11 15 42 18 7 25 17 22 3 33 9 12 5 10 27 22 5 91 16 19 23 35 16 7 8 6 6 15 18 17 21 3 16 24 16 25 4 3 12 2 26 10 29 20 27 15 25 23 13 25 11 6 10 18 11 25 27 24 4 26 26 25 23 15 15 7 13 8 7 15 13 5 27 18 65 16 11 14 7 8 9 18 14 30 8 28 14 32 26 10 15 19 6 16 21 12 58 13 29 6 12 10 8 8 13 6 20 17 65 25 30 15 13 8 5 14 4 8 15 50 41 25 31 6 12 4 15 7 29 16 Mean 14.9 19.0 13.5 14.0 11.5 12.0 12.4 13.9 17.3 20.4 18.4 12.1 14.9 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1850 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 9 16 10 63 9 9 10 13 5 58 10 12 2 5 37 16 14 7 22 19 10 20 62 14 7 3 38 17 5 3 31 12 10 22 14 56 12 8 4 13 12 59 3 25 22 12 9 28 10 17 5 8 25 13 5 5 18 6 12 40 11 1 4 6 8 31 19 17 4 32 25 12 45 26 10 6 7 8 5 3 26 7 16 18 4 8 37 15 4 8 4 9 7 35 31 23 16 6 39 14 13 9 9 4 10 9 20 11 23 20 11 8 33 7 5 10 7 2 21 6 12 8 12 28 22 9 24 5 11 6 5 26 7 6 13 47 12 13 6 21 10 12 12 9 36 9 17 6 44 13 13 3 15 13 13 9 17 14 4 25 17 8 18 13 12 20 7 14 7 3 16 3 30 28 8 7 15 13 8 1 15 4 7 3 13 6 12 15 13 19 10 5 11 16 5 7 12 6 9 4 52 10 19 14 9 10 17 4 9 8 8 15 6 6 20 7 10 7 39 18 9 6 3 7 7 10 13 20 11 13 10 7 19 23 7 3 9 8 27 8 23 10 11 7 1 20 45 10 4 28 14 8 14 18 11 10 18 2 21 3 3 14 37 11 7 14 9 3 5 7 5 22 2 28 10 7 4 11 4 7 6 2 5 9 23 19 78 5 7 10 8 9 21 10 2 3 10 24 18 10 16 5 11 11 9 17 16 7 8 6 25 15 11 23 18 16 5 19 4 24 23 11 3 26 21 12 12 4 5 4 5 8 3 34 32 23 27 15 10 12 4 11 9 12 9 2 11 10 39 28 31 9 4 22 12 23 12 10 12 7 5 16 29 9 6 20 11 9 13 12 10 42 9 8 30 6 1 7 7 8 14 11 20 36 22 6 31 10 17 4 8 12 13 10 Mean 12.2 14.5 13.1 13.9 12.3 13.7 15.5 12.9 15.5 19.4 11.2 10.1 13.7 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1851 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 15 29 40 8 16 12 8 5 12 35 4 17 2 4 9 13 8 39 8 6 4 15 54 4 11 3 1 6 36 4 25 10 23 11 22 18 19 1 4 3 4 7 15 5 24 8 144 12 8 4 5 3 5 3 16 18 23 9 14 9 17 5 6 17 4 28 13 32 10 8 6 7 5 54 7 1 20 8 22 9 14 9 34 110 8 4 56 8 2 3 21 20 25 21 7 18 36 8 4 25 9 5 28 10 6 10 17 6 10 31 15 1 41 10 7 35 22 17 9 15 8 10 4 13 8 14 11 3 25 20 7 4 4 8 7 6 31 21 21 12 3 22 23 21 8 5 5 7 10 10 23 18 13 4 12 6 3 15 5 10 6 8 12 6 39 14 8 7 18 2 13 17 30 11 13 28 24 21 15 4 11 12 3 5 12 32 4 39 5 19 7 16 36 17 5 6 10 14 12 5 11 8 5 15 17 19 6 6 30 42 7 16 10 31 7 14 6 18 10 16 5 13 3 7 33 4 4 15 10 9 19 14 56 1 13 9 3 12 6 10 51 11 32 20 65 15 9 23 3 1 4 5 7 36 3 13 21 18 1 5 22 5 15 6 15 20 20 11 10 22 27 6 8 6 4 8 7 7 11 11 35 24 23 27 19 11 20 8 11 11 15 7 27 30 35 24 9 23 4 19 25 6 11 48 19 44 36 21 25 7 24 13 12 20 5 7 14 10 25 7 19 26 16 11 4 5 9 6 18 13 11 8 8 46 27 10 6 2 15 17 15 10 9 38 8 9 19 28 9 14 13 17 6 14 7 4 56 21 14 74 29 17 22 9 4 17 28 18 27 63 2 37 30 8 25 7 5 4 21 41 43 13 11 43 31 4 9 4 19 29 5 4 Mean 11.5 15.8 12.3 13.0 12.8 11.1 13.5 12.9 25.7 20.5 12.0 23.7 15.4 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1852 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 43 36 46 21 7 18 16 24 37 33 2 6 44 14 27 30 7 23 23 30 19 29 3 6 22 4 32 18 9 14 14 32 22 16 4 47 8 10 15 9 21 29 29 20 13 20 5 31 10 17 40 7 16 12 12 36 14 12 6 24 30 20 22 11 19 27 27 36 18 26 7 8 31 44 12 17 7 16 16 21 10 19 8 10 35 30 21 22 20 29 29 20 3 17 9 10 14 42 11 16 11 14 14 12 4 21 10 12 6 45 52 15 16 58 58 5 6 50 11 21 3 5 27 27 62 33 33 17 58 41 12 15 7 43 15 14 26 8 8 9 52 86 13 15 9 32 32 10 5 20 20 10 65 37 14 5 3 36 27 3 8 28 28 4 21 26 15 4 68 30 26 7 6 23 23 2 14 8 16 5 111 11 27 3 62 27 27 13 21 5 17 7 52 20 9 7 27 17 17 29 32 6 18 8 139 23 7 17 21 8 8 34 22 32 19 8 115 25 14 30 16 4 4 21 8 14 20 108 148 35 53 57 13 4 4 44 5 7 21 27 87 28 101 32 12 5 5 32 1 7 22 26 49 29 44 25 5 4 4 11 9 15 23 20 26 10 54 25 16 11 11 30 5 12 14 24 10 9 3 21 25 7 8 8 35 16 14 52 25 37 3 7 23 14 13 11 11 14 4 14 23 26 33 11 47 20 14 4 9 9 11 9 26 13 27 30 23 46 8 32 5 13 13 7 12 24 3 28 2 45 14 9 16 8 35 35 8 2 17 14 29 9 27 29 12 17 16 40 40 6 17 6 95 30 42 10 24 6 14 30 30 34 19 7 12 31 52 44 4 24 27 2 Mean 20.8 40.6 25.5 27.7 17.8 16.0 19.4 19.2 18.1 18.5 19.1 24.4 22.3 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1853 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 21 26 20 4 23 14 7 8 20 16 5 2 16 45 6 16 38 65 10 6 59 5 17 10 3 11 14 29 5 80 15 11 7 80 7 4 11 4 12 17 29 5 48 7 4 6 19 3 4 16 5 3 38 12 28 20 5 6 5 4 7 1 17 6 21 27 24 54 17 9 7 7 30 3 59 7 14 6 37 43 28 16 4 18 5 2 3 23 8 31 11 58 32 37 7 7 5 16 5 53 16 9 65 2 51 42 9 9 6 25 9 4 22 5 10 73 7 33 20 11 17 12 10 9 11 43 2 11 16 14 57 26 8 5 33 7 13 8 13 3 12 9 16 45 29 8 18 51 7 11 7 7 3 13 36 6 51 20 5 10 53 3 5 5 10 27 14 26 69 10 8 3 38 11 10 12 29 2 10 15 27 16 11 5 8 27 12 6 15 15 2 15 16 9 9 12 11 4 9 8 5 17 17 15 20 17 29 30 22 8 10 8 13 10 7 30 8 36 18 33 6 28 19 11 10 15 9 19 21 32 38 19 34 14 6 17 19 9 5 17 36 7 18 16 20 4 13 6 18 13 13 5 10 43 9 5 19 21 13 27 3 14 5 21 5 22 14 13 5 15 22 1 13 4 31 5 35 21 11 4 6 21 11 23 3 21 4 24 24 19 25 14 5 31 9 40 24 11 4 14 7 32 4 18 14 6 14 4 53 25 11 16 22 13 69 5 8 23 18 53 10 21 26 9 5 19 13 5 9 23 26 8 11 6 12 27 2 8 16 3 4 35 16 16 15 12 25 10 28 4 19 21 4 17 28 18 15 42 3 16 10 29 8 12 7 12 16 16 4 11 4 9 11 30 8 21 13 28 21 23 5 13 17 5 11 31 15 18 12 14 12 76 23 Mean 18.0 17.6 22.8 18.5 19.2 17.1 15.3 11.0 18.4 14.7 12.8 18.3 17.0 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1854 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 8 12 21 13 13 9 5 6 24 7 23 18 2 40 7 9 16 8 4 13 4 20 6 13 55 3 58 7 37 11 4 6 9 28 7 7 11 26 4 7 29 28 14 10 10 7 32 5 3 7 8 5 10 78 12 13 19 6 9 26 3 2 10 29 6 5 23 32 9 7 5 5 17 4 7 10 14 7 8 13 38 11 3 5 6 12 5 18 3 3 8 74 13 12 9 14 11 29 4 5 61 13 5 9 14 16 26 7 22 4 23 10 12 29 20 14 10 5 48 4 19 18 6 36 4 3 10 2 4 11 6 51 4 94 15 9 29 10 59 2 4 12 43 27 8 9 12 33 11 6 20 33 2 13 18 22 25 11 9 28 7 6 10 18 4 13 14 33 62 17 16 8 9 11 5 15 1 5 12 15 24 47 18 18 25 9 14 4 14 6 6 2 16 10 42 98 10 33 22 11 5 17 5 4 5 17 24 51 31 4 30 22 7 4 16 5 4 3 18 16 27 19 5 12 7 3 5 15 10 4 32 19 32 13 4 31 12 6 8 9 10 17 4 13 20 41 8 8 31 20 8 4 27 6 5 8 9 21 33 10 13 17 25 5 6 17 17 11 9 8 22 8 10 16 27 16 7 10 5 14 8 14 4 23 13 10 10 19 11 15 10 17 5 6 20 4 24 14 26 22 47 6 7 20 5 2 27 14 5 25 3 48 24 10 20 4 10 14 15 52 4 4 26 13 40 24 6 14 6 11 25 15 24 4 1 27 3 28 30 22 10 4 10 5 42 14 3 6 28 24 30 99 25 16 4 9 9 16 8 26 13 29 39 25 14 12 8 7 5 7 4 14 21 30 38 25 28 7 7 15 11 10 6 12 15 31 25 16 12 10 28 5 11 Mean 22.2 28.5 24.4 18.9 14.3 9.5 11.8 11.8 13.8 13.5 9.0 11.7 15.8 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1855 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 4 11 12 4 27 7 7 8 7 7 5 4 2 7 7 16 4 18 7 4 9 11 3 32 5 3 16 18 11 23 14 8 16 9 11 27 4 6 4 4 19 18 35 8 6 16 10 5 18 5 10 5 19 6 1 25 5 11 22 16 6 66 12 10 6 8 3 7 21 9 18 12 5 7 4 29 7 7 8 3 4 19 16 36 7 4 10 9 14 11 8 1 39 9 14 20 16 13 4 15 3 12 10 9 3 15 24 23 15 12 5 3 7 7 27 5 10 8 12 17 15 12 8 15 9 6 9 4 3 11 12 18 8 6 36 10 20 16 39 16 4 2 12 34 27 57 21 10 8 9 9 33 15 10 12 13 14 29 44 29 30 17 7 8 14 12 2 5 14 20 16 8 22 11 5 3 3 10 14 2 3 15 7 11 9 27 20 6 4 23 15 6 4 4 16 6 5 19 23 19 7 3 26 14 19 5 2 17 5 26 44 16 13 3 5 13 23 6 4 13 18 5 27 30 25 13 3 3 10 8 22 35 22 19 5 24 44 5 5 4 43 14 13 14 5 16 20 3 36 26 11 3 4 34 17 10 26 13 5 21 4 11 4 8 6 7 26 10 13 16 26 1 22 19 13 16 9 5 31 14 9 18 4 10 5 23 3 14 8 12 3 21 10 6 4 17 13 7 24 6 28 8 3 5 14 16 19 6 12 13 9 25 18 7 14 5 7 10 12 6 10 7 18 9 26 17 15 18 3 9 5 8 9 15 6 12 1 27 9 11 6 3 38 5 8 7 8 17 3 5 28 15 44 13 4 22 10 13 8 31 4 6 29 28 5 5 14 18 20 5 14 10 30 6 30 19 10 16 5 33 14 5 10 5 4 22 31 16 9 7 16 30 9 13 Mean 11.1 17.7 16.7 14.5 13.7 11.7 13.1 10.6 13.1 13.2 11.9 7.7 12.9 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1856 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 10 22 6 19 4 2 7 10 5 2 8 5 3 8 7 5 8 8 5 3 4 7 14 2 4 6 21 8 4 4 4 6 12 12 5 7 6 31 5 7 4 6 11 8 6 4 9 15 6 3 4 10 5 6 8 3 2 2 7 4 15 12 6 5 6 8 26 1 8 5 8 17 5 4 9 18 18 8 9 3 25 11 2 5 4 16 4 1 10 1 17 6 6 6 15 6 10 3 2 11 4 10 4 5 10 19 11 4 19 9 12 7 24 3 5 3 10 7 12 12 10 13 18 24 6 8 2 4 21 4 19 14 11 6 4 2 23 6 6 4 8 15 13 10 25 12 16 6 14 3 3 16 7 5 3 5 11 8 7 13 15 17 6 11 6 4 6 12 3 7 26 18 17 11 25 5 6 14 15 4 9 13 19 9 5 20 7 8 6 3 29 6 20 12 23 3 5 4 6 16 27 6 21 6 13 3 7 2 5 11 20 5 22 6 5 10 11 3 13 50 5 2 23 5 10 12 22 10 13 37 7 5 24 10 6 6 5 4 8 15 11 18 25 1 7 3 2 3 6 6 2 10 26 6 4 3 2 7 4 8 5 6 27 2 6 23 5 13 11 5 11 28 9 5 4 3 7 9 4 6 7 29 6 6 8 9 5 4 9 12 32 30 6 18 12 2 8 4 4 13 31 13 9 4 6 1 Mean 7.2 10.1 9.1 7.5 6.7 7.9 8.9 11.6 10.6 9.4 8.9 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1857 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 3 4 8 19 3 4 8 1 12 9 6 3 2 4 60 4 21 2 4 5 4 11 12 11 17 3 1 2 4 7 7 7 6 10 20 5 11 4 4 5 7 17 11 3 9 6 5 57 13 22 8 5 8 6 1 7 3 9 4 3 10 17 13 7 6 3 3 12 10 6 6 5 5 11 4 2 7 1 12 16 20 20 1 10 6 13 26 1 8 6 15 16 7 82 5 11 23 18 10 3 4 9 1 11 5 3 6 4 20 13 12 3 25 15 10 3 14 14 65 14 4 6 3 39 5 31 16 11 8 3 18 18 29 4 16 11 17 3 22 7 12 11 5 4 25 13 6 26 13 19 3 40 11 13 4 14 34 26 5 4 4 32 4 5 9 5 14 4 4 6 6 11 3 15 7 22 2 6 2 15 25 6 8 6 5 9 6 8 25 7 4 3 16 29 19 11 7 2 7 4 6 12 6 26 11 17 36 29 26 5 5 6 14 5 8 6 46 139 18 6 30 36 6 8 9 10 3 17 28 85 12 19 9 28 8 9 7 3 18 9 5 28 6 9 20 1 24 29 3 4 4 3 5 6 10 6 5 21 3 19 3 12 5 8 7 4 26 11 6 14 22 2 4 11 11 6 16 3 17 18 5 5 3 23 19 7 9 3 3 5 19 8 21 5 26 32 24 2 3 8 13 11 5 8 11 32 26 33 16 25 16 4 6 11 14 1 12 3 7 12 10 8 26 12 5 4 4 5 6 13 6 18 9 14 2 27 7 34 4 27 3 6 8 7 14 1 13 14 28 6 6 31 13 7 9 8 7 1 3 10 38 29 6 11 8 3 9 10 5 4 15 9 13 30 5 35 7 7 4 8 30 22 15 4 1 31 6 14 5 9 11 13 14 Mean 8.1 13.5 13.3 13.0 9.8 5.9 9.7 9.1 16.7 10.2 16.8 14.0 11.7 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1858 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 12 5 20 20 6 8 33 17 36 14 37 13 2 11 31 30 40 3 11 31 10 20 30 14 13 3 14 26 48 28 4 8 29 8 8 36 16 10 4 11 20 28 13 8 42 23 13 6 23 16 48 5 11 12 67 16 3 18 42 6 2 17 7 87 6 9 16 36 5 10 15 38 10 3 21 4 8 7 4 8 8 3 11 28 8 10 9 13 9 3 8 26 14 11 5 28 14 7 4 26 17 8 3 9 74 12 6 159 43 13 13 8 22 21 1 5 10 13 12 2 57 24 4 16 19 9 18 7 11 11 9 5 4 40 11 6 16 13 19 6 12 12 12 10 8 13 24 17 8 5 8 19 10 8 19 13 25 31 51 28 13 14 5 22 20 7 24 30 14 9 20 39 40 12 17 10 12 11 4 7 16 15 4 35 84 13 3 9 37 7 20 3 15 6 16 4 46 29 18 5 8 11 18 8 5 17 6 17 28 52 24 8 28 16 8 12 13 25 3 4 18 10 12 23 5 4 3 3 15 7 19 8 18 19 8 15 20 5 4 22 4 18 13 49 30 18 20 10 8 6 12 6 26 12 5 27 25 35 2 21 6 10 11 20 6 9 3 23 68 14 7 8 22 8 6 29 17 10 12 4 11 38 31 8 15 23 6 5 15 10 10 54 3 15 11 14 4 47 24 3 4 8 8 21 52 5 13 30 9 7 39 25 8 7 4 4 11 21 10 17 43 12 8 16 26 10 6 13 5 7 18 20 46 18 16 12 8 27 10 7 6 7 9 5 16 21 11 27 10 8 28 7 11 15 8 13 9 17 15 5 56 7 4 29 3 31 8 7 16 13 8 6 26 6 14 30 8 37 6 12 26 37 33 19 28 2 5 31 3 21 12 20 23 23 10 Mean 12.1 15.9 23.8 21.1 11.6 17.1 16.1 14.8 18.2 20.0 11.6 16.3 16.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1859 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 4 11 29 7 6 6 4 35 32 17 13 2 6 7 10 19 11 7 9 5 32 53 7 4 3 3 8 20 14 15 9 8 5 58 41 27 5 4 6 15 42 6 16 19 15 4 75 16 3 9 5 4 10 24 8 19 12 18 4 51 15 4 41 6 3 4 5 9 16 8 15 5 22 17 8 58 7 11 7 7 27 7 17 8 4 11 18 19 28 8 6 3 3 10 19 29 10 8 23 9 27 43 9 6 43 11 10 58 17 14 9 11 2 19 25 10 16 40 17 14 8 8 16 17 9 4 36 14 11 18 16 13 26 5 7 47 7 12 14 37 34 12 23 5 21 13 25 8 36 10 21 55 36 7 13 5 6 11 24 9 7 11 8 43 30 82 75 14 1 6 4 19 5 4 8 12 24 10 29 19 15 41 17 9 20 3 17 10 5 49 28 11 68 16 38 13 20 11 5 35 7 23 19 20 20 18 17 12 19 26 9 9 27 14 29 27 40 8 9 18 10 12 23 12 10 19 21 70 43 76 7 6 19 13 8 3 12 45 5 23 32 13 39 9 4 20 12 4 2 4 30 4 10 15 10 38 9 22 21 8 4 18 75 16 8 7 12 8 21 7 15 22 6 13 20 34 20 7 12 18 4 20 6 9 23 4 66 7 23 14 4 18 11 10 13 9 23 24 45 29 32 6 10 7 27 9 3 2 6 25 1 39 24 20 15 27 10 15 33 5 9 8 26 20 36 40 25 9 14 17 17 7 7 4 13 27 19 12 15 28 6 15 10 23 22 7 1 10 28 12 10 32 19 7 9 4 34 40 5 6 11 29 5 40 56 19 4 22 55 10 20 2 5 30 8 28 64 38 5 16 13 14 18 11 18 31 2 34 7 6 22 17 31 Mean 10.5 16.9 18.4 22.4 15.5 12.3 14.0 16.9 24.8 22.4 15.7 21.0 17.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1860 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 17 5 4 19 26 12 92 8 13 42 17 6 2 14 5 7 15 9 3 41 32 32 12 28 8 3 13 8 10 34 4 4 36 8 15 30 16 15 4 7 10 20 18 6 15 20 19 41 16 4 1 5 5 8 16 13 32 14 112 25 15 14 36 5 6 11 2 16 7 53 6 10 12 39 3 9 3 7 17 4 9 13 36 20 6 92 105 3 19 4 8 1 6 19 8 12 17 11 91 57 5 13 9 1 14 47 37 12 11 12 9 18 9 12 10 2 20 21 28 31 24 14 39 12 9 6 33 11 24 15 10 22 27 33 13 21 15 4 12 63 12 25 20 19 25 12 14 82 48 2 10 2 1 13 4 7 52 25 10 10 22 85 3 13 3 1 14 3 1 52 23 14 4 6 22 5 13 14 3 15 6 17 32 21 10 7 2 13 14 14 6 7 16 22 9 25 16 15 10 11 7 41 5 12 72 17 4 22 40 13 20 8 10 12 5 15 17 26 18 1 22 52 16 10 8 26 10 13 5 13 23 19 3 24 36 29 15 15 25 35 13 2 2 11 20 11 20 27 24 11 9 24 12 47 10 4 28 21 23 43 13 12 9 11 22 13 10 3 4 32 22 27 52 13 7 7 14 17 21 8 2 2 15 23 6 18 13 7 15 8 13 18 4 4 25 15 24 8 11 19 14 23 7 22 30 9 2 13 11 25 14 8 13 7 19 14 10 6 13 7 17 27 26 12 10 14 17 11 7 15 11 32 11 28 25 27 25 9 14 9 16 21 8 10 8 23 16 12 28 19 9 37 5 16 7 20 19 3 27 8 3 29 7 16 76 6 13 18 22 3 2 47 10 3 30 10 13 23 8 65 19 30 6 19 15 2 31 19 14 8 10 17 28 8 Mean 11.6 14.3 24.3 17.1 16.5 13.9 24.3 25.6 19.7 13.4 12.7 15.3 17.4 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1861 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 3 22 45 8 12 4 9 10 14 4 11 17 2 5 26 32 7 7 5 5 33 15 12 8 10 3 5 13 8 7 11 10 9 22 28 9 7 3 4 9 10 5 5 11 7 13 48 8 1 4 19 5 5 2 3 25 15 9 9 6 21 5 5 39 6 26 8 6 9 7 7 9 30 18 5 8 24 7 8 5 3 16 11 8 3 10 17 6 18 25 8 4 5 3 22 6 13 9 20 40 14 50 22 9 4 5 35 28 15 8 18 16 19 5 15 37 10 5 24 49 13 11 8 27 11 4 53 15 55 11 1 45 8 15 12 15 30 14 5 48 10 22 12 12 26 7 12 10 27 18 10 7 17 21 3 13 17 13 13 21 13 29 24 5 12 43 6 6 14 17 5 20 20 9 14 11 16 8 23 14 1 15 9 12 9 57 11 18 20 16 44 12 12 7 16 1 23 12 43 36 17 10 22 39 11 15 1 17 11 26 16 11 38 13 10 19 34 6 2 18 18 6 5 10 7 21 10 13 47 19 18 15 13 19 6 12 41 18 19 7 19 34 38 4 28 60 20 26 4 22 15 10 14 34 18 42 6 8 38 21 15 19 10 24 10 18 16 14 4 15 2 25 22 19 23 4 22 10 10 9 23 8 12 6 10 23 29 7 21 32 14 17 15 23 27 4 10 3 24 55 14 22 14 20 8 8 35 27 66 27 2 25 72 8 50 16 5 19 41 20 23 43 16 9 26 115 1 41 6 17 11 12 12 15 23 15 3 27 55 78 17 15 15 12 14 15 10 9 5 2 28 15 52 23 7 13 9 9 10 15 23 11 3 29 14 15 6 8 8 15 9 6 5 11 5 30 11 15 13 7 10 6 9 7 5 5 2 31 20 14 7 3 5 3 6 Mean 19.4 17.6 18.7 17.1 13.3 12.2 14.5 18.8 19.1 16.5 12.7 15.8 16.3 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1862 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 19 15 27 6 13 19 13 7 25 15 20 39 2 22 14 5 30 3 10 20 12 10 15 16 40 3 8 11 6 36 5 15 16 16 25 27 4 23 4 3 7 9 12 13 20 6 29 45 109 64 32 5 15 4 4 11 13 9 53 105 29 49 32 32 6 4 17 66 14 25 13 32 28 19 66 13 42 7 5 25 24 7 33 7 29 22 15 5 19 31 8 8 9 12 4 10 7 35 22 12 13 13 19 9 4 4 11 3 10 9 36 35 54 12 25 16 10 5 6 26 11 7 16 38 16 4 33 4 11 10 8 6 25 4 10 19 8 14 69 47 8 12 15 11 26 24 12 20 15 7 8 24 9 9 13 22 21 15 5 4 14 13 21 14 14 13 8 14 18 17 3 8 7 12 20 29 7 44 13 89 15 40 8 13 12 27 14 12 6 16 18 31 45 16 39 8 8 24 19 14 10 5 9 32 11 14 17 7 8 8 20 22 17 8 11 17 15 28 18 18 2 2 20 2 19 13 6 8 25 11 56 8 19 3 5 5 2 45 7 7 17 17 17 53 9 20 2 12 21 5 13 20 24 32 18 6 31 9 21 14 138 10 16 6 4 9 2 14 11 22 10 22 20 15 7 26 12 4 15 10 16 84 21 8 23 31 9 5 16 12 14 44 10 19 43 18 22 24 7 3 4 9 14 15 32 27 42 12 12 39 25 12 1 4 7 7 8 19 12 44 20 4 75 26 5 2 7 3 15 7 17 16 53 26 5 20 27 4 2 6 25 9 14 16 7 40 15 75 6 28 2 27 13 30 5 3 24 17 25 12 14 8 29 2 3 19 9 32 23 29 11 17 6 3 30 8 7 16 16 21 12 29 10 24 5 7 31 28 1 10 11 43 26 7 Mean 12.2 14.6 11.7 14.8 13.6 12.6 19.7 21.3 22.3 27.6 23.8 22.6 18.1 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1863 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 25 17 15 18 17 24 12 18 5 11 14 40 2 24 21 16 24 12 9 49 23 16 12 22 32 3 17 27 29 14 11 5 13 10 11 5 29 29 4 22 15 12 9 6 13 9 15 11 3 31 29 5 22 14 17 15 10 16 5 12 16 7 49 26 6 11 23 20 13 12 10 6 23 10 4 74 31 7 6 58 13 11 5 17 25 29 2 4 31 24 8 49 52 14 21 21 7 17 8 22 69 15 22 9 14 46 9 34 13 9 18 16 11 43 37 9 10 37 20 11 18 6 27 21 7 51 60 14 18 11 38 26 15 11 9 16 19 8 19 55 8 16 12 67 41 13 11 14 8 11 5 22 27 8 28 13 34 13 22 13 24 19 5 8 16 48 14 35 14 28 10 11 5 17 22 8 46 35 39 32 9 15 44 8 4 32 29 16 14 31 40 22 35 7 16 12 18 4 35 14 16 59 19 19 13 23 3 17 21 13 11 10 22 12 20 16 24 37 18 4 18 9 12 6 31 11 10 39 23 30 20 9 25 19 6 13 7 18 15 21 23 33 21 9 13 9 20 2 8 11 19 18 6 27 10 28 20 3 32 21 3 3 42 15 12 7 14 9 25 28 11 27 22 9 29 26 27 12 35 17 22 11 10 7 19 23 7 29 27 16 29 21 24 7 14 21 9 18 24 77 13 24 26 15 14 19 12 17 15 17 16 25 77 46 24 14 7 21 38 13 62 4 22 26 74 56 14 18 9 28 5 10 20 7 18 6 27 29 36 16 12 13 24 4 17 16 15 5 25 28 13 36 28 8 10 19 5 21 11 5 3 22 29 49 23 12 21 9 9 16 14 3 5 29 30 35 18 30 15 8 5 7 19 12 28 11 31 66 25 12 9 11 9 20 Mean 29.9 25.1 17.0 18.0 14.2 15.6 17.7 16.3 20.6 20.5 20.1 20.0 19.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1864 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 10 28 12 53 27 16 13 15 26 6 10 10 2 6 13 1 25 15 16 42 4 22 7 31 29 3 3 9 18 45 7 26 11 11 10 11 16 4 20 6 5 15 27 5 12 8 16 4 28 34 5 6 18 39 23 51 11 8 9 9 5 7 9 6 12 9 32 41 40 8 6 16 23 10 13 14 7 2 2 24 13 10 24 4 11 12 5 4 4 8 4 6 18 45 5 71 6 19 19 14 7 27 9 5 35 25 10 9 28 6 25 5 17 8 116 10 2 55 80 10 5 16 19 7 5 18 26 30 11 18 29 58 6 22 15 10 8 7 14 39 33 12 23 21 26 14 8 20 6 15 7 16 38 48 13 14 12 13 6 7 16 18 39 5 91 19 45 14 21 24 8 10 5 4 12 33 13 67 29 25 15 27 8 11 6 3 6 6 19 11 34 58 46 16 21 8 17 16 5 13 4 4 37 81 45 43 17 21 7 4 16 7 13 4 8 51 23 20 16 18 13 1 8 3 7 25 10 16 63 19 14 10 19 6 2 30 13 5 6 47 25 21 39 16 9 20 17 7 12 6 17 7 67 18 23 49 25 6 21 6 5 14 4 10 5 17 20 61 22 22 34 22 18 11 7 8 10 9 15 27 68 37 7 23 23 13 11 7 7 35 34 9 6 41 16 3 39 24 12 5 11 27 64 15 9 11 22 17 4 26 25 25 4 21 44 43 8 18 43 18 20 18 6 26 31 12 15 18 42 13 16 44 10 18 11 6 27 33 15 3 30 43 13 14 46 13 16 4 4 28 28 12 5 35 18 5 35 24 11 6 5 22 29 14 16 25 33 22 16 31 12 10 20 12 27 30 16 20 26 13 12 33 19 25 5 27 5 31 6 21 9 26 64 3 4 Mean 14.5 13.3 18.7 19.4 20.3 15.2 17.7 20.2 22.2 22.9 18.7 24.7 19.0 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1865 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 1 30 20 18 6 8 2 4 10 15 72 10 2 2 40 14 6 9 4 4 36 10 12 41 16 3 9 19 11 3 9 5 8 123 9 4 56 5 4 15 34 8 14 6 10 7 17 9 9 49 14 5 27 51 11 10 5 12 2 51 9 63 47 7 6 60 27 12 7 21 15 13 15 10 54 26 6 7 34 16 16 9 11 15 36 13 28 21 32 3 8 27 12 23 16 5 6 21 7 16 16 25 12 9 38 21 11 3 5 14 14 7 85 36 52 23 10 30 15 5 4 6 43 5 41 42 52 14 22 11 54 4 11 5 6 37 5 35 24 40 22 12 12 36 4 18 16 24 21 7 36 29 57 32 11 13 15 1 13 32 23 17 25 28 17 28 11 8 14 12 6 12 12 34 12 35 32 20 37 66 11 15 25 39 35 16 24 17 19 71 26 15 7 10 16 49 17 30 48 19 36 13 20 33 17 76 4 17 36 62 28 31 32 23 20 7 42 5 8 3 18 16 31 13 35 14 14 42 17 18 19 6 4 19 11 71 13 43 6 17 17 53 13 141 14 20 22 27 130 8 12 8 20 19 30 38 2 22 21 11 41 30 9 9 10 17 27 19 42 1 12 22 29 65 16 11 9 21 26 22 12 12 19 7 23 12 25 11 16 7 19 20 15 18 8 15 4 24 19 19 23 15 6 22 17 9 4 4 4 3 25 78 18 14 8 8 8 18 8 5 44 10 20 26 27 29 17 9 20 15 25 71 6 54 4 8 27 12 8 25 5 10 16 15 21 11 25 6 11 28 64 2 13 7 6 12 11 3 20 11 45 6 29 25 12 10 10 10 5 6 50 7 11 9 30 16 20 6 4 8 10 13 24 43 65 11 31 64 23 7 5 8 60 4 Mean 28.3 26.2 20.6 14.4 12.0 15.8 15.6 26.9 21.6 31.9 27.4 10.1 20.9 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1866 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 12 24 32 30 3 10 18 21 8 34 6 2 19 29 18 26 28 6 11 4 19 32 55 15 3 25 14 27 34 29 5 11 6 6 20 46 17 4 3 7 3 24 28 6 34 2 11 82 42 3 5 1 11 18 42 23 5 18 7 9 50 10 10 6 11 35 24 35 3 7 7 19 4 39 26 8 7 14 79 28 39 12 6 16 9 21 44 19 9 8 28 22 28 36 1 7 5 3 16 42 23 13 9 46 13 12 11 5 4 5 13 28 39 26 9 10 15 6 43 2 6 3 22 23 34 71 26 7 11 21 25 18 8 2 11 5 15 8 68 17 27 12 19 20 11 21 31 18 10 26 42 59 10 11 13 15 49 3 7 41 23 38 32 61 13 8 6 14 10 25 7 8 16 6 14 15 19 25 27 5 15 10 5 5 10 12 4 9 21 63 18 24 15 16 10 8 23 15 9 26 22 11 25 11 28 41 17 19 24 27 15 3 15 15 6 23 18 7 18 18 9 7 35 21 9 20 12 19 54 22 4 36 19 5 21 45 20 20 14 5 12 39 27 5 23 20 4 22 25 19 13 10 5 10 16 6 58 16 21 56 74 19 12 3 6 10 11 11 9 27 3 22 5 9 18 7 8 9 3 5 10 11 6 5 23 15 54 39 14 5 15 8 50 8 16 8 2 24 5 33 7 6 4 9 12 56 9 9 1 3 25 14 108 13 7 1 8 3 16 24 22 5 33 26 7 26 6 11 5 11 33 13 54 18 60 12 27 16 22 9 18 6 7 2 23 14 9 8 8 28 13 29 28 5 12 6 3 18 8 7 12 8 29 18 13 5 14 11 5 5 6 17 38 9 30 9 13 16 11 3 6 21 2 17 10 9 31 9 19 3 6 16 29 15 Mean 14.7 28.2 19.6 17.5 12.7 9.5 11.8 16.3 22.2 27.7 22.3 13.0 18.0 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1867 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 6 4 25 4 11 21 5 16 34 11 15 10 2 2 13 10 8 20 43 4 7 20 46 15 8 3 4 14 14 4 12 5 10 7 9 75 9 13 4 7 2 23 25 17 9 13 8 6 26 14 6 5 2 9 16 17 19 6 3 10 13 27 19 3 6 5 6 43 24 20 3 3 15 11 18 8 2 7 17 10 7 33 6 11 15 17 41 6 6 10 8 9 27 71 18 11 10 7 16 44 14 1 1 9 12 64 13 24 13 13 4 8 29 3 5 5 10 3 33 36 5 5 5 4 9 15 31 2 11 11 9 21 28 24 6 5 4 7 15 7 1 3 12 33 32 18 10 3 5 8 9 13 7 2 3 13 24 80 8 9 6 4 9 14 21 4 12 2 14 36 23 31 7 10 3 8 9 20 5 2 19 15 10 8 16 6 7 8 4 8 15 8 25 8 16 13 20 16 6 3 9 12 6 5 14 18 4 17 31 16 11 6 4 7 15 9 15 24 22 4 18 14 6 14 20 12 8 15 15 64 25 15 10 19 21 8 30 5 6 9 8 18 24 19 6 4 20 24 11 23 10 16 21 9 9 15 39 3 3 21 4 2 9 6 12 14 36 9 47 22 5 12 22 8 5 5 5 7 21 20 17 36 15 12 6 23 4 7 4 9 8 15 21 23 33 20 10 5 24 4 3 6 16 23 20 11 10 32 32 11 8 25 7 8 14 6 2 12 6 12 38 23 14 7 26 5 10 14 22 6 15 4 12 69 21 32 1 27 1 9 12 8 9 8 11 16 40 8 31 7 28 3 9 24 2 68 8 6 13 26 13 18 27 29 3 8 3 26 8 30 16 20 13 20 21 30 7 8 8 17 4 33 14 20 29 6 14 31 1 11 5 17 23 13 10 Mean 10.6 16.4 18.3 11.7 12.6 11.0 11.5 12.3 26.3 19.9 12.0 8.0 14.2 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1868 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 8 8 13 26 11 8 15 6 27 56 6 3 2 3 6 5 89 4 14 8 8 19 10 5 8 3 2 20 14 26 7 11 11 4 7 21 3 5 4 4 8 7 9 6 7 16 18 6 8 5 3 5 6 11 26 7 5 12 17 11 25 10 10 8 6 17 46 14 5 2 16 15 14 36 12 10 13 7 5 15 8 4 3 20 6 9 13 21 4 27 8 4 20 5 14 7 21 16 9 18 43 3 13 9 7 8 6 6 5 4 39 17 20 17 21 8 10 1 6 1 18 14 9 30 33 4 11 10 8 11 9 8 12 3 26 22 19 14 7 11 4 19 12 6 11 5 8 24 7 17 30 6 4 5 5 13 12 8 5 19 11 12 4 14 13 3 4 35 14 9 4 3 12 7 7 18 15 5 8 3 20 15 5 3 8 18 9 10 50 22 19 6 14 9 16 14 3 6 24 12 12 9 9 53 13 29 3 17 6 2 17 9 6 17 27 5 8 17 10 18 18 9 3 9 20 3 10 7 5 3 14 12 34 19 3 4 13 28 3 16 43 8 21 62 47 13 20 2 37 48 17 34 20 16 24 24 39 33 14 21 5 8 21 16 21 13 14 14 26 18 21 9 22 9 7 17 10 7 13 10 21 22 39 27 5 23 12 8 81 5 6 7 13 6 17 57 7 11 24 31 7 58 8 37 13 13 9 6 40 17 11 25 21 23 32 5 12 9 14 5 6 49 14 10 26 27 20 10 8 19 9 15 16 38 40 22 8 27 17 5 13 33 28 12 27 21 47 38 4 7 28 12 10 14 17 11 19 18 19 44 35 11 10 29 6 6 3 15 18 13 10 24 26 16 3 4 30 6 3 15 10 29 10 67 48 12 14 15 31 7 12 8 11 45 15 8 Mean 9.2 11.2 15.8 16.5 12.1 13.1 17.4 16.8 20.5 24.0 12.6 11.7 15.1 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1869 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 6 6 25 6 10 24 21 11 33 10 17 2 8 4 16 43 6 13 14 8 42 19 12 5 3 6 53 48 43 3 15 15 18 29 32 15 10 4 19 60 16 25 15 11 28 5 36 23 8 50 5 15 30 7 35 32 21 9 23 41 10 6 27 6 27 28 8 45 15 9 11 28 20 52 4 65 7 28 27 16 17 7 57 10 46 6 19 8 13 8 20 11 13 28 48 3 8 12 13 5 8 6 9 7 19 33 18 16 5 16 18 8 7 47 5 10 24 28 73 20 36 9 20 31 36 10 28 19 11 8 18 23 17 28 12 11 17 12 7 12 32 12 13 27 27 10 9 15 10 6 17 3 19 31 13 15 11 40 28 71 19 8 2 4 10 7 10 14 6 8 16 13 64 15 5 7 42 11 6 47 15 13 12 27 99 12 11 15 10 22 8 10 25 16 6 8 14 70 22 22 19 18 22 6 6 17 17 10 12 11 68 4 17 22 32 32 5 34 8 18 8 10 78 5 9 9 35 7 20 2 14 2 19 7 13 8 8 8 14 34 6 8 7 7 5 20 26 10 17 8 4 9 9 31 9 6 1 3 21 40 5 7 7 5 10 10 20 10 13 18 3 22 6 12 9 20 4 8 8 7 36 15 29 7 23 2 21 4 14 2 11 8 11 30 25 8 1 24 15 22 4 7 13 20 5 33 13 41 6 3 25 31 15 4 5 6 36 7 25 16 95 31 3 26 14 6 25 20 9 15 19 7 27 48 8 5 27 22 3 27 19 6 13 8 9 29 20 5 21 28 30 3 23 6 16 11 11 18 61 43 4 11 29 4 27 6 11 14 4 6 26 20 3 9 30 12 11 19 12 50 16 6 7 17 22 4 31 8 32 28 26 6 26 8 Mean 14.7 17.2 21.6 24.9 17.0 16.1 14.4 15.9 22.8 20.6 13.2 15.2 17.8 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1870 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 23 47 14 18 13 21 23 13 9 2 32 22 18 18 34 12 14 1 6 3 80 13 18 23 12 22 7 5 3 4 16 22 10 8 14 11 11 8 4 5 26 12 15 83 11 7 22 12 14 6 14 30 16 14 14 16 11 18 10 7 19 24 23 20 11 10 3 24 13 8 31 5 19 15 11 7 12 44 29 9 17 29 25 19 11 15 16 60 18 10 13 20 22 38 6 8 21 32 13 11 13 15 11 10 6 8 10 18 33 12 6 106 28 16 6 31 2 25 8 13 13 6 13 34 34 5 25 11 15 23 15 14 7 17 26 22 6 12 17 39 13 16 15 3 11 18 28 25 20 26 21 34 13 16 5 8 17 49 16 20 10 36 31 17 4 13 7 13 21 21 5 20 86 18 4 11 5 28 21 52 16 26 37 19 3 13 6 16 17 24 17 53 91 20 2 17 22 18 47 14 28 59 6 21 13 14 26 38 30 26 47 15 5 22 15 20 61 17 21 7 9 19 52 23 40 37 16 14 19 14 6 27 4 24 18 35 28 16 16 61 28 28 5 25 6 4 11 34 9 143 207 3 30 26 14 6 23 25 19 131 16 2 9 27 28 11 17 12 18 44 24 10 28 28 17 9 26 27 39 14 38 7 3 29 17 13 16 13 17 10 9 18 30 23 22 20 13 43 13 4 5 31 26 30 26 7 6 Mean 17.5 20.9 20.2 23.6 17.1 15.0 36.2 23.6 21.0 20.2 21.5 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1871 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 5 27 43 11 6 12 9 11 28 29 3 2 4 3 16 30 3 5 9 14 13 10 42 7 3 23 15 36 11 5 5 29 3 14 27 25 12 4 59 49 3 11 15 7 32 5 19 32 20 23 5 14 13 1 14 12 11 28 19 5 7 18 10 6 28 3 3 6 12 15 13 37 15 12 8 5 7 23 11 10 9 6 34 5 11 40 18 3 14 8 8 14 23 16 12 32 7 12 36 5 5 16 9 13 23 11 82 25 13 13 21 22 5 22 63 10 28 7 15 39 13 10 11 12 25 4 125 27 11 3 57 10 20 23 39 16 17 13 14 154 12 12 3 67 5 21 21 8 18 37 16 28 37 13 13 39 40 7 28 23 4 22 17 9 6 31 15 14 13 14 5 45 26 11 18 16 13 23 23 34 15 4 21 22 14 15 10 32 8 16 7 31 16 16 3 17 49 11 5 13 15 20 20 22 26 21 17 2 14 17 52 9 10 8 16 29 26 35 23 18 2 6 33 89 12 28 11 14 13 35 12 13 19 30 6 16 11 21 19 12 6 24 31 23 19 20 16 3 18 13 14 12 16 12 21 16 31 23 21 18 18 17 11 12 15 23 44 9 36 10 15 22 16 11 19 10 16 15 78 30 12 7 20 12 23 7 2 94 30 20 11 25 32 19 8 6 7 24 5 23 18 32 11 18 3 68 6 40 8 7 25 22 25 41 5 18 8 17 57 33 18 12 4 26 25 33 16 12 17 31 13 8 6 28 14 5 27 8 17 36 12 18 6 12 18 8 40 8 5 28 21 8 17 24 9 18 9 18 4 8 6 11 29 17 31 43 9 8 56 11 18 25 9 8 30 14 8 12 9 7 11 13 10 11 6 31 31 11 4 13 41 10 18 12 Mean 15.7 18.8 20.3 25.2 14.0 14.3 19.8 19.8 16.6 19.2 26.6 15.7 18.8 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1872 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 6 34 15 5 30 22 12 14 9 18 24 8 2 6 15 46 7 11 13 14 12 31 61 16 9 3 11 15 10 23 15 21 10 41 54 45 31 3 4 8 86 9 17 14 15 15 35 22 26 43 13 5 4 15 11 5 8 8 8 28 20 23 23 12 6 4 33 8 12 16 15 23 17 69 35 28 44 7 18 14 19 8 23 22 36 13 22 31 53 5 8 4 17 14 15 15 7 79 47 20 31 14 15 9 26 8 18 24 17 10 38 41 35 13 23 34 10 2 8 14 54 26 42 16 13 9 12 31 19 11 3 11 12 53 23 14 13 10 19 2 80 4 12 20 18 8 13 12 12 9 11 7 4 23 9 13 18 8 31 14 12 10 10 10 14 40 17 5 14 25 13 22 17 31 10 11 30 4 12 8 27 15 21 26 29 47 19 15 13 46 5 95 20 13 16 16 27 23 52 14 18 15 9 14 42 38 27 17 3 28 16 20 11 9 22 9 28 183 11 36 18 12 22 7 39 17 8 16 10 17 141 18 34 19 23 17 27 27 6 7 57 9 10 11 14 7 20 35 69 25 28 6 8 15 26 71 4 11 7 21 8 6 66 12 8 18 22 6 39 18 2 28 22 12 6 22 16 44 23 5 5 7 10 9 78 23 14 8 25 15 24 18 7 8 9 8 5 24 24 6 20 26 15 17 10 13 6 7 8 39 14 25 27 25 29 7 13 24 6 29 17 8 19 38 26 25 31 50 12 20 13 3 27 5 6 17 13 27 29 41 25 7 12 7 14 16 11 4 33 8 28 24 12 12 3 30 10 29 12 8 28 16 17 29 22 13 38 51 12 8 24 6 46 62 7 16 30 13 21 4 7 10 14 11 13 30 15 15 31 26 16 6 13 14 43 33 Mean 15.2 22.3 22.4 20.7 16.7 14.2 18.8 18.4 21.4 34.0 22.9 19.8 20.6 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1873 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 36 9 11 33 9 28 13 8 13 19 17 18 2 10 33 8 29 21 7 16 8 7 17 27 5 3 39 14 18 18 9 46 16 8 8 8 13 1 4 48 26 25 52 3 12 13 8 10 15 4 4 5 135 24 51 10 12 13 2 22 14 22 18 7 6 96 15 4 8 9 11 8 18 10 9 7 7 7 18 10 11 8 13 7 6 28 10 10 11 6 8 48 38 28 17 17 9 4 18 33 10 18 7 9 21 82 76 22 8 12 13 13 24 22 7 43 10 18 16 48 15 18 9 9 15 11 18 6 26 11 12 37 17 14 9 13 8 13 2 42 4 6 12 45 21 17 22 2 21 16 12 11 27 42 19 13 23 18 18 8 5 9 21 25 22 8 18 8 14 20 7 7 16 35 17 21 15 40 6 45 17 15 19 10 16 13 16 27 28 5 17 21 9 30 16 9 9 16 16 54 11 25 12 14 23 9 19 17 8 11 31 6 11 16 39 29 4 12 6 3 18 19 5 13 15 9 10 16 36 2 18 1 12 19 54 29 2 27 22 25 11 12 22 25 10 6 20 28 20 3 47 35 32 11 5 37 13 10 21 31 31 15 29 20 20 25 18 29 52 14 4 22 9 44 25 41 26 14 14 9 12 10 16 6 23 10 16 27 8 10 6 14 14 13 31 30 8 24 30 14 41 9 29 23 14 15 25 15 6 6 25 34 36 38 12 3 32 12 27 18 16 6 11 26 34 8 27 32 13 36 15 25 15 6 27 9 27 61 13 22 11 16 30 16 24 1 1 18 8 28 21 8 21 33 13 36 27 7 9 15 3 6 29 29 9 31 29 22 12 23 25 4 10 8 30 9 5 15 21 40 8 8 32 13 19 9 31 10 9 18 18 17 8 5 Mean 31.7 21.6 21.3 20.6 16.6 19.8 15.2 16.0 16.3 16.6 14.4 10.4 18.4 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1874 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 24 8 34 16 4 16 7 5 7 6 2 17 7 6 80 9 5 13 15 4 5 6 3 3 12 11 30 8 21 12 9 12 5 17 4 17 126 7 23 22 13 7 8 130 9 18 5 23 35 4 6 15 5 6 12 31 14 8 6 9 33 12 17 6 3 8 17 21 36 9 7 2 7 33 18 8 10 9 21 19 15 2 8 15 1 85 48 4 4 8 21 6 9 9 9 6 6 19 22 5 3 12 24 16 9 15 10 4 16 3 10 7 16 9 31 15 7 21 11 3 11 5 5 4 44 7 21 11 18 5 12 8 8 3 3 6 23 16 35 21 28 3 13 12 9 15 46 11 14 16 17 21 17 2 14 1 11 4 16 7 31 14 31 44 24 15 43 17 6 11 15 14 16 18 29 8 10 16 17 15 5 9 12 12 9 7 36 4 23 17 45 13 15 13 5 8 18 24 35 7 3 18 64 16 13 7 5 20 16 27 6 11 9 19 11 5 15 7 13 14 12 4 8 10 4 20 12 10 10 4 11 7 5 3 7 11 2 21 6 22 13 6 6 5 4 6 4 16 23 22 2 12 6 6 12 6 9 17 16 7 25 23 2 14 8 3 14 9 4 10 18 21 22 24 11 2 2 5 4 21 13 7 15 26 9 25 18 4 7 15 4 7 8 5 5 5 3 26 7 8 16 9 18 6 3 2 4 11 5 27 19 11 12 5 24 5 11 8 64 17 7 28 43 13 6 17 21 9 5 4 4 3 3 29 23 17 48 16 14 3 31 10 15 5 30 8 3 26 5 12 3 13 3 11 6 31 4 10 7 31 15 1 2 Mean 14.9 16.7 12.2 18.3 10.3 12.8 9.9 15.2 20.0 12.9 9.1 13.8 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1875 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 7 7 36 6 4 3 7 15 12 12 3 11 2 17 6 19 7 17 7 5 8 11 14 24 3 3 4 5 21 5 10 8 4 3 7 21 16 7 4 3 3 6 4 14 16 5 5 6 3 8 1 5 3 10 13 30 15 11 6 4 37 5 1 6 4 1 6 5 30 8 6 9 6 17 6 12 7 11 10 15 63 15 7 8 7 5 33 3 15 8 15 2 12 34 9 8 5 10 10 11 6 1 9 4 7 6 6 7 13 3 5 10 12 8 1 10 2 10 7 6 17 9 6 6 11 8 24 4 11 3 34 18 45 17 1 20 11 25 12 7 4 12 2 11 15 7 13 2 12 17 10 8 6 13 5 18 16 15 3 4 7 9 9 11 33 5 14 2 9 11 18 4 8 35 10 21 8 20 9 15 1 3 9 8 4 6 31 6 7 14 5 3 16 6 3 7 10 7 7 12 7 53 19 2 10 17 9 2 26 6 8 6 22 7 16 7 1 17 18 16 1 2 4 7 31 11 6 11 5 17 19 15 2 23 6 6 9 3 8 10 2 2 7 20 2 27 5 5 6 5 4 15 2 12 4 21 1 7 14 6 3 10 4 5 14 2 9 11 22 11 12 11 5 22 3 3 9 8 1 19 2 23 5 4 14 15 20 5 3 11 10 2 12 5 24 10 9 5 27 14 17 2 9 6 2 7 1 25 8 17 5 30 23 7 3 5 3 11 6 8 26 11 23 3 16 3 5 3 4 3 10 1 26 27 2 44 4 9 7 5 6 12 3 18 13 28 14 14 9 12 7 15 10 8 3 9 1 2 29 3 28 11 4 12 10 6 6 8 3 2 30 6 10 4 8 16 13 4 18 4 10 3 31 11 13 7 7 5 9 Mean 6.9 9.4 13.2 13.6 11.1 9.0 9.1 7.6 11.1 10.4 8.6 6.9 9.7 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1876 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 19 4 6 13 3 4 10 8 5 2 7 7 2 6 2 3 6 2 6 7 29 3 5 7 3 3 2 1 1 4 7 3 7 13 12 7 12 5 4 7 4 10 7 2 8 3 15 8 22 7 4 5 8 19 6 4 6 9 12 6 7 6 2 2 6 10 9 7 5 9 4 13 3 4 30 1 1 7 3 3 12 6 8 5 12 5 4 15 3 1 8 6 1 2 16 5 4 15 4 4 3 5 1 9 1 6 6 6 3 5 16 3 2 10 5 4 5 4 3 10 4 11 10 3 35 18 11 3 28 18 7 2 7 2 8 5 17 16 13 12 4 5 17 3 8 6 2 9 6 5 13 13 13 1 8 28 4 5 5 2 15 14 4 41 5 14 38 7 7 6 6 5 2 4 26 3 2 3 15 9 6 2 4 5 3 8 12 13 4 9 3 16 5 4 7 7 5 8 11 19 1 5 12 1 17 4 10 5 6 9 13 16 5 3 5 5 15 18 1 9 3 5 10 9 9 5 4 9 3 19 19 3 46 3 12 4 3 19 5 1 9 10 9 20 4 95 2 7 7 8 9 5 6 3 22 3 21 4 7 3 5 7 13 7 5 5 4 5 5 22 31 11 4 3 5 12 5 4 6 11 5 24 23 40 4 4 5 6 10 4 5 21 35 3 20 24 14 6 3 8 7 6 4 10 1 28 1 8 25 10 10 16 4 12 3 4 8 10 17 1 7 26 9 11 17 3 10 5 11 8 20 7 22 3 27 5 15 30 8 9 9 8 7 35 2 20 3 28 5 2 23 15 3 15 10 4 14 2 6 29 1 7 19 7 5 4 12 8 5 5 1 2 30 2 43 5 3 13 25 28 2 2 1 2 31 8 22 4 7 13 17 3 Mean 8.6 11.6 10.6 6.5 5.9 7.2 8.5 9.2 9.0 9.4 9.3 6.5 8.5 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1877 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 15 7 8 7 9 6 7 13 2 1 2 1 11 19 5 10 3 5 3 3 5 4 2 3 1 12 18 7 17 3 4 8 5 9 24 8 4 1 11 13 6 12 2 2 5 7 16 9 20 5 4 11 9 4 3 7 11 7 5 15 22 6 18 12 2 9 5 4 15 6 6 4 17 12 7 27 3 4 4 4 12 6 2 5 3 6 8 8 13 3 2 14 6 16 19 7 4 6 34 3 9 8 2 2 17 3 6 6 8 5 5 19 1 10 3 14 42 11 6 7 14 4 5 2 10 5 11 2 17 3 3 48 5 4 3 5 3 2 3 12 2 11 10 4 11 7 4 6 8 16 1 25 13 2 12 13 2 13 9 5 3 4 8 2 11 14 8 7 5 6 15 16 5 4 2 3 1 4 15 19 9 3 15 5 11 2 6 5 6 2 4 16 6 2 5 4 7 6 1 13 2 1 10 17 4 10 6 6 3 8 4 15 4 4 5 8 18 5 9 3 7 2 12 5 28 16 3 3 1 19 6 10 4 4 2 2 3 19 31 5 11 3 20 6 11 4 9 5 4 5 7 5 26 2 21 8 12 2 8 3 20 7 6 3 5 3 22 2 11 4 3 7 7 14 6 4 4 3 23 21 5 8 11 6 6 12 4 5 5 4 24 2 16 26 12 6 17 6 4 2 5 15 5 25 13 5 6 25 7 13 5 5 3 5 7 1 26 8 3 12 9 5 5 8 7 4 1 1 1 27 9 1 6 6 3 5 5 5 4 3 2 1 28 6 1 5 6 10 11 4 11 3 6 3 4 29 5 11 4 34 8 2 23 8 6 9 30 3 21 4 9 4 4 3 5 3 6 2 31 4 11 9 13 5 3 3 Mean 6.8 8.1 9.5 7.6 9.3 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.2 5.4 7.8 5.9 7.4 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1878 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 7 6 4 6 3 5 9 11 7 1 51 2 6 5 2 14 7 17 3 5 6 3 2 18 3 2 1 26 8 102 2 6 4 5 1 11 4 1 4 4 13 8 5 4 11 6 12 3 5 3 7 3 9 6 7 6 6 5 4 7 4 6 10 2 16 5 5 3 9 9 7 3 5 7 1 20 5 8 9 7 8 12 6 6 6 9 8 3 3 4 1 7 6 7 10 5 1 4 2 9 2 4 5 9 2 6 5 5 2 4 1 2 10 7 8 4 2 6 10 4 7 8 3 5 11 16 5 15 3 3 12 36 4 1 3 5 1 12 6 2 5 2 3 10 3 15 8 3 1 14 13 2 5 17 5 6 7 5 1 3 4 3 9 14 6 13 10 6 33 1 11 5 5 1 38 2 15 3 18 12 7 40 10 6 10 2 6 7 4 16 2 3 4 17 12 4 9 6 4 6 17 4 17 2 11 8 11 5 7 10 3 7 4 6 18 2 7 3 9 5 2 13 2 4 26 2 5 19 4 16 2 6 7 4 6 15 2 16 11 12 20 4 3 13 5 2 4 3 3 3 11 8 5 21 3 2 3 15 1 6 11 3 1 12 3 3 22 3 4 3 12 2 3 4 8 6 7 5 2 23 4 4 5 12 7 10 2 4 14 18 3 9 24 50 3 7 5 5 5 10 5 3 7 5 9 25 11 5 2 8 3 2 7 4 6 3 3 12 26 4 26 8 2 5 2 10 4 16 4 1 6 27 4 8 11 1 9 2 5 14 12 3 1 3 28 2 7 5 7 3 8 6 5 5 7 3 7 29 6 9 8 6 4 13 4 16 2 9 7 30 2 5 7 10 5 8 11 15 3 6 7 31 4 4 4 4 23 1 15 Mean 5.4 7.4 6.0 8.0 7.7 9.3 7.4 7.2 6.7 6.1 5.9 7.9 7.1 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1879 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 11 1 3 1 2 6 5 6 16 2 4 15 2 2 5 3 1 4 8 10 15 2 2 3 3 5 2 11 10 5 4 4 12 10 3 10 1 4 14 2 4 10 5 7 3 16 4 19 4 5 3 5 10 3 6 3 20 6 6 4 5 6 2 6 1 4 2 5 19 6 5 13 3 4 7 2 2 10 7 2 4 11 2 12 20 2 10 8 2 1 5 4 7 11 11 4 2 5 3 18 9 1 3 17 2 3 13 6 6 6 5 4 14 10 4 9 15 6 5 11 5 15 10 1 3 31 11 2 5 10 3 4 7 3 10 7 5 5 53 12 4 2 7 14 3 5 3 12 2 19 11 13 1 11 14 11 17 3 2 5 6 3 15 1 14 5 6 3 6 14 3 4 13 2 6 3 2 15 4 5 4 8 6 15 5 7 1 6 4 2 16 7 2 14 2 2 3 3 3 1 6 6 17 3 3 5 3 3 7 4 3 6 6 3 8 18 2 6 6 4 3 10 13 5 3 6 5 3 19 3 5 5 10 3 4 8 7 3 2 16 1 20 18 8 20 9 6 4 7 12 3 5 21 10 5 6 4 5 5 5 8 5 2 5 1 22 2 7 4 6 6 3 4 6 7 2 1 24 23 2 3 7 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 2 7 24 8 10 4 3 22 7 4 9 4 13 5 1 25 2 7 7 7 2 7 5 6 6 15 6 9 26 5 3 6 3 3 11 5 3 8 11 2 21 27 9 2 5 5 4 15 4 6 20 2 1 18 28 12 2 3 5 4 4 2 6 8 2 4 7 29 3 16 2 16 4 8 8 3 1 5 6 30 3 10 3 3 5 2 9 4 5 6 1 31 2 3 17 6 12 9 1 Mean 4.8 4.1 7.2 5.5 6.4 6.4 6.2 7.2 7.0 6.0 5.3 8.7 6.2 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1880 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 5 6 10 6 13 10 2 4 3 8 13 57 6 3 1 1 6 4 13 4 4 5 2 2 5 8 3 5 1 4 4 7 4 4 6 11 4 2 8 4 7 16 8 19 5 7 7 8 12 10 5 3 9 4 9 12 6 5 2 2 5 10 12 2 3 3 8 6 11 1 2 4 6 2 5 12 1 10 5 6 5 8 13 4 5 22 3 4 4 14 4 2 18 7 10 5 15 6 3 5 11 18 15 16 8 4 3 16 4 11 17 12 5 7 2 4 15 18 7 5 16 9 5 12 19 9 13 24 10 7 20 6 4 5 2 8 7 21 5 5 3 14 7 9 22 3 4 15 8 14 6 23 18 7 3 6 4 26 24 2 3 5 8 18 8 25 2 2 6 8 3 4 26 2 2 9 3 17 3 27 4 16 6 22 5 28 1 4 3 19 9 4 29 7 5 4 13 23 3 30 5 3 13 10 5 31 1 4 10 Mean 5.5 4.4 7.6 7.8 10.8 7.2 7.2 HELSINKI MAGNETIC ACTIVITY 1844-80 1844 15.2 1845 12.4 1846 15.6 1847 16.6 1848 18.9 1849 14.9 1850 13.7 1851 15.4 1852 22.3 1853 17.0 1854 15.8 1855 12.9 1856 8.9 1857 11.7 1858 16.6 1859 17.6 1860 17.4 1861 16.3 1862 18.1 1863 19.6 1864 19.0 1865 20.9 1866 18.0 1867 14.2 1868 15.1 1869 17.8 1870 21.5 1871 18.8 1872 20.6 1873 18.4 1874 13.8 1875 9.7 1876 8.5 1877 7.4 1878 7.1 1879 6.2 1880 7.2